The Historical Urgency of Internet

This article is a summary of various materials on some websites, including: Hobbes' Internet Timeline, Pros Online-Internet History, what is the Internet? The history of the Internet and the World Wide Web: views from the Internet Valley and various other books. If you need more detailed textual research, you can refer to those materials listed above.

1836

-The telegraph was born. Cook and Wheatstone applied for a patent for this invention. What does this invention have to do with the Internet?

She took the first step in the history of human telecommunications.

Morse code is used to transmit information between different people with a series of points and lines. Although it is still very slow, it is not far from the binary bit stream of computer communication today.

1858 - 1866

-The birth of the cross-sea cable. Allow direct and rapid communication between the two sides of the Atlantic. Her importance is reflected in:

Today, the hub connecting all continents is still submarine optical cable.

1876

The telephone was born. Alexander Graham Bell showed the new invention to the world.

Her significance lies in:

Today's Internet is still mainly based on telephone exchange system.

Modem has the function of digital-to-analog signal conversion and realizes the function of computer surfing the Internet.

1957

The Soviet Union launched an artificial satellite. Its importance lies in:

The first step was taken in the field of global communication. Today, a lot of information is actually transmitted by satellite.

The United States has established a rival ARPA institution (Advanced Research Projects Agency), and as a part of the Ministry of National Defense, it has laid the foundation for the application of science and technology in the US military.

1962- 1968

-packet switched (PS) network was born, and its significance lies in:

Internet transmits information based on packet switching, which we will see clearly later.

It provides the greatest possibility for realizing the security of network information transmission, which is also the original intention of the US military.

Data are transmitted in small packets, allowing them to reach their destinations through different paths.

It is more difficult to eavesdrop on data (because the data is subcontracted).

Routing redundancy improves reliability. Even if a route is interrupted, communication can still be maintained.

The network can withstand large-scale destruction (such as nuclear attack, but this is also the product of the cold war).

1969

-The birth of the Internet

The U.S. Department of Defense authorized ARPANET to conduct Internet experiments.

The significance of this matter lies in:

Four major Internet nodes have been established: UCLA (Los Angeles), followed by Stanford Research Institute, UCSB (Santa Barbara) and Utah State University (Utah).

197 1 year

People began to communicate through the Internet.

Established 15 nodes (***23 hosts) on ARPANET.

Invented e-mail, a program to transmit information through distributed network. The relationship between the invention and the Internet is as follows:

Today, e-mail is still the main way for people to communicate on the Internet.

Later in this article, I will use a short paragraph to explain how to send and receive emails.

In the later life, e-mail will be closely related to you.

1972

-Computers can access the Internet more easily.

The first public demonstration network showing ARPANET functions has been established, with 40 hosts connected.

The Internet Working Group (INWG) was established and began to discuss the establishment of various protocols.

The influence of this working group on the Internet lies in:

Drafted the specification of remote login protocol.

Telnet protocol is the main way for most hosts to interoperate today.

1973

-The global Internet began to appear.

The first batch of foreign hosts connected to ARPANET appeared, namely, University of London and Royal Norwegian Radar Bureau.

The original appearance of Ethernet was outlined-this is the earliest form of LAN networking now.

Internet ideas began to spread.

A hotel in San Francisco established a gateway network for the first time. The gateway structure defines how big the network can be (the network can be heterogeneous).

File Transfer Protocol (FTP) is established to enable networked computers to send and receive document data.

1974

-Packet-switched network transmission becomes mainstream.

The transmission control protocol (TCP) was established, which laid the foundation of the Internet-packet switching network.

The commercial operation networks of Telenet and ARPANET are open to the society, which is the first time to provide packet data transmission services to the society.

1976

-The scale of the network has expanded rapidly.

Queen Elizabeth tried to send an email.

UUCP(Unix to Unix CoPy) protocol is composed of at&T, developed by Bell Labs and released in UNIX community.

The importance of this agreement lies in:

UNIX is still the mainstream operating system in universities and research institutes.

These UNIX hosts can "talk" through the Internet.

The network began to open to users all over the world.

1977

E-mail service is booming and the Internet is becoming a reality.

The number of networked hosts exceeds 100.

They provide e-mail services for more than 100 researchers in the computer field. The system uses self-developed e-mail system and TELENET access network to provide services for users.

Drafting e-mail standards

The first demonstration network in ARPANET/ Wireless Network /SATNET interconnection is connected with Internet protocol through gateway.

1979

-Newsgroups were born

The Department of Computer Science, which aims to study computer networks, was established in the United States.

Establishment of USENET network based on UUCP protocol.

Her significance lies in:

USENET is still very prosperous today

Various discussion groups and newsgroups have appeared.

At the end of that year, three news groups were set up.

Now almost all topics have corresponding newsgroups.

1979 (continued)

Established the first MUD (Multi-user Underground City) multi-person interactive operation site. This website contains all kinds of adventure games, board games and a rich and detailed database.

ARPA has established an Internet Configuration Whiteboard (ICCB).

Packet-switched wireless network (PRNET) started testing with the support of ARPA. Many radio enthusiasts have conducted countless communication experiments on this network.

198 1 year

-Reintegration of various networks

BITNET, born in City University of new york (because it is Time Network), started to run schools and became attached to Yale University for the first time.

In addition to file transfer service (FTP), they also provide e-mail and mailing group services.

The CSNET (Computer Science Network) project started and provided e-mail service for university scientists who could not connect to ARPANET. CSNET is actually the predecessor of the later computer science network.

1982

-TCP/IP has created the future network communication mode.

DCA and ARPA networks have formulated network transmission control protocol (TCP) and Internet protocol (IP), which are collectively referred to as TCP/IP protocols.

The significance of this agreement lies in:

First of all, the Internet is defined as a group of networks interconnected by TCP/IP protocol, and the Internet is a large network interconnected by TCP/IP.

1982 (continued)

EUnet (European UNIX Network) created by EUUG began to provide e-mail service and newsgroup service. And achieved the initial interconnection between the Netherlands, Denmark, Sweden and the United Kingdom.

The draft of External Gateway Protocol (EGP) has been drawn up and applied to the interconnection of different architectures.

1983

-The Internet is getting stronger and stronger.

Developed a domain name service system.

Her significance lies in:

Meet the needs of a large number of network nodes.

Avoid all kinds of hard-to-remember addresses.

Names that people are used to remembering are adopted.

Desktop workstations are becoming a reality.

Her significance lies in:

Many UNIX systems based on Berkerley have built-in software related to IP network.

Promote the transition from a single time-sharing supercomputer to a mode of connecting to the Internet through a local area network.

1983 (continued)

As a substitute for ICCB, IAB (Internet Activity Committee) began to be established.

Berkeley released their latest version of 4.2 BSD UNIX system with built-in TCP/IP implementation.

The European Research Network (EARN) began to operate on a line similar to BITNET.

1984

-The Internet continues to develop.

The number of hosts exceeds 1 0,000.

Domain Name Service System (DNS) was officially launched.

Instead of dotted decimal addresses, such as 123.456.789. 10.

Domain names are easier for everyone to remember.

Www.myuniversity.mydept.mynetwork.mycountry (e.g. www.cs.cf.ac.uk).

JANET (Joint Academic Network) has been established in Britain.

The controllable newsgroup service is introduced.

1986

-The power of the Internet began to emerge.

5000 hosts were connected and 24 1 newsgroups were established.

Establish NSFNET with trunk speed of 56K.

NSF has established five regional network centers, all of which are provided with high-performance services by supercomputers. This has led to the explosion of network connections, especially in universities.

The news transfer protocol (NNTP) aims to improve the performance of the news group service based on TCP/IP.

1987

-The birth of the commercial Internet

The number of networked hosts reached 28,000.

With the support of Usenix, UUNET was established and began to provide commercial access services for UUCP and newsgroups.

1988

The backbone of USFNET is upgraded to T 1 (i.e. 1.533M).

Developed a network relay chat service.

1989

-The Internet has made great progress.

The number of access hosts exceeds 65438+ 10,000.

The first relay service between commercial e-mail operators and the Internet appeared.

IAB has established Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) and Internet Research Task Force (IRTF).

1990

-The expansion of the Internet continues.

300,000 host visits, 65,438+0,000 newsgroups

ARPANET withdrew from the historical stage.

Documents in FTP service can be retrieved and obtained by name first.

World Online Company (world.std.com) became the first commercial ISP to operate telephone access.

199 1 year

-The modern Internet model began to take shape.

The establishment of Commercial Internet Information Exchange Association (CIX) has further broken through various obstacles of network business operation after NSF.

The birth of WAIS, its importance lies in:

A set of information retrieval and acquisition mechanism is provided on the Internet.

A lot of knowledge appears in the network: e-mail information, text information, e-books, various posts, codes, pictures, sounds and even databases.

This information is the basis for us to search for information on the Internet today.

As a powerful retrieval technology, keyword retrieval has been gradually improved.

199 1 year (continued)

A friendly user interface began to appear in the form of www.

Paul lindner and Mark P McCahill of the University of Minnesota released their gopher tool. Her significance lies in:

The interface based on text and menu simplifies the method of obtaining resources on the Internet.

Users don't need to memorize complicated operation commands, and the user interface is more friendly.

Today, this method has been replaced by more convenient WWW browsing.

199 1 year (continued)

-An invention that seemed significant before a project.

The WWW browser developed by Berners and Lee was released in CERN. Her significance lies in:

This tool was originally used to provide distributed multimedia services.

It is convenient for users to obtain information from all over the world more quickly.

At first, it was a non-graphical interface (after 1993, with the appearance of mosaic, it began to have graphical support)

It has completely changed our way of life and communication.

The backbone bandwidth of USFNET is increased to T3 level (i.e. 44.736M). The backbone of NSFNET has 1 trillion bytes per month, that is, 1000 billion packet traffic.

JANEAT in Britain began to provide IP services based on TCP/IP.

1992

-Multimedia has changed the face of the Internet.

There are more than 1 10,000 networked hosts and 4,000 newsgroups.

The Internet Society (ISOC) was chartered.

Internet audio multicast was realized in March, and video multicast was realized in June 165438+ 10.

The word "surfing the internet" was first used by Jean Ajia Bo.

1993

-WWW Revolution has really started.

The number of networked hosts exceeds 2 million, and 600 WWW websites have appeared.

The Inter-NIC organization established by NSF began to provide the following services:

Directory database service

Registration service

Information search service

Business and media began to pay attention to the Internet.

The White House and the federal government began to settle down on the Internet.

Mosaic has brought a storm to the Internet, and its significance lies in:

User-friendly graphical user interface has become the forefront of the Internet.

On this basis, a Netscape browser which will be popular in the future is designed.

Promote the surge of WWW users

1994

-Commercial operation officially started.

There are 3 million networked hosts, and 10000 WWW websites and 10000 newsgroups have been established.

ARPANET/Internet Celebrates 25th Birthday

The community began to connect to the Internet through cables.

The United States Senate and Congress began to provide information services on the Internet.

Supermarkets and banks began to March into the Internet.

Start building a new lifestyle.

In America, people can order Pizza Hut's pizza online.

The first virtual digital bank began to operate.

The monthly network traffic of NSFNET exceeds 10 trillion bytes.

WWW has surpassed Telnet, but it is still inferior to FTP, becoming the second most popular network service (this is based on the statistical results of traffic data released by NSFNET).

British Ministry of Finance Online Website Operation (http://www.hm-treasury.gov.uk/)

1995

-Commercial participation in the Internet is progressing rapidly.

6.5 million networked hosts and 654.38+million WWW sites.

NSFNET has been restored as a scientific research network, and the operation of the whole backbone network depends on the mutual joint routing among major networks.

In terms of packet traffic, WWW service surpassed FTP service for the first time in March, becoming the service with the largest online traffic. Moreover, in terms of byte traffic, by April, WWW service also surpassed FTP.

Traditional dial-up access systems (such as Compuserve, AOL, Prodigy, etc. ) began to provide network access services.

Driven by Netscape, many network-related companies have gone public.

Domain name registration service is no longer free.

Network technology year: WAIS developed technologies such as WWW and search engine.

New WWW technology began to appear:

Distributed environment running technology (Java, Javascript, ActiveX)

Virtual environment technology

Internet collaboration tool technology (CU-SeeMe)

1996

-Microsoft entered the Internet industry.

65,438+12 million hosts connected to the Internet, and 500,000 World Wide Web sites were established.

VoIP service has attracted the attention of American telephone companies, and even called on Congress to ban this technology to ensure the profits of traditional services.

The battle of WWW browser is mainly between Netscape and Microsoft. Under the impatient demand of users, the two softwares constantly release new versions and compete with each other.

1997

-What will happen in the future?

65438+1 9.5 million connected hosts,110,000 WWW websites, 7 1, 6 18 newsgroups.