The establishment of the Western Han Dynasty and how to introduce the rule of Wenjing

During the Wenjing period, the society was relatively stable and the people were rich. By the end of Emperor Jingdi, the country's granaries were full, and new millet was piled up outside the cabin. A large amount of copper coins in the national treasury have not been used for many years, the rope for wearing money has been rotten, and the scattered money is countless. Historically, the rule of this period was called "the rule of cultural scenes". In the early years of the Western Han Dynasty, the economy was depressed and there was a desolate scene everywhere. Emperor Gaozu of Han Dynasty and later Emperor Wendi and Emperor Jing of Han Dynasty learned from the lessons of Qin Dynasty, reduced the burden of corvee and labor for farmers, paid attention to the development of agricultural production, and developed the economy. It has always been regarded as the "prosperous time" of feudal society, and it has been praised as "the rule of culture and the rule of scenery" in history. There are two epoch-making emperors in the history of China, one is Qin Shihuang, and the other is Han Wudi. Qin Shihuang ended the feudal system of the Zhou Dynasty and established the first centralized unified empire in the history of China. However, this empire lacks ruling experience. Although Qin Shihuang was an all-powerful man who founded the first empire in China, his life span was too short, only 15 years. The Han Dynasty was the second empire in the history of China. The empire was founded on the peasant uprising. Its pioneering monarch, Liu Bang, is a marginal figure with a rough background, almost a rogue and a ranger (the leader of the underworld). Because of the inclusiveness of politics and class, his group has a broader social foundation. In the turmoil and disputes, the country finally gained political power. However, this new dynasty hardly has any orthodox jurisprudence and ideology. So this empire was in an extremely unstable state at the beginning of its creation. During the 50 years from Gaudi, Lv Hou to Wenjing, civil strife continued. Externally, the Huns invaded and the society was in deep crisis. Until the birth of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, this man was called "a man of great talents" by Ban Gu. It opened up a brand-new situation for this imperial dynasty. Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty shaped the mainstream political ideology, planned the system, recruited talents, reformed the internal affairs, established the monetary system and finance, fought the Xiongnu decisive battle, and expanded diplomacy, which not only laid the institutional foundation of the Han empire again, but also provided a set of quite stable and mature models and paradigms for China's constitutional monarchy from then until the Qing Dynasty. However, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty is an extremely complicated historical figure. It is not easy to describe and evaluate his life. Sima Qian's Historical Records was written in the early years of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty. Due to personal misfortune and different political opinions, his comments on the era of Emperor Wu were mixed with strong personal feelings and subjective prejudice. Ji Zan, written by Ban Gu, the Emperor of the Han Dynasty, tried to correct the disadvantages of Historical Records, saying: "The Han Dynasty inherited the disadvantages of hundreds of kings, and the emperor brought order out of chaos, and the literary scene was aimed at raising the people. As for recalling ancient rituals, there are still many shortcomings. Xiaowu was first established and was greatly ousted. " Harmony, poetry and music. Build a meditation, worship a hundred gods, and after the salt week, order articles and look brand-new. The heirs have to follow the example of red leaves, which has the wind of three generations. For example, the greatness of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty did not change the style of writing, and the scenery saved the people, although "Poetry" and "Book" said nothing! "Ban Gu basically affirmed the great talent of Emperor Wu of Han Dynasty. However, Zhao Yi's Notes on the Twenty-second History of Qing Dynasty points out that it is still biased: "He praised Wu Wudi's literary works, but said nothing about martial arts. He admires the great talent of the emperor and is practicing martial arts. "Song Sima Guang's Zi Tong Zhi Jian discusses Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty from the perspectives of Neo-Confucianism, morality and history, saying:" Filial piety to Wu Wudi is extravagant and heavy. There are few people who are different from Qin Shihuang. However, those who died because of Qin and prospered because of Han, filial piety can respect Wang Zhidao first and keep what he knows, but the wicked bully him. Expensive and tireless, punishing evil and promoting good, so there is a loss of Qin, avoiding the disaster of Qin! "Wu Yuchui's History of the Past Dynasties in the Qing Dynasty pointed out:" Song people exhausted China's financial resources, bribed and stole money; As a result, strangers were naked and their brains were painted on the ground. When they retired and crossed the river by boat, they actually made peace with this country. What did Emperor Wu do? How did the Song people discuss it? "That's a good question. Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty ascended the throne from 140 BC to his death in 87 BC, and he reigned for 54 years. During his reign, Emperor Wudi did five major things: First, he repelled the Huns' invasion of the Central Plains, and the Chinese nation had a broad living space from south to north and from east to west. Second, he changed the ancient times and created a complete system that reflected the legalist thought. This legal tradition became the basic paradigm of China's imperial system in the next two thousand years. Thirdly, Confucianism was promoted to the state religion, and a set of ideology based on the state and adapted to political rule was established, thus controlling the mainstream public opinion and setting humanistic ideals and value standards for the elite (scholar-officials) and society. Fourth, the patriarchal feudal system of the Western Zhou Dynasty was completely abolished. A new system of administrative bureaucracy, inheritance and talent promotion has been established. Fifth, a far-sighted diplomatic strategy was formulated and designed, and the Han Empire became the political and economic axis of the subcontinent at that time through the martial arts of Wenzhi. In the history of China, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty was the first emperor with a world vision. Since he ascended the throne at the age of 0/6, his vision has gone beyond the limited area of the Han Empire within the Great Wall. He went to the vast South China Sea and the Western Regions. Wu Yutai of the Qing Dynasty was the only one with outstanding knowledge in ancient and modern times. His theory briefly said: "Liang Wudi is brilliant, but he doesn't know how to conquer the laboring people and wants to recover the land for three generations. He leveled four barbarians and tried his best to get rid of future troubles. So he inherited the training of the tired dynasty, which is both ordinary and rich and keeps pace with the times. " Emperor Wu's life, though not without exaggeration, has made amazing contributions. At first, literature focused on gathering the hearts of scholars, and then martial arts opened the border town, but it still felt that it was not enough for a lifetime. So he predicted the temple with chickens, the Jin people stopped the slaughter, found a proper place in Wowa, led Tianma in Dawan, led cardinals in Berlin, and led Baoding in the paper mill, all of which were false Shintoism. As for sailing north, I am afraid of North Korea. Sailing south threatens Fujian and Vietnam, and the second is also. When Korea falls, the Xiongnu's left arm will be broken, and the third is also. Fujian is flat, south Vietnam must be east, and four are also. Moreover, because the western regions are connected, Yunnan in the south and Wusun in the north, the land will expand by thousands of miles, while the east is limited to huge valleys. Five. But the alchemist didn't get the gist, and always respected and favored others, instead of giving them the right to be relatives, and repeatedly criticized them for failing the exam. People say that Emperor Wu was bullied by the alchemist, but they don't know that the alchemist was bullied by Emperor Wu! Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty was an emperor who achieved great success in the reform and restructuring, and he was a very talented and large-scale monarch. He is a sage who advocates knowledge and learning, and also a wise man who learns and changes, is open-minded and meritocratic. The imperial edict of the first year of yuanshuo, emperor wudi, said: I heard that heaven and earth remain unchanged and cannot be applied; Yin and yang remain the same, but things don't last. In the imperial edict of the sixth year of Yuanshuo, it was said: "The five emperors did not reciprocate each other, and the three generations had different laws." This shows that until his later years, he was still seeking innovation and change. He always believes that as long as the situation changes, the policy will be "different at the time and different in urgency." In the third year of Yuanguang, Dong Zhongshu made three comments on this policy, which was called "Three Policies of Heaven and Man" in history. Emperor Wu. What are the reasons for the change of disasters? Love for life, whether it is heaven or immortality, or benevolence or contempt, is familiar and not unreasonable. If I want to be romantic and make it happen, I will despise rape, folk music and political affairs. Why bother to repair it and show it? I want gold ... Deze is overflowing, and the square is extended to all students? "These questions he raised are all big questions with ontological strategies, which shows that this person has a broad vision. He asked Dong Zhongshu, as a philosopher, to tell the truth instead of giving a factual answer. This shows that he thinks deeply and deeply about how to govern the country. What he explores and thinks is not the right to improvise, but the systematic historical philosophy and political philosophy. In his later years, he once said to Wei Qing, "Everything in the Han family originated from. "Plus four barbarians invaded China. I don't change the system, and future generations can't change it. If I don't start exploring, the world will be uneasy. Future generations, as I did, will surely invade Qin. He believes that the policy he is engaged in is to establish a system and leave a model for future generations and national security. He admitted that his policy would disturb people's hearts. He doesn't want his descendants to imitate his disturbing politics. He told him that future generations must be vigilant and avoid repeating the sudden death of the Qin Dynasty. Yan Bozan described the cloud of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty. " When it comes to Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, what kind of serious face does people think of? "In fact, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty is a lively, naive and emotional person. Besides being belligerent, he also likes traveling, music, literature and immortals. Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty is the wisest commander in chief in the army, the most frequent tourist at sea, the original founder of the royal band, the most cordial friend of writers, the most loyal messenger of alchemists, and especially his best husband in Li Furen. I think Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty is a truly great king. He opened the world by connecting the past and the future. In his ancient history, his literary martial arts are unparalleled. His charming personality is unparalleled. His imagination makes politics an art. His contingency and intrigue make contemporary wise men look like fools. He is open-minded and tolerant. He loves literature and art and advocates governing the country by virtue and by law. He changed his mind all his life and followed good advice, setting an example for emperors of one hundred generations. In the later Tibetan activities of emperors such as Wei Wudi, Emperor Taizong, Ming Taizu, Nurhaya and Kangxi, it seems that he can be seen more or less. Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty is a wizard of strategic and diplomatic design, with great talent beyond history. This genius enabled him to make a strategy. It is enough for the generals of Hannibal, Alexander, Napoleon and other western countries to gallop on the dark and pale battlefield. However, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty was by no means a supernatural saint. He is lewd, proud, vain, selfish, superstitious, extravagant and paranoid. He has almost all the weaknesses of ordinary human nature. However, even if he is not a king, but just an ordinary person, he should still be regarded as an indomitable person, a wise man with extraordinary wit, a brave and determined warrior, a poet with fresh literary talent, an artist with romantic imagination, and a prodigal son who has broken countless wonderful women's souls with his heart and actions all his life. Worst and best lover. He not only created the system and shaped the times, but also his achievements and actions were deeply integrated into the history and tradition of our nation. The name of the Han nationality comes from an era named after the Milky Way-"Tianhan". The territory he opened up in that era, from Fujian and Qiongya in Guangdong to Sichuan, Guizhou and Yunnan, from Khotan Altai to Heijiliao, outlined the future of two thousand years. From Lake Baikal to India? It has developed into a big cultural circle influenced by Chinese culture. Great men and geniuses are indescribable, incredible, difficult to measure by ordinary standards, and impossible to measure and evaluate by secular standards. The life of Emperor Wu of Han Dynasty was full of contradictions. He loves the people like a son, and at the same time kills people like hemp. He uses his sword like love, like fighting. In the history of China, there are many heroes, great men, strong men and people with lofty ideals. He will be equally conspicuous. You can't help admiring him, and you can't be afraid of him-this is Liu Che. It is said that his birth was accompanied by his mother's dream of a red sun, and his great-grandfather Liu Bang named him "Zhan" (wild boar) in his dream, while his father explained that this word was homophonic with "wisdom" and renamed him "car", which was thorough and gave him "date". He was indeed a legend with wisdom and thorough understanding. This is a real emperor of the sun and a great warrior in the history of China. His policies led to great changes in his times, which also caused great conflicts and debates, making him a controversial and even misunderstood figure. One of the biggest mistakes in his life was the unfortunate castration of one of the most talented and greatest historians in the history of China. His life and the great era in which he lived became the most controversial era in history, and his Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty became the most misunderstood enigmatic king.