What are the four famous gardens in China?

The Summer Palace is a royal garden and palace in the Qing Dynasty, formerly known as Qingyi Garden. It is the last of the three mountains and five gardens. It was built in 1750 and built in 1764, with an area of 290 hectares (4,400 mu), and the water surface accounts for about three quarters. Before Qianlong succeeded to the throne, four large royal gardens had been built in the western suburbs of Beijing. The four gardens from Haidian to Xiangshan are self-contained and have no organic connection with each other. The "Wengshanbo" in the middle became a vacant area. Qianlong decided to build Qingyi Garden in Wengshan with huge amount of money, connecting the four gardens on both sides with this as the center, and forming a royal garden area 20 kilometers from Tsinghua campus to Xiangshan.

Qingyi Garden was burnt down in 1860, rebuilt in 1866 and renamed the Summer Palace, severely damaged by Eight-Nation Alliance in 1900, and rebuilt again in 1902.

The Summer Palace is mainly composed of Wanshou Mountain and Kunming Lake, and the water surface accounts for three quarters of the whole garden. It condenses the essence of national garden art. The most ingenious and distinctive design is her 728-meter-long promenade, and the paintings in the promenade have high artistic value. In addition, she also played the role of organically linking all the scenic spots in the garden, which set off the overall beauty of the garden.

Another design feature is her west dike and the bridge over it. The west dike is not a wide dike and has no practical effect. However, the designer insisted on breaking the flat embankment artificially and building "Six Bridges on the West Dike" on the embankment to form a beautiful "Six Bridges on the Willow". The scenery is no less than that of Su Causeway in Hangzhou West Lake, and Yudai Bridge is the most beautiful of the six bridges.

To the south of Kunming Lake is an island specially preserved when the garden was built. People also call it Longwang Temple, and connect it with the east bank of the lake with a 17-hole bridge.

Seventeen-hole Bridge, Longwang Temple and Xidi decorate Kunming Lake, and skillfully use the borrowing scenery technique of China garden art to bring the distant Xishan and Yuquan Mountain into the sight of tourists. The lakes and mountains complement each other and are beautiful.

The third feature of the Summer Palace is its back lake scenic spot, which makes Wanshou Mountain surrounded by water on three sides. Houhu Lake has three functions: viewing, sightseeing and fire prevention, especially the ingenious combination of fire prevention function and garden design, which is similar to a moat around the city wall.

Xiequ garden

Above, after Emperor Qianlong returned to Beijing from his southern tour, he imitated the humorous garden built by Huishan Garden in Wuxi.

Gan Long Yu ti Shi Bei

Foxiang Pavilion is the architectural center of the whole garden, which is surrounded by mountains and waters. The design of the Summer Palace also focuses on the main scenic spots in China.

It is said that the design of the Summer Palace has concentrated the national scenery, such as the Wang Chan Pavilion on Nanhu Island imitating the Yellow Crane Tower in Wuchang, the 17-hole bridge imitating the Lugou Bridge, and the Suzhou Street in the back mountain imitating the trade street in Suzhou.

In the western section of Houhu Lake, a strange stone stands on both sides of the lake bank, which imitates the scenery of the Three Gorges of the Yangtze River.

Behind Wanshou Mountain, there is also a group of buildings imitating the Potala Palace in Tibet, also called "Little Potala Palace".

If you only have one day to visit Beijing, I suggest you go to the Summer Palace and don't leave the Funny Garden (because it is remote).

2. The Summer Resort in Chengde, Hebei Province

In Chengde City, Hebei Province, there is a summer resort, which is the largest existing garden in China, accounting for almost half of Chengde City and nearly twice that of the Summer Palace. The palace wall covers an area of 5.64 million square meters and has a circumference of about 20 miles. With such a magnificent and beautiful garden, there are several temples of different ethnic styles such as Han, Mongolian and Tibetan outside the garden, and Chengde has become a famous tourist city in northern China.

It took 87 years to build this villa.

The summer resort is the place where the Qing emperor used to spend the summer and handle government affairs. It is a famous ancient palace in China. It was built in the 42nd year of Kangxi (1703) and completed in the 55th year of Qianlong. It lasted for 87 years. This large-scale garden has 17 buildings, including halls, halls, pavilions, pavilions, halls and temples. Its biggest feature is that there are gardens in the mountains and mountains in the gardens. Mountains account for 4/5 of the whole garden area. From the peak in the northwest to the swamp and plain in the southeast, the relative height difference is 180 meters, forming a landscape surrounded by mountains and valleys, with clear springs flowing in the valleys and deep forests. At that time, many gardens and temples were built by using the topography of peaks, cliffs, foothills and mountain streams. Most of these landforms were destroyed before liberation, but now the scenery in mountainous areas is still very charming, among which the most striking is the pavilion on two opposite peaks, one is called "Nanshan Snow" and the other is called "Huanyun Mountain". From the pavilion, you can see all the scenic spots in the villa, several big temples outside the villa, and the strange peaks and rocks on the surrounding mountains in Chengde city. On another mountain peak, there is a pavilion called "Hammer Peak Sunset", and Hammer Peak first comes into view. Whenever the sun goes down, the hammer peak is resplendent and magnificent by Xia Hong, hence the name "sunset on the hammer peak".

The architectural layout of the villa can be roughly divided into two parts: palace area and garden area. Garden scenic spots can be divided into three parts: lake area, plain area and mountain area.

The main buildings in the palace area

The palace area is the place where the emperor handled government affairs and the queen lived, including four groups of buildings: Gong Zheng, Song Hezhai, Wanhe Song Feng and Dongfang (destroyed). The main hall is the main building in the palace area, including 9 courtyards, which are divided into "vestibule" and "back bedroom". The main hall is called "Lianjingbo City", which is made of precious nanmu, so it is also called Nanmu Hall. All kinds of grand ceremonies are held here. The back hall is called "Four Knowledge Bookstore", "Smoke makes you cool" and "Yunshan Resort", which is the place where the emperor handles state affairs, studies and lives. The hall of "Smoke and waves enjoying the cool" is a five-bay bungalow. 1860, British and French allied forces attacked Beijing, and Emperor Xianfeng of Qing Dynasty fled to the summer resort for refuge. In this house, he ratified several traitorous treaties, such as the Sino-Russian Beijing Treaty.

The natural scenery is better than the West Lake.

The essence of garden scenic spots is basically in the lake area. Kangxi once boasted that "natural scenery is better than the West Lake". Although the lake is not as big as Kunming Lake in the Summer Palace, it is divided into five lakes by long dikes and islands, and there are bridges between them. The banks of the river are shaded by trees, and the main scenic buildings of the villa are scattered around the lake area, which is tortuous and beautiful.

Most of the scenic spots in the lake area are modeled after the scenic spots in the south of the Yangtze River, such as the Yanyu Building, which is modeled after the Yanyu Building in Nanhu, Jiaxing, Zhejiang. The layout of Jinshan Island is imitated from Jinshan in Zhenjiang, Jiangsu. There are two groups of buildings on the two islands in the lake, one is called "Ruyi Island" and the other is called "Moonlight River Sound". There are rockeries, pavilions, halls, temples, pools and other buildings on Ruyi Island, which are cleverly laid out and are the center of the scenic spot. "Moonlight River Sound" consists of an exquisite quadrangle and several pavilions. Whenever the bright moon is in the sky on Dongshan night, the crisp moonlight reflects the calm lake water, and everything in the villa is silent, only the lake beats against the embankment and makes a pleasant sound, hence the title of "Moonlight River Sound".

Plain areas are mainly patches of grasslands and forests. At that time, there was Wanshuyuan, which contained 28 yurts of different specifications. The largest is the Imperial Mongolian yurt, with a diameter of 70 feet 2. It is the emperor's temporary palace, where Qianlong often summoned foreign envoys of nobles, religious leaders and ethnic minorities.

3. Suzhou Humble Administrator's Garden

The Humble Administrator's Garden was built in the fourth year of Zheng De in Ming Dynasty (1509). After Hongzhi Jinshi and Yushi Wang abandoned their official posts in the Ming Dynasty, they were built in the hometown of Lu Guimeng in the Tang Dynasty and the former site of Dahong Temple in the Yuan Dynasty. The meaning of the sentence is understood as "build a room to plant trees and enjoy life" ... irrigate the garden to provide food in the morning and evening, ... this is also a policy, for the humble Jin Dynasty writer Pan Yue, who lives in leisure, the garden was named Humble Administrator's Garden. In the process of building the garden, Wang asked the representative of Wu Pai to design a blueprint for it, forming a garden with water as the mainstay, simple and simple, and close to the natural scenery. After the death of the king, his son gambled all night and lost the garden to Xu, and his descendants also declined. In the fourth year of Chongzhen in the Ming Dynasty (163 1), the eastern part of the garden was owned by assistant minister Wang Xinyi, named "Guimuju".

Humble Administrator's Garden Waveform Gallery

In the central and western parts of the park, owners often change. During the Qianlong period, the central part of the park belonged to Jiangbai, the magistrate. In the tenth year of Xianfeng (1860), the Taiping Army was stationed in Suzhou, and the Humble Administrator's Garden was the loyal palace. According to legend, Li Xiucheng, a loyal monarch, took Jianshan Tower in the middle as his ruling place. In the third year of Guangxu (1877), the western section was owned by wealthy businessman Zhang and named "Buyuan". After liberation, with the concern of the party and the government, the first generation of famous gardens were protected, and the central and western regions were officially opened to the outside world on 1952. East 1960 has been renovated, and all the eastern, western and central parts have been opened. 19 1 year was listed in the first batch of national key cultural relics protection units on March 4th. 1997 65438+on February 4th, it was listed in the World Cultural Heritage List by UNESCO.

Hanqing Pavilion in Humble Administrator's Garden

Humble Administrator's Garden is located at No.0/78, Northeast Street, Suzhou, covering an area of 52,000 square meters. The whole garden is divided into four parts: East, Middle, West and Residential. Folk houses are typical Suzhou folk houses, which are now arranged as exhibition halls of garden museums. The eastern part is bright and cheerful, with Pinggang Mountain, pine lawn and bamboo house Qushui as the main areas. The main attractions are: Blue School, Zhuoyunfeng, Furong Pavilion, Tian Quan Pavilion and Xiangxiang Pavilion. The central part is the essence of Humble Administrator's Garden, with a pool area of 1/3. The swimming pool is dominated by water with lush trees and natural scenery. Buildings with different shapes and scattered heights are arranged at the water's edge, with clear priorities. The main attractions are: Yuanxiangtang, Xiangzhou, Hefeng Pavilion, Jianshanlou, Xiaofeihong and Loquat Garden. The main building in the west is the 36-yuan Yang Pavilion near the residential side, with an arc-shaped pool, which is characterized by the separation of pavilions and terraces, the ups and downs of cloisters, the reflection of water waves, unique interest and gorgeous decoration. The main attractions are: 36 Yuanyang Pavilion, Reflection Pavilion, who to sit with, Water Gallery, etc.

4. Wandering in Suzhou

The 28th World Heritage Expo is coming soon. As one of the world cultural heritages and a window to the outside world, Suzhou Garden is the "first impression" of guests at home and abroad. As early as the end of last year, Lingering Garden, one of the four famous gardens in China, began to prepare, leaving the counters used as shopping malls in Shengjia ancestral hall and setting up Lingering Garden exhibition hall instead. It's going well so far. In addition, in order to welcome the World Expo, Lingering Garden will extend the "Wu Biao Tour" program scheduled to end on the 20th of this month to July 10 for visitors.

Lingering Garden, located outside Nagato, Suzhou, was built in the middle of Ming Dynasty. It is the private garden of Taishi Xu, a feudal bureaucrat in Taibu Temple, and is called the East Garden. It was owned by Liu Rongfeng in the Qing Dynasty and renamed Hanbilou, commonly known as Liuyuan. In the second year of Guangxu in Qing dynasty, it was taken from Sheng and the name stayed in the garden. This park has been abandoned several times. 1953, the Suzhou municipal government allocated funds for renovation, and it was opened to the public on New Year's Day the following year, attracting thousands of Chinese and foreign tourists. 196 1 in March, it was listed as the first batch of key cultural relics protection units in China by the State Council, and it was also called the four famous gardens in China together with the Summer Palace, chengde mountain resort and Suzhou Humble Administrator's Garden. 19971February, after the final review by UNESCO, it was approved to be included in the World Cultural Heritage List.

As soon as I entered the gate, I saw gentle and graceful girls playing violins and guzheng to greet the guests. With good intentions, it is easy to "tune" in, including the Kunqu performance in Shanting, the Pingtan performance in Chahangxuan, and the Xiao performance in Shuxiaoting. , and "Wu" staged in Lingyuan during the World Heritage Conference.

Lingering Garden, with an existing area of more than 30 mu, is one of the large-scale classical gardens in Suzhou and represents the style of Qing Dynasty. Lingering Garden is famous for its rigorous layout, elegant style and rich landscape, and has made outstanding artistic achievements in Suzhou gardens. Its architecture comprehensively uses Jiangnan gardening art, is good at architectural structure, and is good at combining landscapes with changes such as size, straightness, light and shade, height and retraction. The layout of height is just right, creating a set of spatial systems with rich levels, patchwork, rhythm, color and contrast. The whole park is divided into four scenic spots with buildings in the middle, east, west and north. Each scenic spot has its own characteristics, which are interrelated and make people linger.

According to Director Sun of the Lingering Garden Management Office, Lingering Garden is preparing for the World Heritage Expo in all directions. In hardware, many commercial counters that are incompatible with the overall garden style have been evacuated. In terms of software, experts are invited to train relevant personnel on Expo knowledge and service etiquette. At present, the focus is on the progress of the exhibition hall, which is planned to be completed and put into use before June 25. In the future, the content and scope of the tour will be further expanded, and the historical evolution and style of staying in the park will be shown to tourists in the form of pictures and materials.