Historical changes in Changsha

Changsha is one of the first batch of famous historical and cultural cities in the country and an outstanding tourist city in China. It is the capital of Hunan Province and the political, economic, cultural, technological and tourism center of the province. Changsha is also a modern and dynamic city with a large number of talents in modern times, ranking first in the country. Known as "the famous city of Chu and Han, the hometown of Qu Jia, and the Holy Land of Revolution", it has many places of interest and historical sites, attracting poets and poets from ancient times to the present. Changsha can also be described as "the city of mountains and rivers, the city of culture, and the city of heroes." Maybe you don’t know much about the above, but you must have heard of a name: Mao Zedong. Changsha is where this world giant grew up, and he spent his extraordinary youth revolutionary period here.

The long Xiangjiang River and the majestic Lushan Mountains have witnessed the changes of this thousand-year-old city. The formation of "Only Chu has talents, and this is the most prosperous", Hunan culture has made great contributions. Changsha's rich cultural heritage has a profound influence on the province, the country and even the world. If the construction and development of Changsha are compared to a tree, then culture is the root of the tree; if the city is compared to a person, Then culture is the soul of this person, and it is the root of Huxiang culture of "working on the world and constantly striving for self-improvement" that affects and supports the all-round development of Changsha.

The Changsha spirit of “worrying about the world and daring to be the first” drives Star City towards a bright future. "The dew steams the dried trees to make them ripe, and the wind shakes the fragrance of the continent." Orange Island is famous for its southern oranges. When you climb the island, you can see the fragrance of mixed peanuts, green shade covering the ground, and the shy orange veins. Looking across the island, you can only see the west. Yuelu Mountain is green and lush, and Changsha City stands tall in the east. The mountains and rivers interact with the city, and the city and the mountains and rivers come together. It is a picture of the unity of nature and man.

Changsha is a veritable tourist destination. The festivals here are colorful and full of joy; many cultures and traditional customs here are unique and unparalleled in the world; the long-standing Huxiang culture, the magical hometowns of great men, the beautiful mountains and rivers, and the romantic modern cities will make you dizzy. Sightseeing here will definitely leave you with unforgettable memories.

About 150,000 to 200,000 years ago, there were human activities in Changsha. After 150,000 to 200,000 years of development, Changsha’s history entered the Neolithic Age; around 5000 BC, the ancestors of Changsha began to live a settled life, formed villages, and entered a matriarchal society; around 3000 BC, the Changsha Neolithic Age entered the Qujialing cultural stage; around 2500 BC, The Neolithic Age in Changsha entered the Longshan Culture stage. At this time, primitive agriculture was established, and fishing and hunting were still important means for people to make a living. The primitive pottery industry and stone tool processing technology further developed, and primitive textile and jade processing technologies were produced.

Before Xia, Shang and Zhou

The relationship between Shang and Zhou dynasties and before Shang and Zhou dynasties with the Central Plains Dynasty

It is said that the ancestors, Emperor Yan and Emperor Huang, both visited Changsha. Sima Qian's "Historical Records: The Chronicles of the Five Emperors" said that the Yellow Emperor once "draped the mountain pass to the south to the Yujiang River, climbed to Xiong and Xiang", and later granted the land of Changsha to his son Shaohao ("Road" written by Luo Mi of the Song Dynasty). "History" records: Shaohao clan "began in Yunyang, in Changsha" (虙 means reward). According to this, the legendary Shaohao clan was a clan leader in ancient Changsha and the first person to develop Changsha.

Changsha, in the Xia Dynasty, was the land of the ancient San Miao; in the Shang and Zhou dynasties, the San Miao Kingdom disappeared, but the descendants of the San Miao still lived and multiplied on this land. At this time, Changsha belonged to "Yangyue" (also called "Jing Man"), known as the "Land of Yangyue" in history. As the ancient Yue people (a branch of the Yangyue people in ancient Changsha), they created and formed a distinctive Yue culture at this time, which is famous for its seals. Geometrically decorated hard pottery, that is, printed hard pottery, is its most representative feature. During the Shang and Zhou dynasties, the northern Central Plains dynasties fought frequent wars against the "Jingman" and "Yangyue" people in the south, although they failed to establish their direct influence here. However, the "Land of Yangyue" once became the "Southern Service" of the Shang and Zhou Dynasties, forcing the "Jing Man" to surrender and pay tribute. "Yi Zhou Shu·Wang Hui" records that the construction of Luoyi was completed in the early Zhou Dynasty, and the princes from all over the world came to congratulate them. , among the tributes was the "Changsha Turtle", which is the earliest record of the name "Changsha" appearing in historical records

Ancient Yue Culture and Central Plains Culture

The origin of the Central Plains culture in the Shang and Zhou dynasties. Successor, Changsha entered the Bronze Age.

The Guyue people in Changsha still live in semi-burrowed houses covered with thatch and lead a clan life. They mainly use stone tools as tools and rely on slash-and-burn farming for production. In the middle of the Shang Dynasty, bronze casting technology was introduced from the Central Plains, and bronze tools and copper axes began to be used and manufactured. By the late Western Zhou Dynasty, copper hoe (an important soil loosening tool), copper insert (i.e. rake, used to loosen soil) appeared. and agricultural tools for digging up soil); and also produced bronze containers and musical instruments with exquisite shapes and exquisite patterns. A large number of Shang and Zhou bronzes unearthed in Changsha are mostly of high craftsmanship and full of distinctive Yue style; the famous Siyang Fangzun produced by Ningxiang in 1938 is a treasure among the Shang and Zhou bronzes; since 1959, Ningxiang and Changsha counties have produced There are more than a dozen bronze mirrors from Shi, generally weighing 70-80 kilograms, and the largest one weighs 221.5 kilograms, making it the largest Shang Dynasty bronze mirror discovered so far in China.

Jingchu Culture and Central Plains Culture

After the Eastern Zhou Dynasty, the Spring and Autumn Period entered, which was also a turbulent era in Chinese history. At the end of the Spring and Autumn Period, the power of the Chu State (Jingchu) entered Changsha. In the early days of the Warring States Period, the State of Yue destroyed Wu, and the confrontation between Chu and Yue began. Changsha became a fortress in the southeast of the State of Chu. In the middle period of the Warring States Period, the State of Chu implemented reforms, strengthened its national power, and launched large-scale military operations in the south. The entire territory of Hunan was included in the territory of the Chu State, and Changsha became a military center in the southern part of the Chu State, including the political affairs of the vast areas of northern Hunan, central Hunan, and southern Hunan. As a military center, the State of Chu established a city in Changsha. After the Chu people entered Changsha, and after hundreds of years of war, the Guyue people disappeared, and the Guyue culture in Changsha was replaced by the Chu culture.

The southern invasion of the Chu people brought production tools and production experience from the Central Plains and Jianghan areas, bringing the Changsha area into the Iron Age. Changsha ended the primitive state that had lasted for more than 1,000 years since the Shang and Zhou dynasties, and directly entered the feudal society.

From the time of the Chu State to King Huai of Chu, the country's power became increasingly weak. The princes, especially the Qin State, launched many wars against the Chu State. In 222 BC, the Qin State general Wang Jian led his army southward and defeated the Chu army in the south of the Yangtze River. The rest of the Chu State, with Changsha as its political and military center in the south of the Yangtze River, was conquered by the Qin State, and the Chu State was destroyed. Changsha (Hunan) has been a military center of Chu land and Chu state for more than 800 years.

Qin and Han Dynasties

Changsha County in the Qin Dynasty

The Qin State destroyed the Chu State and established "Changsha County" in the land south of the original Chu River. After that, the Qin Dynasty The birth of Changsha was one of the 36 counties in the Qin Dynasty. Starting from the Qin Dynasty, Changsha began to be included in the unified political territory of China and was clearly recorded in history as an administrative region for the first time. Changsha County in the Qin Dynasty covered most of today's Hunan, south of Hubei, northwest Jiangxi, Lian County in Guangdong, Quanzhou in Guangxi and other places. The area was almost equivalent to the entire province of today's Hunan, with Xiang County as its administrative seat.

Changsha Kingdom and Changsha King during the Western Han Dynasty

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2 History of Changsha

The Qin Dynasty fell and the Han Dynasty was established. After Liu Bang proclaimed himself emperor, in 202 BC, Wu Rui, the founding hero of the Western Han Dynasty, was granted the title of King of Changsha. He established the Changsha Kingdom based on the original Changsha County of the Qin Dynasty. He renamed Xiang County Linxiang County and made Linxiang County the capital. The first vassal state appeared in the history of Hunan, and Changsha became the capital of the kingdom. The King of Changsha is the supreme ruler (highest official) of the Changsha Kingdom, and his throne is hereditary. However, since the Han Dynasty changed the system of the vassal kingdoms in the Eastern Han Dynasty, that is, in 144 BC, he actually became the King of Fan in name only. Changsha Kingdom existed for more than 200 years from its inception in 202 BC to its abolition in 7 AD. Changsha Kingdom was divided into two periods: "Wu's Changsha Kingdom" and "Liu's Changsha Kingdom".

Wu Family Changsha Kingdom

The ancient city of Changsha was the capital of the Han Dynasty. The ancient city of Linxiang was located in the center of the Changsha Kingdom. It was the residence of the Changsha kings in the past and the political and military center of the Changsha Kingdom. .

The ancient book "Shui Jing Zhu" records that Linxiang City (i.e. ancient Changsha City, historically known as Linxiang Old City) was built by Wu Rui, who was granted the title of Changsha King. In 157 BC, Wu's Changsha Kingdom was abolished.

The Wu Changsha Kingdom period was a glorious period in the history of ancient Changsha. Politically, it always maintained the unity of the country and was a loyal vassal kingdom of the Western Han Dynasty. The eight princes and princes with different surnames Liu Bang entrusted to them, including Zang Tu, Han Xin, and Yingbu, were all wiped out. Only the Wu family in Changsha was loyal to the court from beginning to end. It was King Yingbu of Huaiyin (son-in-law of Changsha King Wu Rui) who rebelled. Changsha King Wu Chen (son of Wu Rui) also killed his relatives out of righteousness. The Changsha Kingdom of the Wu family was established since Wu Rui. In 156 BC, when his fifth grandson Wu Zhu died, he was dismissed because he had no children. It was passed down to five generations, which lasted for 46 years. The official system of the kingdom is the same as that of the Western Han Dynasty. There is a prime minister (called Zhuguo in the early days of Emperor Gaozu of the Han Dynasty), who is directly appointed by the court and is called the assistant king. In fact, he is sent to control the actual power of the country and control the local areas.

Liu's Changsha Kingdom

In 158 BC, Emperor Wen's son Emperor Wen succeeded to the throne and reset the Changsha Kingdom. It was known as the "Liu's Changsha Kingdom" in history. In 155 BC, Liu Fa, the concubine of Emperor Jing, He was named the King of Changsha. Liu Fazhi's Changsha Kingdom was at a time when the Western Han Dynasty was greatly reducing the power of the vassal kingdoms. At this point, the vast Changsha Kingdom was separated from the southern part and established Guiyang County and Lingling County. From the fiefdom in 155 BC to 145 BC, as the imperial court changed the management system of the vassal states, the Changsha Kingdom's territory at this time was greatly reduced. Guiyang County and Lingling County had been separated, and only Linxiang, Luo, and There are 13 counties including Xiaji, Yiyang, Liandao, Xiangnan, Ancheng, Chengyang, Chaling, You, Zhaoling and so on. King Fan of Changsha Kingdom has also reduced his actual power and is not allowed to interfere in the government affairs of the vassal states under his jurisdiction. It has become a nominal From the king to the prime minister (the highest chief executive who manages government affairs, known as "minister" before the restructuring), and down to the county magistrate, all are appointed and dismissed by the court.

The "Liu Family Changsha Kingdom" lasted for 164 years from the time when Liu Fa was first granted a title to when Liu Shun was deposed. In 8 AD, Wang Mang usurped the throne and established himself as the emperor to establish the "New Dynasty". Changsha was renamed "Tianman County", and the capital Linxiang was renamed "Fumu County".

The King of Changsha, the Kingdom of Changsha and the Marquis of Linxiang in the Eastern Han Dynasty

The Wang Mang regime was soon overwhelmed by the peasant uprising at the end of the Western Han Dynasty. In 25 AD, Liu Xiu (ie Emperor Guangwu), a descendant of the former Western Han royal family and Liu Fa, the king of Changsha, proclaimed himself emperor and established another Han Dynasty. With Luoyang as its capital, it was called the Eastern Han Dynasty in history. As there were large and small peasant uprising teams and various armed separatist regimes scattered across the country, Liu Xiu launched another war to unify the country. In 26 AD (the second year of Jianwu), Liu Xiuyao named Liu Xing, the son of Liu Shun, the last king of Changsha in the Western Han Dynasty, as the king of Changsha, and reestablished the Changsha Kingdom to control the situation south of Dongting. By the 29th year, Hou Deng, the prefect of Jiangxia, Wang Tang, the prefect of Wuling, Han Fu, the prime minister of Changsha, Zhang Long, the prefect of Guiyang, Tian Xi, the prefect of Lingling, Du Mu, the prefect of Cangwu, Xiguang, the prefect of Jiaozhi, etc., led their envoys to contribute and were granted the title. For Liehou. At this point, the entire territory of Hunan, including Changsha, officially belonged to the Eastern Han Dynasty. The return of Changsha to the Han Dynasty played an important role in Liu Xiu's war to unify the world. Liu Xiu unified China in 40 years (the 16th year of Jianwu). As early as the 37th year of Changsha, Liu Xiu thought that Changsha King Liu Xing and others "all inherited the title of king and should not follow the righteousness", so he changed the title to Linxiang Marquis, and abolished the Changsha Kingdom and changed it to Changsha County.

The period from the Three Kingdoms to the Sui, Tang and Five Dynasties

The restructuring of Xiangzhou became a symbol of the organizational history of Hunan and Changsha. Due to Changsha's important geographical location, Changsha's status and role as the center of local administrative divisions have been further consolidated. The administrative scope of Changsha County in the Three Kingdoms was basically limited to the area east of the Xiangjiang River. The Changsha County of the Sui Dynasty spanned the Xiangjiang River to the entire central Hunan area, thus basically establishing the scale of Changsha's construction from then until the Qing Dynasty. After the unification of the Sui Dynasty, Hunan returned to the unified central government, and its exchanges and connections with other parts of the country continued to strengthen, gaining a broad and relatively stable space.

Eastern Wu Changsha County

During the Three Kingdoms period, from 219 AD when Sun Quan captured Changsha to 279 AD when the Western Jin Dynasty destroyed Wu, Changsha belonged to Sun Wu.

After Sun Quan became emperor, Hunan's administrative regions changed. Most of today's Hunan roughly belonged to the 10 counties of Nanjun, Wuling, Lingling, Guiyang, Changsha, Linhe, Tianmen, Hengyang, Xiangdong, and Zhaoling at that time, and belonged to Jingzhou.

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3 Changsha History

In 257, the eastern part of Changsha was Hengdong County (the administrative seat was turned into a county, today's Hengyang City), the western part was Hengyang County (the administrative seat was Xiangxiang County, now Xiangxiang County West), and the southern part of Yiyang County was separated into Xinyang County. (today's Ningxiang County), its governance was located in the upper reaches of Wei River (today's Hengshi Town, Ningxiang County), and belonged to Hengyang County.

In 265, Ancheng County in Changsha County (now part of Jiangxi Province) and several counties in Yuzhang and Luling established Ancheng County. Changsha County's land was further reduced, and Linxiang was under the jurisdiction of the Communist Party of China. , Jiyang, Hui, Xingling, Luo, Wuchang (reformed from Hanchang), Jianning, Xiaji, Puyi and other 9 counties, including the three cities of Changsha, Yueyang and Zhuzhou as well as Tongcheng and Chongcheng in present-day Hubei Province. It is located in 3 counties (cities) of Yang and Puyi.

Changsha County during the Three Kingdoms period had a state (Jingzhou) at the top and counties, townships and li at the bottom. It was the administrative system of the Sun Wu era. In addition to the chief executive, the arrangement (official names) of the various officials in Changsha County is quite complete. There are merit officials in charge of "selecting offices", Tianhu officials in charge of taxation, and boat officials in charge of shipbuilding; The warehouse clerk who rents rice and cloth, and the treasurer who collects and stores rent money. Townships below the county level also have subordinate officials, and the names "Dongxiang Qunongtuo" and "Nanxiang Qunongcuo" appear in the official records. In addition, there are "Sima", "Guan Cheng", "Cangtian Cao", "Lu Shi", etc. (Data source: Compiled based on the slips unearthed from "Changsha Zoumalou").

Xiangzhou in the Western Jin Dynasty and Southern Dynasties

The Western Jin Dynasty followed the feudal system of the Han Dynasty after unifying China. In 280 (the tenth year of Taikang), Emperor Wu of the Jin Dynasty named his sixth son Sima Yi the king of Changsha and made the county the country. In the early Western Jin Dynasty, Changsha County was still under the jurisdiction of Jingzhou, with Linxiang as its administrative seat. During the 300 years from the Western Jin Dynasty to the Southern Dynasties, local administration still implemented a three-level system of state, county and county.

Changsha County governs Linxiang, Liuyang, Baling (divided into Luo County in 280, now Yueyang and Linxiang), Luo, Wuchang, Liling, Jianning, You, Xiajun, Pu Yi and other 10 counties. In 280 AD, Xinyang County was renamed Xinkang County, and the county seat was moved to the area of ??Lengshuipu and Wanshou Mountain, 10 miles west of present-day Ningxiang County. In 299, Emperor Hui of the Jin Dynasty divided Baling, Xiajun, Puyi and other counties to establish Jianchang County, and the jurisdiction of Changsha County was once again reduced.

The establishment of Xiangzhou: In the late Western Jin Dynasty, due to the invasion of northern forces, the center of gravity of the Western Jin Dynasty moved southward, and the Jingxiang area became more important. In 307 (the first year of Yongjia), Emperor Huai of the Jin Dynasty, Sima Chi, separated eight counties from Jingzhou, including Changsha, Jianchang, Xiangdong, Hengyang, Shaoling, Yingyang, Guiyang, and Lingling, and established Xiangzhou as a separate city, with Linxiang ( Today's Changsha) was the administrative center. The establishment of Xiangzhou was a major political and military event in ancient Hunan.

Reorganization of the Sui Dynasty

In 577, the Northern Zhou Dynasty destroyed the Northern Qi Dynasty and reunified the north. In 581, Yang Jian, a relative of the Northern Zhou Dynasty, deposed the Zhou Dynasty and proclaimed himself emperor, establishing the Sui Dynasty. In 589 (the third year of Chen Zhenming's reign | the first month of the ninth year of Kaihuang's reign in the Sui Dynasty), the Sui army crossed the Yangtze River and captured Jiankang, and the Chen Dynasty was destroyed. This ended the more than 270 years of north-south division since the fall of the Western Jin Dynasty.

The Sui Dynasty unified China and implemented reforms to the political system of the Southern Dynasties. The local administration system was changed from the three-level system of state, county and county to the two-level system of state and county, and the county level was abolished. During the reign of Emperor Wen of the Sui Dynasty, Changsha had Zhaotan, Xiangzhou was renamed Tanzhou, and the Tanzhou General Administration Office was established.

Changsha County was abolished, and Linxiang County under its jurisdiction was changed to Changsha County, and Liuyang and Liling counties were abolished and merged into it;

Jianning County was also abolished and merged into Hengzhou ( Xiangtan County (formerly Xiangdong County).

During the reign of Emperor Yang of the Sui Dynasty, the system was further restructured, the general administrative offices of various states were abolished, prefectures and counties were merged, and prefectures were transformed into counties. Tanzhou was renamed Changsha County and administered four counties: Changsha, Hengshan, Yiyang, and Shaoyang. Changsha County was the county government.

The jurisdiction of Changsha County includes the four counties (cities) of today's Changsha, Wangcheng, Liuyang and Liling. The size of the area is roughly equivalent to the current Changsha City area.

Hengshan County was under the jurisdiction of the original Hengyang County, and later Xiangxiang and Xiangxi counties were merged, including today's urban area of ??Xiangtan City and counties such as Xiangtan, Hengshan, Xiangxiang, Shuangfeng, Lianyuan, and Ningxiang ( city) place.

Yiyang County was also under the jurisdiction of the original Hengyang County, which was later abolished and merged into Xinkang County, including today's urban area of ??Yiyang City and counties and cities such as Taojiang, Xinhua, Anhua, Ningxiang, and Lianyuan.

Shaoyang County was under the jurisdiction of the original Shaoling County. Fuyi and Duliang counties were later abolished and merged, including today's Shaoyang City and Shaoyang, Shaodong, Xinshao, Xinhua, Wugang, Dongkou, and Long Hui, Xinning, Chengbu, Lianyuan and other counties and cities.

Tanzhou in its prosperous age

Li Jing pacified Xiaoliang, and in 621, Changsha returned to the Tang Dynasty. The local administration of the Tang Dynasty still followed the two-level system of state (prefecture) and county of the Sui Dynasty. In 636 (the tenth year of Zhenguan), there were 10 roads in the Tang Dynasty, and Tanzhou belonged to Jiangnan Road. In 733 (the 21st year of Kaiyuan), the number of roads in Tang Dynasty was increased to 15, and Tanzhou belonged to Jiangnan West Road.

In the early Tang Dynasty, the administrative divisions were adjusted, Shaoyang County was divided, and Nanliang (prefecture) was established separately. Liling and Xinkang were divided from the three counties of Changsha, Yiyang, and Hengshan (in 624 they were included in There are 3 counties in Yiyang and Xiangxiang, and 6 counties in Nanliang County.

The county-level divisions of Tanzhou were also adjusted

In 708 (the second year of Jinglong Emperor Zhongzong of the Tang Dynasty), Liuyang County was divided into Changsha County and restored to Liuyang County, and the county government was transferred from Juren Town. (Lingguandu Town) was moved to the current location of Liuyang City.

In 749 (the eighth year of Tianbao reign of Emperor Xuanzong of Tang Dynasty), Hengshan County was renamed Xiangtan County. Tanzhou still governed 6 counties, namely Changsha, Liuyang, Liling, Yiyang, Xiangxiang, and Xiangtan, until the end of the Tang Dynasty.

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4 Changsha History

In 621, when Hunan was first established, the Tang Dynasty established the Tanzhou General Administration Office in Changsha. In 624, the General Administration Office was changed to the Dudu Palace, with jurisdiction over Tan, Heng, Yong, Chen, Lian, Nanliang, Nanying, and Nanyun 8 State military (7 states in 624, excluding Nanyun). The Tanzhou Dudufu was the highest military organization in Hunan in the early Tang Dynasty. The chief executive was the Dudu, but he often also served as the governor of Tanzhou, implementing a system of military and political integration. Changsha was the seat of the Hunan military establishment of the central government of the Tang Dynasty. In the early Tang Dynasty, the military system of integrating military and peasantry was implemented. Military mansions, also known as Zhechong mansions, were set up in important places across the country, directly under the central government. When Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty reformed the military, Tanzhou had Qiaokou (now Qiaokou Town, Wangcheng County), Lukou (now Zhuzhou), and Huashi (in Xiangtan) for defense.

Before the Tang Dynasty, the overall social development of Changsha lagged behind that of the Central Plains. After 400 years of business development in the Three Kingdoms, Two Jin Dynasties, and Southern Dynasties, by the early Tang Dynasty, due to social stability and the success of successive state (county) magistrates, Governance has caught up with the development of the Central Plains region. At this time, Changsha has a prosperous population, a prosperous economy, and a splendid culture. Zhang Wei, who took office as the governor of Tanzhou in 771 (the sixth year of Dali), once wrote an "Inscription on Changsha Local Style Stele". During the Dali period of Emperor Daili of the Tang Dynasty, the poet Du Fu visited Changsha and wrote many poems, including "Qingming". The poem contains: "It is a prosperous day in Changsha, and tens of thousands of people are coming out of Changsha. The green willows at the ferry are bright and bright, and the eyebrows are vying for the road. The red hooves are arrogant and the teeth are arrogant." This is a portrayal of a day in Changsha in its prosperous period.

Hunan Daozhi Office

The prosperity of the Tang Dynasty reached its peak during the reign of Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty, and then began to decline. By the time of the "Anshi Rebellion", it entered its middle period, and the political system reform was carried out in the middle period of the Tang Dynasty. In 764 (the second year of Emperor Guangde's reign in the Tang Dynasty), Hengzhou established the Hunan Dutuan Training, Guarding, Observation and Disposal Envoy, referred to as the Hunan Observer Envoy, with jurisdiction over the five prefectures of Heng, Tan, Shao, Yong and Dao; in 768 (the third year of Dali), the area under its jurisdiction It was also expanded, with Chen and Lian prefectures added, and Changsha became the administrative seat of Hunan Province. At this point, Changsha and other places were separated from the original Jiangnan West Road and became a local first-level administrative division, Hunan Road. The word "Hunan" began to appear in history as the name of local administrative divisions.

The Hunan Observer Mission was established and moved to Changsha, which took important measures for the court to stabilize the situation in Hunan. However, it aroused dissatisfaction among the Hunan generals. After the Anshi Rebellion, most of the local soldiers were arrogant and unruly, disobedient to control. "When they were happy, they rebelled against each other; when they were angry, they used strength to fight against each other." At that time, it was such a group of arrogant and capable generals who were stationed in Changsha and other places. After the Anshi Rebellion, separatism and separatism gradually increased in the Jiangnan area. The struggle in Hunan was manifested in fierce conflicts between Hunan observers and powerful generals, and Changsha was at the center of this conflict. In 770 (the fifth year of Dali), Hunan Province moved to Changsha for only two years. Zang, the Hunan military envoy, led a group of arrogant soldiers to cause chaos, ravaged Changsha, and killed Cui Guan, the governor of Tanzhou and the observer envoy of Hunan. , staged a tragedy of "mutiny". The Changsha price-cutting mutiny and the Shaozhou Wangoliang incident that occurred between 770 and 780 showed that separatist forces had arisen in Hunan.

The Capital of the King of Chu

During the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period, a Chu State established by Ma Yin appeared in the Huxiang area at this time. Changsha, the former Hunan Taoist Office of the Tang Dynasty, was As its capital, Changsha has entered a remarkable era of the (Ma) Chu Kingdom. During the Ma Chu regime, Ma Yin adopted policies such as "serving the emperor at the top and appeasing the people at the bottom", appeasement of the rebel army internally, and defense of powerful vassals externally, which gave the people a relatively stable environment; economically, he adopted policies such as building water conservancy projects and providing incentives. Through measures such as mulberry farming, tea industry development, textile promotion, and trade with the Central Plains, the social economy of Changsha and Hunan has developed rapidly. During this period, the main trade between Chu State and various northern regimes was tea, and Hunan's tea has since become famous throughout the country. See: Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms·Chu State

Warlord Separatism

In 951, the Southern Tang general Bian Hao destroyed Chu, and Hunan returned to warlord separatism. The Southern Tang Dynasty appointed Bian Hao as the Wu'an Army. Jiedushi was stationed in Tanzhou; in October 952, Liu Yan took advantage of the resentment of the people in Tanzhou and sent Wang Kui and Zhou Xingfeng's troops to attack Tanzhou; the Southern Tang Dynasty's rule in Changsha disappeared after only one year.

After Liu Yan occupied Hunan, Hunan's political and military center of gravity moved from Changsha to today's Changde City; in 953, Liu Yan was imprisoned by Zhou Xingfeng and Wang Kui in conspiracy.

Zhou Xingfeng served as the Military Envoy of the Wuqing Army, with the right to know the military affairs of Tanzhou, and was stationed in Changsha; after Zhou Xingfeng took charge of Hunan, he tried to "rectify the shortcomings of his predecessors" and dealt with tough generals with severe punishments. , purged corrupt officials, and from then on, the war between Yuan and Hunan stopped for a time; in October 962 (September of the third year of Jianlong), Zhou Xingfeng died. In January 962, Zhang Wenbiao heard the news of Zhou's death and started a rebellion. He then led his troops to Tanzhou under the pretext of going to Langzhou to mourn. Liao Jian who was guarding Tanzhou was killed at a banquet and occupied Tanzhou. In 963, the Song Dynasty occupied Changsha.

Hunan Road Administration Office in the Song Dynasty

In 963, the Song army occupied Tanzhou. Song Taizu stipulated that Tan and Lang states were "directly under the jurisdiction of the capital, and the chief officials had to do their own thing." The original Wu'an Army , the establishment and abolition of the Wuping Army, Langzhou's status as the military and political center of Hunan and "above Tanzhou" also disappeared. After the Song Dynasty unified China, in order to prevent the separatist rule of vassal towns, it was stipulated that state and county chiefs must be civil servants, which strengthened local control. The previous titles of "prefect, governor, county magistrate, and county magistrate" were changed to "zhixzhou (county) affairs", abbreviated to "zhizhou (county)".

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5 Changsha History

In 997 (the third year of Zhidao), Emperor Zhenzong of the Song Dynasty officially changed the road into a road, with 15 roads nationwide. The original Hunan Road was changed to Jinghu South Road, and Tanzhou became the administrative center. During the reign of Emperor Zhenzong (998-1022), the Jinghu South Road transfer envoys, the Tidian prison envoys and the appeasement envoys were successively established. The three major yamen were all located in Tanzhou City, and their appeasement envoys were appointed by Tanzhou Zhizhou. At the same time, Changsha became the political and military center of nine states, military, and prisons in Hunan.

Adjustment of Tanzhou’s zoning in the Song Dynasty

The Song Dynasty was a very important period in the historical development of Changsha.

During these more than 300 years, Changsha's status as the political and military center of Hunan was further consolidated, and the pattern of Changsha's administrative divisions was basically finalized. Later, the Changsha area's development of more than 600 years in the Yuan, Ming, and Qing dynasties laid the foundation. In the early and middle Song Dynasty, the administrative divisions of Tanzhou also underwent many adjustments.

In 965 (the third year of Qiande), Longxi County, which was established at the end of the Ma Chu regime, promoted Changfengchang in the east of Changsha County to a county (it was merged into Changsha County in 973); Xiangyin County in the state belongs to Tanzhou.

In 977 (the second year of the Taiping Xingguo reign), Ningxiang County was established in six townships in Changsha, with Yutan Town of Xinkang County in the Tang Dynasty (now Ningxiang County) as its administrative seat.

In 993 (the fourth year of Chunhua), Hengshan County, which originally belonged to Hengzhou, was assigned to Tanzhou.

In 1073 (the sixth year of Xining), Minister Zhang Xiang inspected Kaimei Mountain in Hunan and divided it into four counties: Xiangxiang, Shaoyang, Yiyang and Ningxiang to establish Anhua County.

In 1098 (the first year of Yuanfu), Shanhua County was established in 5 townships in Changsha County and 2 townships in Xiangtan County, and the county government was attached to Tanzhou City. By the end of the Song Dynasty, Tanzhou had jurisdiction over 12 counties including Changsha, Shanhua, Ningxiang, Liuyang, Xiangyin, Yiyang, Xiangtan, Liling, Xiangxiang, Anhua, Jiao, and Hengshan. It was the most populous state in Jinghu South Road. The state with the most and the widest territory.

Major events that occurred in Changsha during the Song Dynasty

At the turn of the Song Dynasty, Changsha once attracted the attention of the world and was very popular. In August 1126, Cai Jing, the leader of the "six thieves" in the Northern Song Dynasty, was exiled to Guangdong and died in Tanzhou. The following year, the Southern Song Dynasty court punished treasonous ministers, and the pseudo-"Emperor of Chu" Zhang Bangchang was demoted to Tanzhou for "resettlement", and later issued an edict to death in November.

The political situation in the Song Dynasty was relatively stable. Due to the rulers' policy of resting with the people and the governance of some wise ministers and officials, Changsha's economic development caught up with and surpassed that of the Central Plains. Culturally, with the establishment of Yuelu Academy in Changsha, Hu Guo, Hu Hong and his son, Zhu Xi, and Zhang Shi gave lectures and promoted education in Changsha, and Changsha became the famous cultural capital of Hunan. The scale of the city of Changsha has expanded, and its city walls did not exceed it until the end of the Qing Dynasty. The city has broken down the boundaries between districts and cities, with prosperous commerce and dense population, and has become "a metropolis in Hunan and Xiang".

At the beginning of the Southern Song Dynasty, conflicts between ethnic groups and warlords in Hunan were sharp and the turmoil continued. In the first month of the fourth year of Jianyan's reign, the Jin soldiers captured Changsha and massacred the city. Several groups of broken troops and armed bandits, including Ma You, Du Yan, and Kong Yanzhou, poured into Changsha and burned, killed, looted, and committed all kinds of evil.

In 1130, the famous Zhong Xiang and Yang Yao uprising broke out in the Dongting Lake area. The people of Hunan responded one after another. Ningxiang, Yiyang, Xiangyin, Anhua and other counties in Tanzhou also became areas occupied by the rebels. In just two years, the city walls of Changsha were in ruins and ten houses were empty. Xiang Zizhen, the pacifying envoy from Hunan who also knew Tanzhou, led his troops to move to You County.

In February 1131 (the first month of the first year of Shaoxing), the Southern Song Dynasty changed Jinghu South and North Roads into Jinghu East and West Roads, with Ezhou and Dingzhou (today's Changde City) as their governance respectively. Tanzhou belongs to the East Road. In 1131, the old system was restored, and Tanzhou was still used as the seat of Nanlu. At the beginning of the Southern Song Dynasty, Tanzhou was one of the six commander-in-chiefs along the Yangtze River. Prime ministers Li Gang and Zhang Jun, and generals Han Shizhong, Wang Li, Yue Fei, etc. came to Changsha successively.

In 1132, Li Gang was appointed as the envoy to Huguang and also knew Tanzhou. In October of the following year, the Song Dynasty divided the jurisdictions of various military generals because the imperial army was exhausted and could not bear the war. Tanzhou was first the jurisdiction of Wangli. Later, due to his incompetence in combat, he was replaced by the famous general Yue Fei, and Changsha became the garrison of the Yue Family Army, which was famous both at home and abroad. During the war to suppress Yang Mo's uprising, Li Gang, Zhang Jun, and Yue Fei successively sat in Changsha as commanders, commanding various armies in Tan, Ding, Yue, Chen, Li and other prefectures and Hubei, and successively recruited and surrendered Huang Zuo, Zhou Lun, and Yang Qin and other rebel generals defeated more than 200,000 rebels and avoided a bloody massacre.

In the middle and late Southern Song Dynasty, the current situation in Changsha was relatively stable. There were important ministers and famous generals Liu Hao, Zhang Xiaoxiang, Xin Qiji, Zhou Bida, Zhen Dexiu, Wei Liaoweng, Xiang Shibi, Wang Lixin, Wen Tianxiang, Li Fu and others served in Changsha and supported the overall situation of Hunan in the Southern Song Dynasty. Xin Qiji founded the Flying Tiger Army, Zhang Xiaoxiang and Zhen Dexiu were honest in government, and Wen Tianxiang was clean and peaceful in prison, all of which left a good story for Changsha.

Xiang Shibi, Zhang Tang (the great-grandson of Zhang Jun), and Li Fu fought against the Yuan army in Tanzhou, which was tragic and fierce, adding a heroic color to Changsha in the Song Dynasty.