Basic knowledge points of financial accounting _ Summary of basic knowledge of accounting

The essence of finance is the movement of funds and the corresponding financial relationship. What knowledge should financial accounting know? The following are the basic knowledge points of financial accounting that I have compiled. I hope you like them!

Basic knowledge points of financial accounting Chapter I General Introduction

1. Accounting takes currency as the main unit of measurement, reflecting and supervising the economic management of a unit's economic activities.

2. Accounting is divided into financial (national) accounting (focusing on external and past information) and management accounting (focusing on internal and future information) according to different reporting objects.

3. The basic functions of accounting include accounting (foundation) and supervision (quality assurance). Accounting also has the functions of forecasting economic prospects, participating in economic decision-making and evaluating business performance.

4, the object of accounting is the value movement or capital movement (input? Use? Exit)

5. The basic premise of accounting is accounting subject (space scope, legal person can be accounting subject, but accounting subject is not necessarily legal person), continuous operation (accounting basis), accounting by stages and monetary measurement (necessary means).

6. Accounting elements are the concretization and basic classification of accounting objects, which are divided into six accounting elements: assets, liabilities, owners' equity, income, expenses and profits.

7. Accounting equation is the theoretical basis for setting up accounts, double-entry bookkeeping and preparing accounting statements.

Assets = equity (constant amount: increase or decrease of assets, increase or decrease of equity) Assets = liabilities+owner's equity (the first equation is also a basic equation, static factor, which reflects the financial situation and is the basis for preparing the balance sheet) Income-expense = profit (the second equation, dynamic factor, reflects the operating results and prepares the income statement (income statement).

Income is characterized by asset increase or debt decrease, and expenses are characterized by asset decrease or debt increase.

Chapter II Accounting Contents and Requirements

1, currency and securities are the most liquid assets. Funds mainly include cash, bank deposits, bank draft deposits, bank promissory notes deposits, credit card deposits, letter of credit deposits, and reserve funds. Securities refer to treasury bills, stocks and corporate bonds.

2. Income refers to the total inflow of economic benefits formed in daily activities. Expenditure refers to all expenses and losses actually incurred by the enterprise, and expenses refer to the total outflow of economic benefits in daily activities. Cost refers to all kinds of expenses incurred by enterprises for producing products and providing services, which are collected according to certain products or service objects and are objective expenses. Income, expenditure, expenses and cost are the main basis for judging operating results and profits and losses.

3. The calculation and treatment of financial results generally include: calculation of profit, calculation and payment of income tax, profit distribution or loss compensation.

4. Accounting records shall be written in Chinese. In ethnic autonomous areas, accounting records can also use a national language commonly used in the local area. The accounting records of foreign-invested enterprises, foreign enterprises and other foreign organizations in People's Republic of China (PRC) can use a foreign language at the same time.

Chapter III Accounts and Accounts

1. Accounting subjects classify the specific contents of accounting elements.

2. The principles of setting accounting subjects are legality, relevance and practicality.

3. Accounts are set up according to accounting subjects, and have a certain format and structure, which are used to record economic business.

4 accounting subjects (accounts) are divided into general ledger and subsidiary ledger according to the degree of business details.

According to different accounting elements, it can be divided into assets, liabilities, owners' equity, costs and profits and losses.

5. Four elements of account amount and their relationship: ending balance = opening balance+current increase-current decrease.

6. The basic structure of the account includes account name (accounting subject), business record date, voucher number, economic business summary, increase or decrease, balance, etc.

7. The account is divided into left and right sides. Which side increases and which side decreases depends on the nature of the account and the recorded economic business. Generally speaking, the account balance is increasing.

8, accounting subjects and accounts are the specific content classification of accounting objects, both of which have the same caliber and nature; Account is the name and basis of the account; Account is the carrier and specific application of accounting subjects. No subjects, no subject basis, no freestyle subjects, no subject role; Account number has no structure, but it has a certain format and structure. In practical work, subjects and accounts are not strictly distinguished, but are universal.

Chapter iv double entry bookkeeping

1. According to different bookkeeping symbols, double bookkeeping can be divided into debit and credit bookkeeping, receipt and payment bookkeeping and increase and decrease bookkeeping.

2. What is the debit and credit bookkeeping method? Borrow? 、? A loan? As a sign of bookkeeping, which side of loan registration increases or decreases depends on the nature and structure of the account.

3. Assets, costs, profits and losses (expenses) increase as loans, liabilities, all rights and interests, profits and losses (income) increase as loans, and decrease as loans.

4. Asset account: ending balance (debit) = opening balance (debit)+current debit amount-current credit amount.

Equity account: ending balance (credit) = opening balance (credit)+current credit amount-current debit amount.

5. Bookkeeping rules of debit and credit bookkeeping method: if there is a loan, there must be a loan, and the loan must be equal.

6. Debit bookkeeping trial balance: trial balance of amount (total debit amount of all accounts in the current period = total credit amount of all accounts in the current period) trial balance of balance (total debit opening balance of all accounts = total credit opening balance of all accounts)

(Total ending balance of debits of all accounts = total ending balance of credits of all accounts) The trial balance is unbalanced, and there must be a mistake; Trial balance, not necessarily correct (repeated records, omissions, wrong borrowing direction, wrong subjects).

7. An accounting entry refers to a record indicating the account to be borrowed and the amount to be lent for an economic business event (three elements: account name, amount and borrowing direction).

8. Accounting entries are divided into simple entries (one loan and one loan) and compound entries (one loan and many loans, one loan and many loans, many loans and many loans).

9. Requirements for parallel recording of general ledger accounts and subsidiary ledger accounts: same basis, same direction, same period and same amount.

10. General ledger (general record business) controls subsidiary ledger, and subsidiary ledger (detailed record business) supplements general ledger. General ledger account amount = total amount of subsidiary ledger account.

1 1. The expenses during the period include: management expenses, financial expenses and operating expenses.

12, the payable income tax is equal to the taxable income multiplied by the income tax rate, and the total profit minus the income tax is equal to the net profit.

Chapter V Accounting Vouchers

1. Accounting vouchers are written vouchers that record the occurrence or completion of economic business events and are also the basis for registering account books.

2, fill in and audit accounting vouchers is one of the special methods of accounting, but also the starting point of accounting work.

4. Accounting vouchers are divided into original vouchers and accounting vouchers according to different procedures and uses.

5. Original vouchers (documents) are written vouchers obtained or filled in at the time of the occurrence or completion of economic business, which are used to record or prove the occurrence or completion of economic business. (purchase and sale contracts, various application forms, bank statements, creditor's rights and debts, bank statements, etc.). Can't be used as the original voucher).

6. Original vouchers are divided into foreign original vouchers and self-made original vouchers according to different sources. According to the filling procedure and content, it can be divided into one voucher, cumulative voucher and summary voucher. According to different formats, it can be divided into general vouchers and special vouchers.

Difference: Picking List Limit Picking List Travel Expense Reimbursement List VAT Special Invoice

7. Basic contents of the original voucher: name, date, unit and individual, content and amount.

8. The original documents shall not be altered, scratched or repaired when filling in. If there is an error in the amount of the original voucher, the issuing unit shall re-issue the L/C and shall not correct it on the original voucher.

9. After the cashier handles the payment, he should stamp the relevant original vouchers? Copy that? Paid? The seal.

10. The audit contents of the original vouchers mainly include: authenticity, legality, rationality, completeness, correctness and timeliness of the original vouchers.

7. Voucher of charge to an account is a voucher filled in by accountants according to the audited original vouchers, and it is the direct basis for registering account books.

8 accounting vouchers are divided into general vouchers and special vouchers according to the scope of use (receipt vouchers; , payment voucher; , transfer voucher) is divided into single voucher and double voucher according to the filling method.

12. If multiple accounting vouchers need to be filled in for an economic business, the fractional numbering method can be used.

1. If multiple accounting vouchers need to be made for the original vouchers, the accounting vouchers without the original vouchers should indicate which accounting vouchers the original vouchers are attached to.

13. Except for accounting vouchers for closing accounts and correcting errors, other accounting vouchers must be accompanied by original vouchers.

If accounting vouchers are filled in incorrectly, they shall be re-compiled.

14, for those involved? Cash? And then what? Bank deposit? Generally speaking, only payment vouchers are prepared, not payment vouchers. Fill in the receipt voucher and transfer voucher for reimbursement of enterprise procurement travel expenses.

Summary of basic accounting knowledge 1, book value, book balance and book net value

Book value refers to the net amount of the book balance of an account (usually an asset account) after deducting relevant allowance items.

Book balance refers to the actual book balance of an account, without deducting the allowance items of the account.

The net book value refers to the depreciated value of fixed assets = the original price of fixed assets-accumulated depreciation (excluding the amount of impairment reserve).

For example, on June 5438+1October 65438+August, 2008, a set of chemical reaction instruments purchased by Inner Mongolia Antai Group Co., Ltd. was recorded as fixed assets, with a value of 20 million yuan. Accumulated depreciation in 2009 is 1 10,000 yuan, and provision for asset impairment is 2 million yuan. What is the book value, account balance and net book value of this fixed asset at the end of 2009?

explain

Book value =2000? 100? 200= 1700

Book balance =2000? 0? 0=2000

Net book value =2000? 100= 1900

2. Periodic Inventory System and perpetual inventory system

Perpetual inventory system also known as? Book inventory system? . Refers to the increase or decrease of all kinds of physical property, which must be registered in the relevant account books daily according to accounting vouchers, and the book balance can be settled at any time. Using this inventory method, it is necessary to set up detailed accounts of quantity and amount according to the items of physical property and make detailed records, so as to reflect the income, delivery and balance of various physical properties in time. Its advantages are: it is conducive to strengthening the management of physical property; Disadvantages: heavy daily workload.

Periodic inventory system is also called. Periodic inventory system? , also called what? Selling by deposit? Or? Dependent consumption system? . Refers to an inventory method in which the account book records only register the increase of various physical objects, but not the decrease. At the end of the period, the actual quantity is determined according to the physical inventory, and the physical reduction in the current period is calculated accordingly. The calculation formula is as follows:

Decrease in current period = opening balance+increase in current period-actual amount at the end of the period. Advantages: Regular inventory system can simplify daily work. Disadvantages: the distribution and balance of inventory property and materials can not be reflected at any time, which is not conducive to strengthening property and materials management.

For example, generally speaking, some enterprises cannot accurately measure the quantity when picking materials. For example, spices used in hotel kitchens, refined materials consumed by mining enterprises, and clean coal used by coking enterprises. However, if the measurement of ending inventory is relatively simple, it is reasonable to force the use of periodic inventory system.

3. Accounts receivable and other receivables

To put it bluntly, accounts receivable means accounting for transactions related to main business income, while other accounts receivable means accounting for transactions unrelated to their main business. For example, credit sales of hotel customers are included in accounts receivable, while deposits paid to tobacco and alcohol companies are included in other accounts receivable; The credit sales of design institute services are included in accounts receivable, and the compensation that should be charged to insurance companies is included in other accounts receivable. In fact, the essence of distinguishing them depends on whether they are the main business of the enterprise.

4. Capital premium and equity premium

Capital premium refers to the amount of capital invested by investors that exceeds their registered capital in the process of financing. Refers to the part where the amount of capital contribution delivered by the investors of a limited liability company is greater than the proportion of capital contribution stipulated in the contract and agreement.

Equity premium refers to the amount actually received by a joint stock limited company when it issues shares at a premium exceeding the total face value of the shares.

5. Retained income and residual income

Retained income is a historical concept, which refers to the accumulation that an enterprise extracts or forms from the net profit realized over the years and keeps in the enterprise. According to the Company Law and the Accounting System for Business Enterprises, when an enterprise distributes after-tax profits according to its articles of association, on the one hand, it draws surplus reserves according to the provisions of national laws, leaving the profits realized in that year in the enterprise, forming internal accumulation and becoming a part of retained earnings; On the other hand, it distributes profits or dividends to investors, and the rest after the distribution of profits or dividends is regarded as undistributed profits and reserved for future annual distribution. This part has also become an integral part of the retained earnings of enterprises.

Residual income (also known as economic profit) refers to the difference between accounting profit and capital cost in a certain period, which is the income created by enterprises that is higher than the average market return. Residual income is to measure the surplus situation that the profits generated by invested capital exceed the cost of capital from the perspective of economics. The formula is as follows: residual income = accounting profit-cost of capital = investment capital * (return on investment capital? Cost of capital rate). The formula clearly shows that residual income is the premium of accounting profit to the opportunity cost of investment capital.

As can be seen from their meanings, retained earnings are a kind of distribution of enterprise operating results under the theoretical system of accounting value distribution, and it is a state of capital possession; Residual income is a net surplus of enterprises under the theoretical system of economic value creation and a net cash flow in the future. Therefore, retained earnings contain a kind of accumulated value, which is a past tense; Residual income reflects a kind of re-created value, which is the future tense.

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6, the main business income and other business income

These two concepts are two subjects that are difficult to understand when doing accounting for the first time. In fact, we don't have to read boring definitions. Literally, we can understand that the main business means that your company's main source of income is to make money by taking this business. For example, iron and steel enterprises earn their income by selling steel products, pharmaceutical enterprises earn their income by buying medicines, and wholesale goods earn their income by selling goods, but some enterprises will produce some scraps in the production process. Some wastes and some by-products with little value are not the main income of the enterprise, but other income accompanying it, that is to say, they are far from the main business. Generally speaking, these incomes are included in other business income.

7. Bank acceptance bills and commercial acceptance bills

A commercial acceptance bill is issued by the drawer and promises to pay the amount of the bill on the due date.

Bank acceptance means that the bank promises to pay the amount of the bill on the maturity date.

The biggest difference between the two is that the subject of promised payment is different. One is an enterprise and the other is a bank, so the security of bank acceptance bills is higher than the commercial credit of ordinary enterprises. At present, bank acceptance bills are mainly used in China, but some listed companies with good credit have issued commercial acceptance bills.

8. Income expenditure and capital expenditure

Income expenditure is different from capital expenditure. The former is fully compensated by the current year's operating income, while the latter is recorded as an asset first, and the annual cost is amortized by depreciation or amortization. The purpose of distinguishing income expenditure from capital expenditure is to correctly calculate the profit and loss of each year and correctly reflect the value of assets. Capital expenditure refers to the expenditure whose benefit period exceeds one year or one business cycle, that is, the expenditure occurs not only to obtain the current income, but also to obtain the income in the subsequent period; Income expenditure refers to the expenditure whose benefit period does not exceed one year or one business cycle, that is, the expenditure incurred only to obtain the current income; Capital expenditure is expenditure, not just to obtain current income.

9. Business discounts and cash discounts

Commercial discount refers to the price deduction given by the seller to the buyer on the basis of the original price list of goods in order to promote sales. The tax law stipulates that if the sales amount and discount amount are indicated separately on the same invoice, the value-added tax can be levied according to the discounted sales amount; If the discount amount is invoiced separately, it shall not be deducted from the sales amount regardless of the financial treatment. Because this kind of discount occurs at the same time of sales, both buyers and sellers trade at the price after deducting the commercial discount, so there is no need for separate accounting treatment in accounting. Because the invoice price is the actual selling price after deducting the commercial discount, the output tax can be calculated according to the invoice price.

Cash discount refers to the debt relief promised by the seller to the buyer in order to encourage the buyer to repay the payment as soon as possible when selling goods or providing services on credit. Cash discount occurs after sales and belongs to financing financial expenses. Therefore, when calculating the output tax, the cash discount shall not be deducted from the sales amount.

10, registered capital and paid-in capital

The registered capital was raised when the company was established. The capital specified in the articles of association and registered by the company registration authority is the amount of capital subscribed or subscribed by shareholders. Paid-in capital is the total investment actually received by shareholders when the company was established, and it is the capital actually owned by the company. Because the company can pay in full or in installments after subscribing for shares, the paid-in capital may be less than the registered capital in a certain period of time, but the registered capital and paid-in capital of the company should be the same in the end.