Traditional Culture Encyclopedia - Hotel franchise - What aspects should we start with to write about the social status of temples in the Tang Dynasty?
What aspects should we start with to write about the social status of temples in the Tang Dynasty?
There were also people who opposed Buddhism in the Tang Dynasty. Of course, there were people in every dynasty, but the final effect was also related to individuals, the social atmosphere at that time and the choice of rulers. For example, Han Yu's "Sword Shadow Buddha Bone Table"; Yves' anti-Buddha theory.
1, Han Yu's "Persuading Buddha's Bone Table"
Han Yu's "Persuade Buddha's Bone Table" comes from "Welcome Buddha's bone from Famen Temple in Fengxiang, and the school was banned for three days, but it was sent to Yi Temple, but the princes and scholars ran away and gave up." And the reason, ("Old Tang Book" Volume 15) and then Han Yu's "Shuji Chen Qi Disadvantages". He believes that there is no Buddhism in China as before: emperors such as Huangdi, Shao Hao, Zhuan Xu, Di Ku, Yao Di and Shun Di all lived long, while emperors such as Tang Yin, Tang Sun, Wuding, Zhou Wenwang, Wang Wu and Wangmu did not live long after Buddhism was introduced. In particular, for example, there was Buddhism in the era of Emperor Han Ming, and his reign was only 18 years. Since then, the world has been unstable. Only Liang Wudi, who reigned for forty-eight years, gave his life to worship Buddha three times before and after, and finally "starved to death". Liang Wudi's "Praying for Buddha is a disaster". It is incredible to see the Buddha from this.
Buddhism originated in India and developed in China. Han Yu thinks that Buddha is a foreigner, who doesn't speak the language and dresses differently from China. There is no "the righteousness of the monarch and the minister, the love of the father and son". Moreover, the Buddha has been dead for many years, and his bones are rotten and filthy. He should not be invited to worship in the palace. We want to "beg this bone to pay off the fire and water, and never get rid of the roots, which is the suspicion of the world and the confusion of future generations." (Book of Old Tang Dynasty 160)) Han Yu showed the above anti-Buddha views to Xian Zong, who was very angry. He made Han Yu's play sparse to show that the minister said, "The more I say that I worship Buddha too much, the more I tolerate it. It is said that after worshipping Buddha in the Eastern Han Dynasty, the emperor's salt caused his death, so why is he said to be a thorn? The more I am a minister, the more arrogant and unforgivable I am! " (Book of Old Tang Dynasty 160) So Guisi (633) demoted Han Yu as the secretariat of Chaozhou.
2. Fu Yi's anti-Buddha view.
Fu Yi wrote about the abolition of Buddha in the seventh year of Wude (624). He said that Buddhism is a long way in India, and it is a disguise to translate Buddhist books into Chinese. Ethically, Buddhism is disloyal and unfilial. Monks shave their beards and hair, give up love and leave their relatives. The wanderer was so closed that he escaped from the lease. To confuse the real with the fake, to threaten a fool, and to cheat. Some people who commit crimes and break the law recite Buddhist scriptures in prison and work tirelessly day and night, hoping to avoid their crimes. People's life and death, nature is birth, old age, illness and death. Buddhism says that people's wealth, dignity and achievements are all attracted by Buddhism. This is the "right to steal the master" of Buddhism, and it is a religion that harms politics. "Self-cultivation, as for the Han and Wei Dynasties, there is no Buddhism, and you are loyal and loyal, only for a long time." (Book of Old Tang Dynasty, Volume 79) Emperor Han Ming began to establish Buddhism under the guise of dreams. After the Western Jin Dynasty, people in China were not allowed to cut their hair and become monks. In Fujian and Shile, the Qiang people acted recklessly, which was a disaster caused by Buddhism.
Later Fu Yi went up again. Gaozu summoned officials to discuss, but only Taifu Zhang Qing Daoyuan praised Fu Yi's invitation as reasonable. Xiao Yu and Fu Yi argue that Buddha is a saint, but not a saint. Fu Yi said that etiquette is a matter of affection and dedication. This is the way of loyalty and filial piety, and courtiers should follow it. But the Buddha became a monk out of the city, fled from his father, and became a monk against the son of heaven, "carrying his relatives with him." Xiao Yu did not escape into an empty net, but followed the teachings of fatherless. I heard that unfilial people have no relatives. This is you. Xiao Yu did not answer, but crossed her hands and said, "Hell is built for people."
When I acceded to the throne in Taizong, I often told Fu Yi that Buddhism was mysterious and could be learned. And what goes around comes around is unpleasant and effective, but you don't understand this truth. Why? Fu Yi replied to the Buddha that he was "stubborn in Hu and bullied his brother" and gradually spread it to China. Imitate metaphysics of Laozi and Zhuangzi and teach witchcraft. Harmful to "the people are useless and the country is harmful." It can be seen that Fu Yi's anti-Buddhism is very sharp and mean. However, Buddhism is not what he said.
From the above anti-Buddhist incidents of Han Yu and Fu Yi, it can be seen that although they were fiercely opposed to Buddhism, the supreme ruler at that time did not take action to abolish Buddhism, but also supported and promoted the development of Buddhism to varying degrees, which shows that Buddhism played a certain role and contribution to the society at that time. In the Tang Dynasty, there was a "difficulty in harmony". However, after the "difficult reconciliation with the law", Buddhism became more prosperous. According to the knowledge of historians, why did it flourish? You can tell at a glance.
Secondly, the social status of Buddhism in the Tang Dynasty was viewed from the emperor's attitude towards Buddhism.
By the Tang Dynasty, most emperors supported Buddhism, and the specific actions were as follows: for example, opening a Dojo to translate scriptures not only supported monks to translate scriptures, but also sent social writers at that time to participate in translation; The breadth of monks and nuns; Build temples and statues, and change old houses into Buddhist temples. All of them show different levels of support for Buddhism; At the same time, it also explains the social status of Buddhism in the Tang Dynasty. A few examples are as follows:
Although Taizong Li Shimin worshipped Taoism, he did not reduce his support for Buddhism. When Master Xuanzang came back from India, Emperor Taizong met him at a distance in Chang 'an. Yuhua Palace has also been changed into a Buddhist temple where Master Xuanzang translated the classics. He also sent his right servant to shoot and kill Fang, the son of Prince Xu, and recruited more than 50 Samanas to help Master Xuanzang translate the classics. Translation in the Tang Dynasty was very prosperous, which was inseparable from the support of the emperor. Knowing that Xiao Yu liked Buddhism, Emperor Taizong carved a Buddha statue and embroidered the shape of Xiao Yu beside it. He also gave Wang a copy of Prajna Sutra, a cassock.
Wu Zetian believed in Buddhism very much, which greatly promoted the development of Buddhism. Wu Zetian ordered the shaman to write the Great Cloud Sutra, which rendered the throne of the emperor and provided a good environment and favorable opportunities for the development of Buddhism. But also ordered the states to set up Dayun Temple and make statues of monks. More historically, she ordered Buddhism to be above Taoism, and monks and nuns also preceded the Taoist goddess. This is rare in history, and Buddhism has almost become the state religion.
During the "An Shi Rebellion", Su Zong listened to Ziyi Guo's suggestion and asked God to set up an altar for monks so that the money could be used for the army. God made great contributions to the Tang Dynasty, so he was valued by the royal family. After the "An Shi Rebellion" was put down, Emperor Su Zong issued a letter to support him and built Heze Temple for him to live in, giving him high courtesy.
At the time of Xianzong, there was a phalanx of Buddha in the national protection tower of Famen Temple in Fengxiang, which read "Thirty years of light, wealth and peace." The emperor invited him to the palace for three days, and then sent him to the temple to worship. Princes and scholars are ordinary. They run away and give up.
In May of the fifth year of Huichang (845), Liu Xuanjing and other twelve Taoist priests were punished for saying that they had confused Wuzong and destroyed Buddhism. The large-scale destruction of Buddhism initiated by Wu Zong, that is, the so-called "difficulty in making peace" in Buddhism, was mostly due to the advice of Taoist priests. However, after the "Huichang Buddhism is difficult", Buddhism began to flourish again.
Zong Yi believes in Buddhism and is very devout. He often supports monks and nuns in the palace. He also gave monk ankokuji a sandalwood chair.
During the reign of Emperor Gaozong, he pursued happiness for Empress Wende in the palace, built a Jionji and a Buddhist temple, built a temple in Beijing, and sent Xuanzang and his translated scriptures, Buddha statues and eminent monks to stay in Jionji. In 656 AD, he ordered his servants to shoot Yu Zhining, Xu, Li Yifu, Du Fu and Xue. And * * * to help translate the classics written by Xuanzang, including Dr. Fan Yishuo, Wang Zi, Guo Yu and Gao Ruosi, a bachelor of Hongwen Museum.
Third, look at the social status of Buddhism from the development of Buddhism at that time.
The development of Buddhism in the Tang Dynasty was very prosperous and unprecedented, which brought great vitality to Buddhism. Buddhism in the Tang Dynasty not only made some progress in thought, but also formed an unprecedented scene in many aspects.
As far as Buddhist sects are concerned. When Buddhism in China developed into the Tang Dynasty, there were many sects of Buddhism, and the eight thoughts had their own characteristics, which also marked the heyday of Buddhism. The establishment of Buddhist sects in the Tang Dynasty actually had a certain theoretical basis before the Southern and Northern Dynasties. The Tang dynasty politically unified the north and the south, which also provided a favorable opportunity for the unification of Buddhism. The establishment of Buddhist sects has become a historical necessity and a product of the times.
Buddhist literature. Buddhist literature occupies an important position in China Buddhism, which enriches China's literary discourse and provides favorable nourishment, and becomes an indispensable part of traditional culture. Buddhist translation thoughts are very rich, and Buddhist vocabulary enriches modern Chinese vocabulary. Such as: a flash in the pan, offering flowers to the Buddha, fishing for the moon at sea, karma and so on. Mr. Lu Xun advocated that Vimalakīrti Jing should be regarded as a novel, because the stories in it are vivid and vivid. The more you read the Shurangama Sutra, the less tired you get, and you can't put it down.
Buddhist art. As early as Gyanendra's period, Buddhist art flourished in India, the birthplace of Buddhism. After Buddhism was introduced into China, as a wonderful flower, Buddhist art played a certain role in China art. Temple architecture provides a very good physical sample for modern people who study ancient buildings, and it is also the best place for people to visit. This pagoda in India is dedicated to the Buddha relic and worshipped by believers. In China, the former pagoda became the main body of Buddhist temples in the Tang Dynasty, and was usually built in front of Mahayana Hall. After the Tang Dynasty, it gradually became a major landscape for tourists to visit temples. Just a few examples.
Four. conclusion
The society, economy and culture in the Tang Dynasty reached an unprecedented grand occasion, which brought favorable opportunities to Buddhism. At the same time, it is also an opportunity for the transformation of Buddhism in the Tang Dynasty. Since Buddhism was introduced into China, it has not been widely recognized and understood in society. Then, people of insight in Buddhism will explain Buddhism (Geyi Buddhism) with the traditional culture inherent in China, so that Buddhism can be universally recognized by the society. In the Tang Dynasty, the position of Buddhism in China society was gradually consolidated, and Buddhism was explained in Buddhist terms, so that people could accept and understand Buddhist teachings.
Looking at Buddhism in the Tang Dynasty, it is no longer Geyi Buddhism, but has different degrees of influence on all aspects of Tang society. Of course, the prosperity of Buddhism in the Tang Dynasty was not only supported by the supreme ruler at that time, but also closely related to the healthy development and ideological innovation of Buddhism itself, and the social status of Buddhism in the Tang Dynasty was unprecedented.
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