Want to know more about Chinese wine culture

During the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, governments all over the world generally adopted laissez-faire policies on the production, circulation and consumption of wine, which greatly promoted the prosperity and development of wine industry. The collection of wine tax makes wine enter the economic field of various countries. Confucius, a generation of saints, advocated that "if you are sick, you must drink, and if you have meat, you must eat", which made wine and culture inextricably linked. ?

In the Han Dynasty, although the wine-making industry was repeatedly restricted by the rulers, with the progress of koji-making technology, the variety of wine gradually increased, and the wine-making industry still got great development.

Because the reclamation policy was implemented in Guizhou in the Han Dynasty, which promoted the development of agriculture, handicrafts and commerce in Guizhou, doctors in Guizhou wine-making industry adopted a new compound fermentation process of artificial koji-making. Tang Meng went to Maotai by boat along Chishui River, and saw countless jars on both sides, which showed that Guizhou's brewing industry was quite developed at that time.

During the Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties, the wine policy was relaxed, the production and sales of wine could be privately owned, and the government only collected taxes, so the wine-making industry developed further, leaving many allusions and anecdotes about wine. During this period, rice, wheat, millet and other central plains crops were introduced to Guizhou, and Guizhou's agriculture developed and its harvest increased, which provided more abundant raw materials for the brewing industry. Brewing technology is mature, and distilled liquor, namely shochu, has been brewed. There are a large number of wine vessels and patterns in the unearthed cultural relics that reflect Guizhou's national drinking customs, which also shows that Guizhou's wine culture has reached a quite high level at that time.

The Tang Dynasty was the peak of the development of feudal society in China. The country is rich and strong, the cultural and commercial exchanges between the Central Plains and foreign countries are unprecedentedly prosperous, and there are an endless stream of foreign envoys and businessmen in Chang 'an, so wine has become a necessary treasure of diplomatic etiquette. In the Tang dynasty, guests were feasted with wine, and Emperor Taizong and Xuanzong frequently entertained envoys, with thousands of people at every turn. There is no ceremony without wine in the whole country, and scholars can't write poems without wine. Chang 'an wine shops are dotted with different peaks, and wine culture and wine allusions have entered an unprecedented glorious heyday.

Princess Wencheng married Tubo (present-day Tibet), which made Tang and Tubo "one family" and brought the brewing method of Zhongyuan yellow wine.

In the early Tang Dynasty, the ancestors of the Yi people in Guizhou built a "Jiuzhong Palace" with workshops for slaughtering and brewing. According to Jiuzhong Palace, distilled liquor was produced in Guizhou in the Tang Dynasty.

During the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period, there were years of wars, the employment development in the Central Plains was difficult, the wars in southern countries were less, water conservancy farmers flourished, and Guizhou wine industry stood out. ? Before and after Shu and Southern Tang Dynasties, poetry wine prevailed, the demand for gouache sauce increased, and the custom of wine ceremony became more and more abundant. ?

Wine has a unique significance to the Song Dynasty. Song Taizu drank a glass of wine and set the soldiers free to consolidate his rule. Wine administration has expanded from official brewing, official selling, folk brewing and folk selling to anyone who pays money, and it is stipulated that all localities pay tribute to the central government regularly, including cinnabar, steed, bronze drum, famous wine sauce and so on. And promoted the development of liquor industry.

During the Song Dynasty, there was much trouble in the north, but Guizhou, located in the southwest, was relatively calm. In addition, Song Ting conducted tea-horse trade in Bozhou, Luoshi Ghost Country (south of renhuai city) and other ethnic minority areas, and implemented the policy of no quota and no tax on the wine industry, so the wine industry in Guizhou flourished.

In the Song Dynasty, the official treasury wine was sold before the Mid-Autumn Festival, and people were busy picking wine with gongs and drums in the market. Poetry reception is deeply loved by literati, the most famous of which is Ouyang Xiu's Pingshan Poetry Society.

During this period, the first monograph "Beishan Wine Classic" appeared, which summarized the technology of koji-making and wine-making since the Southern and Northern Dynasties. ?

Yuanguan

The Yuan Dynasty was a period of great changes in China's drinking habits. Because Mongolians like spirits, it promotes the development of national shochu, and the ceremony of highly distilling liquor is popular all over the country.

129 1? Soju brewed by Yang was awarded by Kublai Khan by the military and civilian propaganda in Bozhou (now northern Guizhou) and became one of the largest toast in Guizhou. From then on, every time you pay tribute, there must be wine, and the maojiu in the imperial garden smells fragrant.

In the Yuan Dynasty, the wine tax was different. In order to avoid the heavy wine tax, Yang asked to change to four provinces, which promoted the development of the whole Bozhou wine industry.

Influenced by the Han style in the Central Plains, the Yuan court and nobles began to reserve various health-care tonics and prepare tonic wine.

Italian Kyle Poirot? 1275? He went to Du Yuan in about 1998 and became an official in the Yuan Dynasty. After returning home, he wrote The Travels of Marco Polo, which recorded the method of making Du Yuan rice wine.

The classical literature of Yuan Dynasty is mainly manifested in Yuan Qu: Guan Hanqing, Wang Shifu, Ma Zhiyuan, etc. Many outstanding works were left behind, which became new flowers in the Yuan Dynasty together with wine and music. ?

Ming Dynasty is an important period in the history of China's wine making. In the early Ming Dynasty, the strict anti-corruption policy promoted the great development of agriculture, and the loose economic policy made the commodity economy extremely prosperous. In the late Ming Dynasty, capitalism began to sprout in China, which provided the necessary conditions for the development of wine industry in China. The improvement of distillation technology and the popularization of comprehensive utilization technology of brewing have promoted the development of employment in the whole country. Whether in the court or among the people, drinking is very popular, and a large number of market towns and country hotels have emerged.

During the Yongle period of the Ming Dynasty, the Chief Secretary of Guizhou was established and the province was established in Guizhou. Since then, Guiyang, Zunyi and other places have become emerging commercial centers, with restaurants all over the place. The sand-returning process of Moutai was initially formed, and the distillation technology was improved day by day, which laid a solid foundation for the further improvement of Moutai brewing technology.

China ancient wine-making was systematically studied in Song Dynasty's Heavenly Creations and Xu's Agricultural Administration Complete Book.

Yuan Hongdao's "Zheng Zheng" summed up the wine custom, wine rules and wine ceremony at that time, and it was the most representative wine culture work in Ming Dynasty. ?

A series of enlightened measures adopted in the early Qing Dynasty increased the cultivated land and grain output of the whole country and provided material conditions for the development of liquor industry. The emergence of professional brewers and merchant employers has promoted the factory management of brewing workshops, further developed the seeds of capitalism, made the urban and rural commodity economy more prosperous, and effectively promoted the production and trade of alcohol.

In the ten years of Qianlong, Governor Zhang Guangsi of Guizhou allowed Chishui River to open, and Ren 'an became the main port for Sichuan salt to enter Guizhou. The increasingly developed commerce and trade industry provides a more suitable commodity environment for the development of fine wines such as Moutai, thus stimulating the improvement of brewing technology and the development of brewing industry. As Zheng Zhen, a poet in the Qing Dynasty, said, "There are thousands of people in the wine crown, and salt is red." Hey? River ". The unique technology of Moutai has been basically formed, and the production scale has been expanding. There are no fewer than 20 houses burned in Maotai. Maotai Shaojiu, brewed by Cheng Yi Shaojiu and Rong Tai Shaojiu, is a representative of Guizhou famous wines. In order to carry forward the social atmosphere of respecting the elderly, Kangxi held a thousand wedding banquets in the palace and invited thousands of civil and military officials and ordinary people over 65 to give a banquet for Changchun Xuan. The children of the royal family held a toast: the elderly over 80 were selected to "drink in front of the court". After Yongzheng, Qianlong and Jiaqing were held irregularly.

During the Qianlong period, Wu Sheng wrote 28 volumes of Wine Records, which was a master of wine culture in previous dynasties.