Building a modern livable city and establishing a new concept of water environment design

(Hebei Water Resources and Hydropower Survey and Design Institute, Ministry of Water Resources)

I. Introduction

The city has modern industry, architecture, transportation, transportation, communication, cultural and entertainment facilities and other service industries. It has created favorable conditions for residents' material and cultural life, but it has also caused serious pollution and damage to the environment due to dense population, numerous factories and frequent traffic, threatening people's safe, quiet and healthy work and life. Especially in the concept of water environment design, the "biological clock" of the human body and the influence of the earth's operation on people are not realized, and the balance and harmony between man and nature cannot be formed. Using the change of natural river runoff and mountain distance, we carefully choose an environment suitable for human survival and development, so that people can live a better, happier, healthier and longer life for the safety and suitability of survival and residence.

The research contents of urban water environment planning and construction include: the difference between urban construction and development, atmospheric environment, ecological environment index system, functional difference and circulation system; Restore the ancient natural ecological environment, and through the construction of water environment, make the city become a vibrant city with water trees, green trees and grass.

Second, urban planning and development.

China is an ancient civilization in the world, and it is also the first country to build cities in an orderly way and standardize urban planning. From the idea of building the Huangdi Mausoleum more than 5,000 years ago to the book of Zhou Li's examination of Gong Ji more than 3,000 years ago; From "establishing laws" in Song Dynasty to "establishing rules" in Qing Dynasty. The statute of the Ministry of Industry's yamen specially built in past dynasties. * * * The same idea is that architecture is not a simple "living machine"; Architectural planning is not a simple "spatial combination" and "physical Luo Zhi".

(1) Key points of construction and planning

With ideas, thoughts and feelings, only with both form and spirit and the consideration of craftsman spirit, can China be a real craftsman. The earliest city site in China, Zhengzhou, a shopping mall in the Yin and Shang Dynasties, is nearly square, 2000 meters north and south, east-west 1700 meters, 5 degrees north and south (in the direction of Guishan Mountain), and the catchment areas such as Jinshui River, Xiong 'er River and Xusuo River.

(B) the emergence of cities

In the settlement of primitive society, primitive people attached themselves to nature and made holes to build nests. With the development of productive forces, collective hunting in the middle paleolithic period formed a collective of labor and production, and residential settlements appeared. In the Neolithic Age (the first great division of labor), agriculture appeared, hunting, animal husbandry and agriculture were separated, and fixed settlements were formed by land cultivation. With the improvement of the ability to resist natural disasters, clan communes have been formed in areas sheltered from the wind, facing the sun and near the water.

The second division of labor in slave society. Two different settlements: slave owners lived in towns dominated by handicrafts and commerce; Slaves live in rural areas dominated by agriculture.

The implementation of advanced unified measures in feudal society is conducive to economic development, the scale of living environment and the development of urban construction.

Third, the evaluation of urban positioning.

(A) location judgment

Combined with economic geography and regional planning: the surrounding environment, the distance of residential areas, the location of independent cities, mineral resources, transportation ports and scenic tourism.

(2) Derivation of ground transportation

The ups and downs of a region in different periods are called geo-transport, including location, climate, topography, products, people and harmony, (floods, earthquakes, tsunamis) disasters, wars, policies and development.

Typical city site selection: Beijing is located in a mountain bay surrounded by Dujun Mountain and Yanshan Mountain in the northwest, forming a fan-shaped Beijing Great Plain from northwest to southeast. Sanggan River, Honghe River and Baihe River flow into the water inlets such as Yongding River and North Canal, and from west to east, there are water hugs in the south, mountains in the north, mountains in the west, and Beijing is surrounded by mountains.

Fourth, traffic information.

External traffic is the lifeblood of the city's rise and fall. Railways, highways, rivers and ports extend in all directions, affecting the rise and fall of towns. For example, the ancient city of Huolu in Hebei, with Taihang Mountain in the west and Great Plains in the east, is a famous ancient city in history. A small village near the Beijing-Guangzhou Railway has become a provincial capital through prosperity, with Jianzhen 1902, Shimen 1925 and Hebei provincial capital 1968. Xinjiang, China is connected with Kazakhstan Railway, and Lianyungang Bay, Jiangsu Province has become the eastern seaport connecting the Atlantic Ocean and the Pacific Ocean in Eurasia, comparable to Rotterdam, the Netherlands. Liaoning Province, Kaiyuan test city, railway bypass, the station in Daqing, Henan Province, developed into kaiyuan city, the old city withered.

Verb (abbreviation of verb) geological, hydrological and resource conditions

Engineering geology includes: mineral deposits, ancient tombs, earthquake fault zones, landslides, caves, etc.

Hydrogeology includes: surface water flow direction, backflow direction, groundwater undercurrent direction, storage, water supply and whether the upstream groundwater is polluted. And historical flood discharge, flood peak elevation and flood control standard.

There is a close relationship between rivers and urban construction. Ancient cities in past dynasties often chose the section on the bank of the anti-bow river. "The water around the mountain must be alive." If it doesn't melt, the internal gas will gather. People in the water are rich, but people in the water are thick. The water that comes in should be twisted and hugged, and the water should be affectionate.

Eight main points of urban river regulation: caring for family after water removal, deep attachment, circling around, circling around, two or more waters meeting, bending and locking, communication like weaving, and many waters gathering.

Ore deposit area: explore the trend of ore deposits; Cities oppress coalfields, causing buildings to collapse; Pressure on the oil field, the building can not be too high; Underground cavity, ground gas damage; The shape of the mountains on the ground has changed after mining.

Ecological environment of intransitive verbs

The natural landscape, animals and plants in this area. Landscape form is an ecological environment. The subtle influence of environmental gas field on people can not be ignored. Is it a land with thick water, fat and thick soil, or a land with thin and barren soil, which is difficult to harvest due to drought and flood; Is it a place where birds are singing and flowers are fragrant, animals and plants are full of vitality, or a place where trees have no nests and plants are dying; Although the mountain shape is beautiful, it lacks vegetation; Although the plants are lush, the water quality is poor.

Mineral resources can be investigated by using plant ecology: there are iron mines on the mountains rich in pears; There are gold mines in the mountains and many scarabs; Insects live in birds, fish live in water and fertilizer, rich in mineral springs, and most of them have poor water quality. For example, in Tanggangzi area of Liaoning Province, before the founding of New China, residents' teeth were black rust, and middle-aged and elderly people were hunched and bonesetting. Because the fluorine in the water exceeded the standard, a drinking water source was built in Dongshan fluorine-free area, which alleviated the disease.

Seven, meteorological conditions

Meteorology is a common phenomenon that the movement of the earth's atmosphere has many influences on the ground on which human beings depend. Including wind direction, temperature, precipitation, size and environmental humidity. Wind direction: A large area of atmospheric pressure trough determines the peaceful time and local microclimate. In cities near the mountains, the daytime wind comes from the mountains; When the flood comes, the night wind blows the mountain; Surrounded by mountains and basins, the wind is directionless. "The wind is all around the basin." Temperature: related to regional latitude. In the area north of the equator, the average temperature drops by 65438 0.5℃ for every degree of latitude increase. Regional microclimate has different temperature conditions due to different geographical conditions.

Eight, urban development planning and positioning

Urban development planning determines the future of the city. It must be guided and promoted by brand-new and advanced concepts, and the concepts of people-oriented, low-carbon, culture and science and technology should run through the whole process of urban construction management, based on experimental data such as urban scale, urban density, airflow simulation and sunshine simulation. The gathering ability of industry and various production factors has created a comfortable and pleasant urban space.

The living environment of modern cities requires optimizing the selection of areas near mountains and rivers, and the internal offices have good functional divisions in line with the relationship between heaven and earth. In plain areas, it is best to have a smooth water network, strong traffic in drought and flood, and the direction and flow direction of rivers in cities.

Nine. Urban water ecological service function

The survival of human beings can not be separated from the ecological environment such as water, atmosphere and soil, and once these environments are polluted or destroyed, they will directly or indirectly endanger human health. The water body is polluted by chemical toxic substances, causing poisoning and inducing cancer through drinking water or food chain; Biological pollution of human and animal feces and other water bodies may cause bacterial intestinal infectious diseases; Water is also the main route of cholera transmission.

Urban water ecological engineering includes: ecological culture, ecological landscape, ecological industry, ecological security and ecological sanitation. The ecological protection of water environment construction should be strengthened, including drainage and water storage, landscape water and running water, air water and soil water, rainwater and well water. At the same time, it is necessary to improve the water ecological service function. Water resources include food and grain production, production and life, plant transpiration, soil evaporation and groundwater recharge; Water environment includes natural purification and artificial purification; Water ecological environment includes maintaining biodiversity, regulating climate, scientific research and education; Water landscape includes shipping, recreation and beautification; Water security includes hydrological regulation, disaster reduction and disaster prevention.

X. Urban Water Environment Construction

(a) Ecological relevance of urban water problems

The ecological relations of water problems include: water shortage, dirty water, waterlogging and drought; Water and soil; Water and biology; Water and climate; Water and health; Water and production; Water and technology; Water and systems; Water and behavior.

Due to the shortage of water resources in northern China, most rivers have no runoff or dry up, rivers and lakes are short of water, the water quality is polluted, the self-purification ability of water bodies is declining, and the living environment of aquatic organisms is deteriorating.

(B) the establishment of a new concept of urban ecological water control

Comprehensive improvement and integration of urban runoff resources. Integrate unique region, history and culture into eco-city construction. Through regulation, the rivers in the city will be connected to realize the transformation of flood resources from flood control and security engineering water conservancy to resource water conservancy, ecological water conservancy and landscape water conservancy. The rainwater collection system is integrated into the green space planning along the river, and ecological water-permeable bricks can be laid on the hard ground along the river. Rainwater can quickly penetrate into the ground through the surface and be injected into the water system through the collection device, which becomes an effective supplement to the water source.

(3) Build the city into a water city with charming scenery.

Combine the overall ecological environment, urban transformation and economic development, and integrate all the water resources in the city to form a large oxygen bar with water system around the city, beautiful environment, lakes and mountains, tree-lined and natural green. Using the height difference to let the water flow naturally, combined with the automatic lifting of the pump row, one river is dug to connect three rivers, and one lake is added to connect four lakes. Linking estuaries, connecting rivers and lakes, the functions of rivers and urban waterscapes complement each other, and the rivers are truly connected, the water is smooth and the water is clear.

(D) Construction of conservation-oriented urban gardens in combination with river regulation.

The water system does not unilaterally pursue wide water surface and large green space, but should be relaxed, focused, wide and winding according to local conditions.

(E) the combination of flood control and landscape aesthetics

Flood control projects and hydrophilic projects have their own strengths, and urban rivers are designed as living and friendly rivers.

(six) the combination of residential areas and landscape areas

Residential landscape focuses on providing leisure, entertainment and fitness places for surrounding residents, with hydrophilic space. While creating a natural ecology, the landscape area has realized ecological pollution control and water purification.

(seven) the combination of water sightseeing and ground attractions.

When building water sightseeing routes and docks in scenic spots, we should consider humanized public facilities such as time, transportation, parking lots, restaurants and toilets, and make cost accounting for economic income and management.

(eight) the combination of construction and management

Establishing an economic market operation mechanism and combining investment with income generation, enterprise management and market operation can promote the sustainable development of the economy.

XI。 Concluding remarks

With the rapid development of economy and society and the improvement of material life and spiritual life, people's desire for physical and mental health and longevity is getting stronger and stronger. It has become the common pursuit of all mankind to advocate the harmony between man and nature and realize the all-round development of man. However, the reality is not entirely satisfactory. Water is the source of life, and some cities have water supply crisis of resources or water quality; Green is a symbol of life. However, in some areas, the sharp decline of forests, grassland degradation, land desertification and desertification pose a threat to human survival. Some rare diseases in the past have actually become "killers" endangering human health, some diseases that were basically extinct in the past have appeared, and some zoonotic diseases that rarely occurred in the past, such as avian influenza, streptococcus suis and SARS, have also appeared one after another, threatening life safety.

Water is one of the important environmental factors of human beings, and urban environment is a highly artificial living environment created by human beings using and transforming the environment. However, urbanization has increased the impervious area of houses, roads and drainage projects, thus reducing infiltration and increasing flow. Groundwater can not be fully replenished by surface water, which destroys the water cycle in nature. At the same time, urbanization population gathering increases water consumption, leading to water shortage and water supply shortage; Over-exploitation of groundwater causes the water surface to drop and the ground to sink. River ecosystem has lost its function of providing ecological services for human beings. Water environment design is embodied in strengthening source control and ecological concept, maintaining the natural ecological characteristics and functions of rivers, building a living environment with good ecological cycle, and realizing economic efficiency, pleasant environment, social harmony and modernization.

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