What is cinnabar culture? (urgent online, etc. )

Dansha mining industry is an important mining and metallurgy industry of Pengshui Ba people, and Dansha mining industry is a handicraft industry monopolized by Ba people. The red cave in Zilishan, Wu Luo, western Hubei, where Shi Jun, the ancestor of Ba people in Wujiang River Basin, lived, is a cinnabar mine cave, and later moved to Yushan, which is rich in cinnabar (that is, near Pengshuiyu and Qianjiang today). Ba people dig cinnabar while testing salt. As early as the Stone Age, cinnabar was used as a pigment or coating, and was later used in medicine. Cinnabar is listed as a top-grade medicinal material in Shennong Herbal Classic, which has a wide range of medical uses. Oral administration can calm the mind, invigorate qi, improve eyesight, dredge blood vessels, disturb the upper body, eliminate pathogenic factors, eliminate diseases such as traditional Chinese medicine, abdominal disease and toxic gas, and can also be used for external treatment. So all classes in ancient society needed cinnabar. "Yi Zhou Shu Wang Hui" mentioned that someone asked Zhou Chengwang's contribution to cinnabar. At the same time, hot cinnabar can extract mercury-mercury, and water is very necessary for the alchemy of Taoist Dante School. Ge Hong said in "Baopuzi Fairy Medicine": "The one above the fairy medicine is cinnabar, followed by gold and silver." The so-called "immortal medicine" is the "elixir of life". From King Jing, Qi Weiwang, Qi Xuanwang and Yan Zhaowang to Qin Shihuang and Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, people were sent to look for the "elixir of life". It is contained in Shan Hai Jing Hai Nei Xi Jing: "Ming Kai East has Wu Peng, Wu Di, Wu Yang, Lu Wu, Wu Fan and Wu Xiang ... all of them refused with elixirs." This shows that as early as the Shang and Zhou dynasties, the witch of Hubashan had mastered and applied the "elixir of life"-cinnabar. It can be seen that the development and utilization of cinnabar has a very long history in the Ba nationality. After the founding of People's Republic of China (PRC), Fuling, the main cinnabar producing area, became an important town in Pakistan, and the development and utilization of cinnabar also became an important industry for the Pakistani people. So many ancient books called cinnabar Basha.

Guangxu, a native of A Jin, made a note in Historical Records, betting on "Dan Point": "Fuling gave birth to Dan". The national annals of counties in the later Han Dynasty recorded more than 1 1,000 counties in the whole country, and only recorded two counties that gave birth to Dan: except Fuling, it was a talk about the North Panjiang River in Guizhou (now the north of Zhenfeng County); "Tu Jing" says more clearly: "Dansha comes out of Fuling Valley."

The history of producing Dan in Fuling was first seen in the early Zhou Dynasty. "Yizhoushu" contains: "The meeting of a mature week ... uses cinnabar to predict people". Wang Ying should notice that divination means Puye. Pu people were scattered in southwest China in ancient times and were called "Baipu". He Dangyue's "Nanliu" believes that Pu is closely related to it. "Fujiang and Fuling are named after Pu people."

Cinnabar produced in Fuling is sold from yujiang county to Wujiang and then to the Yangtze River. Therefore, Wujiang River was called "Danfu Water" and "Eight Aims of Huayang Country" in ancient times. Du Fu, a poet in the Tang Dynasty, described the story of a witch capsizing in his narrative poem "Two capsizes", which contained the phrase "cinnabar with stone". It can be seen that until the Tang Dynasty, cinnabar was still transported by this waterway.

Fuling County was built in Yushan in the Western Han Dynasty, with jurisdiction over Pengshui, Qianjiang, Youyang, Xiushan and Shizhu in the south and Daozhen, Zhengan, Yanhe, Wuchuan, Yinjiang, Dejiang and Sinan in Wulong and Guizhou in the east. Today's Fuling District of Chongqing was called Zhi at that time, not Fuling. In the Eastern Han Dynasty, Zhicai was banned in the name of Fuling until now.

"Historical Records-Biography" said: "The widow of Pakistan knew that she had the point of Dan first, but she was good at benefiting for generations, but her family didn't hear about it." Qing, a widow, can keep her job, defend herself with money, and see no infringement. Qin Shihuang thought that a virgin was a guest in order to build a clean platform for her. "

This passage reveals a lot of information. First, the widow of Baqing made a fortune by mining cinnabar, and she was so rich that she used money to defend herself, which was enough to ensure the mining and transportation of cinnabar. Second, Qin Shihuang paid special attention to Baqing widow. After Qin destroyed Ba, why did the first emperor take such care of a Ba widow? Perhaps the reason is that Qin Shihuang needed the support of the Qing widow to find the medicine of immortality-cinnabar. Then there is mercury extracted from cinnabar, which is a traditional preservative for corpses. Pour more water into the emperor's tomb. According to records, Qi Huangong's tomb in Shandong, Silkworm Congshi's tomb in Chengdu and Qin Shihuang's mausoleum in Xi have all been filled with mercury. Qi Huangong died in 643 BC, when cinnabar had been used to extract mercury. None of Shandong, Chengdu and Xi 'an produces cinnabar, but what they use in their tombs is mainly produced in Fuling. According to historical records, the mausoleum of Qin Shihuang "takes mercury as the hundred rivers and seas and astronomy and geography." How much mercury does such a large-scale mercury tomb need? No wonder Qin Shihuang was so kind to Pakistani widows, and it is not difficult to understand that he also built a platform for her.

Xiao Deyan, a Tang Dynasty man, thought in Kuozhi that Huaiqingtai was located in Huaiqian Mountain in Changshou County, that is, Zhennv Mountain. Zhang Shoujie's literature and history reference books, Historical Records Justice and Ci Yuan, etc. also take this as a reference. It is still an unsolved case in history that Jiaqing's Sichuan Annals in Qing Dynasty said "no examination".

1942, Guo Moruo twice put forward the birthplace of Ba widow in his historical drama Gao Jianli, saying that she was from Fuling, and that historical drama was a literary work and fiction was allowed. But as a historian, Guo Moruo said that Ba widow was from Fuling.

Today there are cinnabar caves and cinnabar caves in Pengshui, which should be the remains of ancient cinnabar mining. 100. During the cultural relics survey in 1987, more than100 cans of mercury smelting were found in "Yindong" in Han Xiang, which is the relic of ancient mercury smelting by mining Dan. There is a "Babatai Rock Mouth", which is the main road to Youyang. Before liberation, it was found that the words "Up to the rock mouth of Batantai" were engraved on the "Guiding Monument" that stood in the fourth year of Qing Daoguang (1824). Cai Shengchi believes that this is the "Women's Huaiqing Platform" built by Qin Shihuang for Bashu Widow Qing. According to him, there is a Qing family here, which is undoubtedly the home of Ba widow. It is less than 40 kilometers from Yushan and 30 kilometers from Yujiang Wharf. The Western Han Dynasty belongs to Fuling County, and the Eastern Han Dynasty belongs to Danxing (Qianjiang) County, which is rich in cinnabar. It is one of the important channels for the land transportation of ancient cinnabar, and its land is high and steep, which is an ideal place to build platforms. It's just that it's hard to find relics and it's not enough to prove it.

In the Eastern Han Dynasty, Danxing County was established in Qianjiang, which was rich in cinnabar. During the Three Kingdoms period, Danxing County was abandoned due to the exhaustion of Danxing Mine. However, Wujiang people did not stop collecting Dan, but operated the eastern mining of Wuling Mountain range. Zhu Fu, a Southern Song Dynasty man, also recorded the mining of cinnabar and the smelting of mercury in Xi Man Cong Xiao. "Records of Jiajing Sinan Prefecture" contains: local people "collect sand for their business", "Wuchuan has pits such as Banchang, Muyou and Yanfeng, which produce sand, and the depth of the pits is about fifteen or six miles. People who live in the house use leather as a hat, hang a lamp on their foreheads, take it in and go out by night. If the income is like a lotus arrow, it is the best ... sand burns mercury, and the people refer to it as a livelihood. The annual consumption of mercury is 160 kg, which is often used in folk trade, more than money. "

Even in January of the 11th year of Yongle in the Ming Dynasty (14 13), Zhu Yuanzhang and others were dismissed, and under the pretext of "fighting for bunkers in Sichuan, killing each other and not listening to the mediation of the near DPRK", the Propaganda Department of Sinan and Sizhoutian was established.

It can be seen that Ba people have a long history of mining cinnabar and have made great profits. It has a profound influence on Wujiang culture.