Information about people who have won the gold medal of avoiding death in past dynasties.

There were too many people who took the iron coupons of Dan Shu (gold medal for avoiding death) in the past dynasties, and then they were abused. It was common to issue "iron coupons" during the Song, Qi, Liang and Chen Dynasties in the Southern Dynasties. After the Sui and Tang Dynasties, it became a common practice to issue "iron coupons". All the founding fathers, ZTE heroes and leaders of ethnic minorities have given "iron coupons", and they have also given "iron coupons" to minions and eunuchs. By the Song, Yuan and Ming Dynasties, the distribution of "iron coupons" was gradually complete.

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Iron coupon of Dan Shu: a gold medal awarded by the emperor to avoid death

"Iron coupon" is an iron product shaped like a tile, commonly known as "death-free card" among the people. Its manufacturing method is molten iron casting tile, which looks like a steamer and is broken into two pieces, and looks like a slate tile. It is a kind of certificate with the nature of reward and Covenant awarded by feudal emperors to heroes and important officials. The drawee and the court each hold half. The lettering on the "Iron Voucher" was originally filled with cinnabar, which is collectively called "Danshu Iron Deed"; Liang wrote in silver, that is, "silver coupon"; The Sui Dynasty used gold to write, which was also called "golden coupon" and "golden book", so later generations called "iron coupon" as "golden book iron coupon", and because "iron coupon" can be handed down from generation to generation, it was also called "world coupon". From the origin, function and nature, iron coupons are the embryonic form of medals.

China ancient "Dan Shu Tie Voucher" system began in the Han Dynasty. According to historical records, after the Emperor Gaozu Liu Bang seized power, in order to consolidate his rule and win the hero, he awarded Yuan Xun the "Golden Book and Iron Voucher" as a commendation. After the establishment of the Han Dynasty, Liu Bang "made Xiao He's son law, Han Xin's Shenjun law, Zhang Cang's articles of association, and uncle's silk ceremony; He also made an oath with the hero. There are Dan trees, iron deeds, golden rooms and stone rooms hidden in the ancestral hall. " Among them, "Fu" is also commonly known as "Qi", that is, the vouchers kept by emperors, heroes and etiquette. "Dan Shu, iron deed, gold room, stone room" means iron as deed, Dan Shu as deed, gold as room and stone as room. The oaths of emperors, heroes and officials were written on the "iron coupons" with vermilion, placed in the golden hall and hidden in the stone ancestral hall to show solemnity and ensure the safety of the "iron coupons". At that time, the "iron coupon" did not promise to be exempted from punishment and death, but only served as a certificate to increase the rank title and concubines of officials. Heroes who are given iron tickets and their sons and grandchildren are often convicted for details until they are executed.

From the Southern and Northern Dynasties to the Sui and Tang Dynasties, Emperor Xiaowen of the Northern Wei Dynasty awarded "iron coupons" to imperial clan and modern ministers for self-protection and home defense. During the Southern Dynasties of Song, Qi, Liang and Chen, "iron coupons" were widely issued. After the Sui and Tang Dynasties, it became a common practice to issue "iron coupons". All the founding fathers, ZTE heroes and leaders of ethnic minorities have given "iron coupons", and they have also given "iron coupons" to minions and eunuchs. By the Song, Yuan and Ming Dynasties, the distribution of "iron coupons" was gradually complete.

At the end of the Tang Dynasty, the iron coupons of Qian Liu have been handed down to this day.

Qian Liu was born in Lin 'an in the late Tang Dynasty. Because of his ugly appearance, his parents wanted to throw him into the well and drown him. The mother-in-law couldn't bear it and saved him. Therefore, people call him "Po Liu" on weekdays. It was not until he made a fortune that he changed his name to Qian Liu, which is a homonym of "Liu". When Qian Liu was young, she lived by selling smuggled salt. Later, he became a soldier. Because he was very brave, he gradually became a general and became bigger and bigger. Defeated, defeated Huang Chao, defeated Liu, captured, and made great achievements. In the fourth year of Gan Ning's stay in Tang Zhaozong (897), he was appointed as the special envoy of Zhenhai and Zhendong, and won the iron ticket. The coupon is engraved with Tang Zhaozong's letter, the full text of which is ***333 words, all inlaid with gold. The imperial edict mainly praised Qian Liu for drawing Dong Chang, a micro-living army who claimed to be King Luoping, and praised him for "rushing around the fierce canal and swinging the river table". Loyalty and righteousness protect the country and benefit life. ... will be awarded to the royal family, and the performance will be crowned Hou Wei. " Liu Qian was originally a member of Dong Chang. Arrogantly calling him the commander of Zhejiang and Zhejiang Province, Qian Liu did not accept the "fake life", but turned around and seized Dong and submitted him to the court. When the Tang Dynasty fell into the hands of General Manager Zhao, it was basically dying. The power of the local buffer region is far greater than that of the imperial court. There are very few buffer regions that really obey the command of the imperial court. Zhao Zong became emperor. Therefore, Qian Liu's move made him extremely happy. He wants to follow Qian Liu's example, and the words of praise in the letter are really "enthusiastic". There is a saying, which means that I give you this iron coupon engraved with gold words. I swear to you that even if the Yangtze River dries up like a belt and Mount Taishan becomes a fist, I will always remember your achievements and make your money family prosperous forever. If you commit a big crime in the future, you can avoid a narrow escape; Children and grandchildren can avoid three deaths if they commit crimes. If it constitutes an ordinary crime, the relevant departments shall not pursue it. No wonder when Qian Liu accepted this iron coupon, she was moved to tears and said, "I'm only 46 years old, so rewarded by the emperor." It's hard to repay my kindness! " And use this to teach your children and grandchildren: "Be careful every day and advise your children and grandchildren; I dare not be grateful for this, nor dare I suffer for it. "

Before long, Li Tang perished, Qian Liu managed Wu Yueguo himself, and iron coupons were provided to the ancestral temple. After Zhao Kuangyin unified the whole country and established the Northern Song Dynasty, Qian Chu, the grandson of Qian Liu, surrendered to Song Nantu and wrote to Kaifeng House to live. However, the iron coupon remains in the Qianzu Temple in Hangzhou. In the first year of Chunhua (990), Song Taizong ordered Hangzhou Chen Shou to send iron coupons to Bianjing. After reading it, Emperor Taizong returned it to Qian Zhuowei, the son of Qian Chu. However, after Zhuo's death, he gave it to money and collected iron coupons in the capital Zhaohuafang. After the death of Qian, the iron coupon was kept by his son Qian Hui and later transferred to his grandson Qian Jingzhen. During this period, Song Renzong and Song Shenzong specially watched the iron coupons. At the end of the Northern Song Dynasty, Jin Bing invaded and the Qian family fled south with coupons. During Shaoxing in the Southern Song Dynasty, Qian Jingzhen's son, Rong Guogong Qian Chen, served his mother princess royal (Song Renzong's tenth daughter, Song Yingzong's sister) and took refuge at sea. Zhao Gou, Song Gaozong was ordered to take the first place in Taizhou, and the first place was Linhai City, Song Gaozong. Since then, Qian's iron coupons have "settled" in Taizhou and become the "national treasure" of the Qian family in Taizhou. In the first year of Deyou (1276), Yuan soldiers invaded Linhai, and the Qian family fled south with iron coupons and fell into Huangyan Zeku on the way. After a lapse of 56 years, that is, the second year of Shunzhi (133 1), a fisherman cast a net to fish in Zeku, Huangyan (now Zeguo, Wenling) and caught a dark thing with his net. The fisherman didn't know what treasure it was, so he cut it with an axe. Judging from the diagonal line of the axe, it seems that it was an accidental opportunity to be seen by the fisherman's neighbor, an old pedant. He saw the words on the iron block. Although he didn't know the value of the money and iron coupon, he bought it at the price of iron. Of course, neither fishermen nor pedants know that these 333 words are inlaid with gold. Later, someone told the news to Qian's fourteenth grandson Qian. Ten tons of millet were exchanged for this iron coupon, and this wealth finally returned to the hands of money. Unfortunately, most of the gold characters embedded in the second half have peeled off because they have been soaked for too long.

Zhu Yuanzhang, the founder of the Ming Dynasty, defeated the Yuan Dynasty ruled by Mongols and established the Ming Dynasty. "The world is unified". In August of the second year of Hongwu (1369), Zhu Yuanzhang gave them "iron coupons to swear by mountains and rivers" in order to imitate the great honor of the ancient emperors in commending the founding heroes, and ordered the officials of the Ministry of Ritual to draw up the shape and scale of the iron coupons. But does officials have never seen the appearance of iron coupons, and there is nothing they can do. Fortunately, the academician who served as the minister of rites in the Yuan Dynasty was well informed, so he told Zhu Yuanzhang: Zeng Zeng Qian Liu Tiequan, the descendants of Qian now live in Taizhou, and his fifteenth grandson Qian taught Qingtian in the Yuan Dynasty. I heard that this treasure is still hidden in his house. Zhu Yuanzhang was overjoyed after hearing this, and immediately issued a letter asking Qian Suntech to send the iron coupons to Beijing. After receiving the imperial edict, Qian did not dare to neglect it at all, and immediately sent the iron coupon of Qian and the portrait of Qian Wuwang to Beijing. When Zhu Yuanzhang learned that the iron ticket had arrived, he immediately joined several ministers-Prime Minister Li Shanchang, Niu Liang, the minister of does, and Wang Su, the director of does. After I read it, I ordered the ritual department to carve a mold out of wood and keep it as a production format. Later, he ordered a company to host a banquet for Qian and his party, and still brought the iron coupons and the five kings back to the sea as treasures handed down from generation to generation. The arrival of Tiepiao in Beijing opened the eyes of courtiers. They scrambled to chant and sing, and when they came back, Song Lian, the literary leader, specially wrote a poem preface to commemorate this great event.

In the 15th year of Yongle (14 17), Ming Taizu also sent pedestrians to Taizhou, ordering the Qian family to come to Beijing with tickets. Qian's clan immediately entrusted Qian to go to Beijing with him. After seeing it, Yongle ordered the money to be brought back to Taizhou and kept by Qian Fengyou's family. During the Yi Dynasty in Ming and Qing Dynasties, there were many soldiers in Taizhou. Sun Qianzhen, the 25th generation of Qianjia, took refuge in the mountains to ensure the safety of iron coupons. During the reign of Kangxi, he was transferred to the home of Qian Riyao, the twenty-seventh grandson. In the twenty-seventh year of Qianlong (1762), the charming emperor also wanted to see this rare antique, so Qian, the former assistant minister of punishments at home at that time, led Qian's descendants from Taizhou, Sun Wu Jinshi Qian Xuanxue and others to send iron coupons to Changzhou for sightseeing. It was not until the establishment of People's Republic of China (PRC) that the descendants of Qian presented this voucher to the country, which was kept by the Zhejiang Cultural Relics Management Committee at that time. 1959, Zhejiang Provincial Cultural Relics Management Committee handed over this iron coupon to China History Museum for collection.

Protection of firewood in Song Dynasty

Zhao Kuangyin is very kind. After the reunification of China, he revived all the monarchs he had destroyed. When Zhao Kuangyin died, he also stipulated that future generations were not allowed to kill Chai Jia's people, which also reflected his kindness.

After the Chen Qiaoyi Uprising, Zhao Kuangyin made Chai Zongxun, the little emperor of the Zhou Dynasty, the king of Zheng, and the little emperor moved to Zhou Fang. The first imperial edict issued by Zhao Kuangyin was to give preferential treatment to Gong Di and his mother, and to give Chai Zongxun irrefutable evidence to ensure that Chai Zongxun and his son enjoyed prosperity, even if they committed crimes, they would not necessarily be punished. This move won the hearts of the people, and the Song Dynasty quickly consolidated the political power. Zhao Kuangyin didn't break his word. After Chai Zongxun and his son moved to Tianqing Temple in the southern suburbs, they were treated well. Pastoral scenery, mothers teach their children to read and enjoy themselves.

Zhao Kuangyin once set up a stone tablet in the ancestral temple. Later, when the new emperor ascended the throne, he would go to the ancestral temple to worship the stone tablet and recite the oath. This stone tablet stands in the bedroom of the ancestral temple, and no one knows it except the emperor of the Northern Song Dynasty. Even if the new emperor went to worship the monument, only one illiterate Chamberlain followed, and everyone else was far away, which was very mysterious.

It was not until the change of Jingkang at the end of the Northern Song Dynasty and the opening of the palace gate that people could have a panoramic view, but there are three simple things: one is to save the descendants of Chai, and there is no additional punishment for crimes; Second, it is not allowed to kill literati and people who say things in letters; Third, children and grandchildren must not violate the above vows, or they will be punished by heaven. In addition, Chai was given a "Dan Shu Tie Voucher", with which the descendants of Chai's family would not die of crime. Chai Jin, a small whirlwind in Water Margin, was very popular because of the iron ticket of Dan Shu.

Even the handyman in the hotel at that time knew: "He is a descendant of Chai Shizong of the Zhou Dynasty. Since Chen Qiao abdicated, Emperor Mao Wude swore to him that he would stay at home." . Chai Jin himself admitted: "Because our ancestors had the merit of Chen Qiao's abdication, we first gave him an iron coupon for Dan Shu." . At that time, everyone knew that with this thing at home, "no one dared to bully him." Chai Jin himself said more specifically: "But there are people who have done something wrong, and no one dares to search." Even when Song Jiang made trouble in Chai Jin, the official said it more bluntly. He comforted Song Jiang and said, "Don't worry, brother, don't cover up heinous crimes. Since you have come to our village, you can rest assured. It's not that Chai Jin boasted about Haikou and asked him to steal government troops, but that he didn't dare to look at Xiaozhuang. " When it was heard that Song Jiang only killed a Yan Poxi who was similar to Xiao San, Chai Jin actually "laughed": "My brother was relieved, so he killed the official of the court and robbed the property of the government prison, so Chai Jin dared to hide in the manor." Darling, the power of this "iron coupon of Dan Shu" is far beyond the "sword on the side", and the "sword on the side" is only for people to exercise power and uphold justice on behalf of the emperor. This "iron coupon of Dan Shu" is simply unbearable! Gao Lian, the magistrate of Gaotang, relied on his cousin Gao Taiwei's influence to do whatever he wanted. His wife and brother Yin Tianxi also bullied the city and wanted to occupy Uncle Chai Jin's garden. Li Kui jy couldn't bear it, and accidentally killed Yin Tianxi. Chai Jin asked Li Kui jy to rely on the protection of Uncle Dan's iron ticket and flee to the water margin overnight, but Gao Lian did not dare. Unexpectedly, Gao Lian, regardless of Chai Jin's "immunity", arrested him, became a death row victim, and became a witness of the aristocratic class being mocked by this sad joke. Chai Jin was awakened by the ugly reality of injustice and began to rebel in Liangshan.

Gold Books and Iron Vouchers of the Ming Dynasty

In the Ming Dynasty, there were seven grades of gold books and iron coupons, among which the duke was divided into two grades, the marquis was divided into three grades, and the count was divided into two grades. All kinds of iron coupons vary in size. The biggest duke's first-class iron ticket is one foot high and one foot six inches five minutes wide. Other iron coupons are generally reduced by five points in height and width. The second-class iron ticket of the youngest count is seven inches high and one foot two inches five minutes wide. All the iron coupons are in duplicate, one for the recipient and the other hidden in the palace. When inspection is needed, you can tell the truth by putting them together.

During the three years of Hongwu (1370), Zhu Yuanzhang was a great hero. Six people, including Li Shanchang, Xu Da and Li Wenzhong, were made dukes, and 28 people were made marquis, all of whom received golden books and iron coupons. Since then, Zhu Yuanzhang has successively awarded iron coupons to those who have newly established meritorious service or been promoted to the title. When Emperor Judy of the Ming Dynasty ascended the throne, 26 people, including Qiu Fu, who helped him seize the throne, also got iron coupons. In the middle and late Ming Dynasty, iron coupons were issued to heroes and their descendants from time to time. Until the end of the Ming Dynasty, Emperor Chongzhen, who had just acceded to the throne, walked out of the strategy of paralyzing treacherous court official Wei Zhongxian and gave the iron coupon to his nephew Wei Liangqing and others.

Compared with the iron coupons in the Tang Dynasty, there are two significant differences in the coupons in the Ming Dynasty. First, not seeking rebellion, but seeking other capital crimes. Second, the number of deaths is small, and grandchildren can't help but die. These characteristics of the golden book and iron coupon in the Ming Dynasty show that Zhu Yuanzhang really hoped to fulfill his promise to save the hero from death in the early Ming Dynasty.

Although there were a large number of gold books and iron coupons to reward heroes in the Ming Dynasty, few iron coupons have been handed down to this day. Among them, the Palace Museum in Beijing has two gold books and iron coupons that were given when Chenghua was awarded the title of Funing in the fifth year (1469) and the gold books and iron coupons that were given when Chenghua was awarded the title of lord protector in the 23rd year (1487). One of the treasures of Qinghai Museum is the gold book and iron coupon awarded to Dr. Levin by Li Yong in the second year of Tianshun (1458). 1996 issued the special stamp "China Ancient Archives Collection" and the third "Iron Ticket of Ming Dynasty" with the iron ticket of Li Yong as the picture. In June, 2006, the Golden Book Iron Coupon was exhibited in Shenyang, which was given to Wen Li, the governor of the Right Army, by Ming Yingzong in the second year of Tianshun in Ming Dynasty (AD 1458). Iron coupons are beautifully made, made of pig iron, and are tile-shaped and semi-arc. The front is engraved with the imperial edict of Ming Yingzong, and the characters are inlaid with gold. "Death-free card" is beautifully made. It is cast of iron, shaped like a tile and a steamer, and broken in half. It is 37.5cm high, 21.2cm wide, 0.2cm thick and weighs1300g. The front is engraved with: "Eat a thousand stones and avoid death."

In addition, the genealogy compiled by the descendants of Xu Da and Li Wenzhong also recorded the iron coupons of Xu Da, Li Wenzhong and Li Xing. There are several reasons why the iron coupons of the Ming Dynasty were rarely circulated: First, Zhu Yuanzhang executed a large number of heroes such as Li Shanchang and Aquamarine for treason in his later years, and their iron coupons were naturally destroyed; Secondly, in the Ming Dynasty, the system of multiple expiations and one-time exemption from death was implemented, especially if only one deceased person was exempted, it was easy to lose iron coupons. Third, at the end of the Ming Dynasty, many hereditary nobles were devastated by the peasant army, and their property disappeared, including the ancestral iron coupons. Thirdly, after the Qing army entered the customs, it collected the iron coupons of the former dynasty and destroyed a batch of iron coupons of the Ming Dynasty.

The "Iron Coupon for the Book of Dan" (referred to as "Iron Coupon" for short, commonly known as "Death-Free Card" among the people) is a kind of certificate with the nature of reward and covenant awarded by feudal emperors to meritorious ministers and important officials. It is similar to the modern popular medal, but its shape is slightly different and its connotation is broader.

"Iron coupon" is an iron product in the shape of a tile. In ancient China, it was a token and certificate given to courtiers by the emperor when he awarded the title of hero. The lettering on the "Iron Voucher" was originally filled with cinnabar, which is collectively called "Danshu Iron Deed"; Liang wrote in silver, that is, "silver coupon"; The Sui Dynasty used gold to write, which was also called "golden coupon" and "golden book", so later generations called "iron coupon" as "golden book iron coupon", and because "iron coupon" can be handed down from generation to generation, it was also called "world coupon".

The contents of "iron coupon" engraving generally include four aspects: first, the date of coupon, the name of the object, the official rank and the land; Second, record the meritorious service of the grantee to the court; The third is the privilege granted by the emperor to the grantee, such as avoiding death; Fourth, the emperor swore an oath. According to the relevant laws of the imperial court, heroes, ministers and their descendants who hold "iron coupons" can enjoy various privileges granted by the emperor.

China ancient "Dan Shu Tie Voucher" system began in the Han Dynasty. According to historical records, after the Emperor Gaozu Liu Bang seized power, in order to consolidate his rule and win the hero, he awarded Yuan Xun the "Golden Book and Iron Voucher" as a commendation. After the establishment of the Han Dynasty, Liu Bang "made Xiao He's son law, Han Xin's Shen Jun law, Zhang Cang's articles of association, and uncle's silk ceremony; He also made an oath with the hero. There are Dan trees, iron deeds, golden rooms and stone rooms hidden in the ancestral hall. " Among them, "Fu" is also commonly known as "Qi", that is, the vouchers kept by emperors, heroes and etiquette. "Dan Shu, iron deed, gold room, stone room" means iron as deed, Dan Shu as deed, gold as room and stone as room. The oaths of emperors, heroes and officials were written on the "iron coupons" with vermilion, placed in the golden hall and hidden in the stone ancestral hall to show solemnity and ensure the safety of the "iron coupons". At that time, the "iron coupon" did not promise to be exempted from punishment and death, but only served as a certificate to increase official positions and land titles. From the Southern and Northern Dynasties to the Sui and Tang Dynasties, Emperor Xiaowen of the Northern Wei Dynasty awarded "iron coupons" to imperial clan and modern ministers for self-protection and home defense. During the Southern Dynasties of Song, Qi, Liang and Chen, "iron coupons" were widely issued. After the Sui and Tang Dynasties, it became a common practice to issue "iron coupons". All the founding fathers, ZTE heroes and leaders of ethnic minorities have given "iron coupons", and they have also given "iron coupons" to minions and eunuchs. By the Song, Yuan and Ming Dynasties, the distribution of "iron coupons" was gradually complete.