What measures did Huang Taiji take after he acceded to the throne?

Chinese name: Huang taiji

Gender: male

Dynasty: Qing dynasty

Date of birth and death: 1592 ~ 1643

Country: China

biography

Eisingiro. Huang Taiji, the eighth son of Nurhachi, the founding emperor of the Qing Dynasty, was his mother Ye Henara. Huang taiji was born on October 25th in the 20th year of Wanli of Ming Dynasty (1592). Nurhachi Ningyuan was in the post-Jin Khan position after his defeat. /kloc-ascended the throne in 0/7 and died in the eighth year of Chongde in Qing Dynasty (1643). The name of the temple is Taizong.

Less than ten years after he ascended the throne, he unified the whole northeast, south to North Korea and west to Mongolia, and repeatedly defeated Daming officers and soldiers. In April of the tenth year of Tiancong (1636), it was renamed Emperor, and the Qing Empire unified by Kanto was established, and its surname was changed to "Manchuria". Both capitals were shocked by his ambitious westward move. After two decisive battles between Song and Jin, the elite of the Ming army was lost. Outside Shanhaiguan, there is only an isolated city in Ningyuan, and Daming Mountain is in jeopardy. Huang taiji, with a broad history, broad tolerance, extraordinary military courage, pioneering spirit in politics and strong national consciousness, has great yearning for Chinese culture, promotes advantages and eliminates disadvantages, and treats officials well. He can be called the king of entrepreneurship, inherited Mao's pioneering work and inspired the great cause of Qing reunification. He died on the eve of the Qing army's entry into the customs, and failed to realize his long-cherished wish to seize the national political power.

The second generation monarch of the late Jin Dynasty, the founder of the Qing Dynasty. Manchu, Ai Xinjue Roche. The eighth son of the Qing emperor Nurhachi, he reigned for seventeen years. The eleventh year of Destiny (six years from tomorrow, 1626) is in the golden sweat position in Shenyang. The following year, Yuan Tiancong was changed. He vigorously promoted feudal reform at home, strengthened centralization, conquered Mongolia and Korea in succession abroad, and frequently used troops to advance step by step in the Ming Dynasty, expanding the western border to Jinzhou and Ningyuan. In April of ten years, he was renamed Chongde and Qing, and officially proclaimed himself emperor. (See color chart insert page 105)

At the beginning of Huang taiji's succession, the situation faced by the late Jin Dynasty was very severe. Surrounded by the Ming Dynasty, Mongolia and North Korea, the situation is isolated. Internally, due to the contradictions and conflicts between the aristocratic decentralization forces, it is becoming more and more serious. Although he inherited the position of Khan, he actually worked in government affairs with Daishan, A Min and Sanbaylor. Power is scattered, everything is constrained, and only "breaking reputation". In order to strengthen centralization and promote feudal reform, Huang taiji adopted the method of divide and rule, cracked down and weakened the power of separation of powers, and improved the right to sweat. In the fourth year of Tiancong, Huang Taiji imprisoned A Min for life on charges of abandoning Luanzhou, Yongping (now Lulong, Hebei Province), Qian 'an and Zunhua. In five years, Mang Kuertai and Huang Taiji had an argument and drew their swords. Huang Taiji then removed Man Gourtay from the title of Baylor for the crime of "exposing the blade before the command". At this time, among the four Baylers, only he and Daishan. In six years, Huang taiji finally abolished the old system of sitting in the south with Sanbaylor, managed government affairs, and sat alone in the south instead, and achieved Khan's exclusive status. In addition, Huang taiji imitated the lighting system and gradually established and improved the state ruling institutions to replace the state power exercised by the Eight Banners system. In the past three years, a "Cultural Museum" composed of Manchu-Chinese intellectuals was established, which was responsible for "translating the history of Han Dynasty" and "notes on domestic affairs" and helped Huang Taiji promote the sinicization. In the past five years, six departments, namely, officials, households, ceremonies, soldiers, criminals and workers, were established to take charge of state administrative affairs. In the past ten years, the "Literature Museum" has been expanded into the Institute of Internal History, the Institute of Internal Reference and the Institute of Internal Reference Hong Wen, collectively known as the "Third Institute of Internal Reference", which is responsible for drafting imperial edicts, compiling history books, managing the drafting of foreign documents and imperial edicts, giving lectures and annotating history, and promulgating systems. Later, Duchayuan was established, and the Mongolian yamen was changed to Lifanyuan. Through this regime, Huang Taiji concentrated power in his own hands.

Economically, due to Nurhachi's policy of "the rebels were slaughtered and the captives were slaves" in Liaodong in his later years, Han people fled one after another, and riots continued, resulting in a decline in production and social unrest. In order to alleviate the increasingly acute social contradictions, at the beginning of his reign, Huang Taiji put forward the policy of "ruling the country first, not settling the people first", and changed the policy advocated by Nurhachi that every 13 able-bodied Han people should be a village to slaves according to the rank of full official, so that they could be given two cows of eight able-bodied men when ordered, while the rest Han people were enfeoffed by Han officials, making a large number of Han slaves "civilian households" for five years, Huang Taiji. , and allowed to leave the master. This regulation restricted some privileges of Manchu aristocrats, which was conducive to slaves' efforts to change their identity and status. In order to promote agricultural production, Huang taiji paid attention to the people's feelings, and all projects that hindered farming were not revived, so that the people could "concentrate on their own affairs." After several years of hard work, agriculture has made great progress, food is basically self-sufficient, and social contradictions have been alleviated.

When Huang taiji vigorously carried out reforms at home, he did not give up Nurhachi's policy of external expansion. He believes that to defeat the Ming Dynasty, we must first conquer Mongolia and Korea, which can not only relieve worries, but also use their strength to deal with the Ming Dynasty. In January of the first year of Tiancong, Huang Taiji ordered A Min, Girard Lang, Azig and others to lead 30,000 troops into North Korea, forcing North Korea to sign the Jiangdu Peace Treaty. In the first year of Chongde (1636), Huang Taiji invaded Korea, and surrounded Nanhan Mountain City with 100,000 troops on the grounds that North Korea had "repeatedly broken its vows" and "helped Ming to harm me". King Li Keke was forced to surrender, pay tribute, promised to sever contacts with the Ming Dynasty, and sent the prince to Shenyang as a hostage. For Mongolia, Huang Taiji adopted the policy of "holding back soldiers and cherishing morality". First of all, strive for the attachment of Horqin and Harqin bullied by Chahar Lidan Khan. In the second year of Tiancong, he reached an agreement with Lidan Khan. After several battles, Li Dan Khan's power declined greatly. In eight years, Lidan Khan died of smallpox in Dacaotan, Qinghai. At the beginning of September, Huang Taiji ordered Dourgen and others to ride ten thousand people across the westbound Yellow River to Toritu, where they captured He Zhe, the son of Li Dan Khan, and more than one thousand households, and unified South Mongolia. In order to win over the upper feudal class of Mongolia, Huang Taiji won the support and loyalty of various Mongolian ministries by means of marriage, reward, conferring the king, setting an example for foreign vassals to attack the position, worshiping Lamaism, and establishing contacts with Tibetan monks and secular leaders.

Huang taiji knew that if Manchu wanted to enter the Central Plains, it must win the support of the Han landlord class. Therefore, he attached great importance to the role of Han landlords, intellectuals, Ming officials and generals, and adopted the policy of recruiting and bribing. In the third year of Tiancong, he took the Confucian scholar exam for the first time and recruited 200 Han intellectuals. Since then, many exams have been held to compare the advantages and disadvantages. In five years, after the war of Daling River, a large number of fallen soldiers got fields, slaves and horses, and were entrusted with official positions. During the reign of Tiancong in 1978, Kong Youde, Geng, Shang Kexi, and other generals of the Ming Dynasty volunteered to do what they liked, and Huang Taiji made them king and marquis, which was highly respected. With the submission of Mongolia and the surrender of Ming generals, Huang Taiji gradually established the Eight Banners of Mongolia and the Eight Banners of Han Army, which greatly enhanced his military strength.

In April of the tenth year of Tiancong, Huang Taiji proclaimed himself emperor in Shenyang, and since then he has gone all out to attack the Ming Dynasty. That autumn, he ordered Azig to enter the customs and plunder 180,000 people and animals. Chongde for three years, and life dourgen and Yue Tuo. Break the city more than 50 places, capture the population of four hundred and sixty thousand, more than two hundred gold and silver. In order to open Shanhaiguan from the front, the campaign of Jinzhou began in March of five years. Hong Chengchou, the governor of Hebei and Liao Dynasties, was sent by the Ming court and led an army of 130,000 to Zu Dashou and Jinzhou. Huang taiji personally went to the front line to direct operations and defeated the Ming army. In February of seven years, Songshan fell, Hong Chengchou was captured, and Zu Dashou surrendered in Jinzhou. At this point, only Ningyuan was left in the Ming Dynasty.

On the ninth day of August in the eighth year of Chongde, Huang Taiji died suddenly in the palace and was buried in Zhaoling, Shenyang. Temple name Taizong, posthumous title.

huang taiji

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Eisingiro. Huang Taiji, the eighth son of Nurhachi, the founding emperor of the Qing Dynasty, was his mother Ye Henara. Huang taiji was born on October 25th in the 20th year of Wanli of Ming Dynasty (1592). Nurhachi Ningyuan was in the post-Jin Khan position after his defeat. /kloc-ascended the throne in 0/7 and died in the eighth year of Chongde in Qing Dynasty (1643). The name of the temple is Taizong.

Less than ten years after he ascended the throne, he unified the whole northeast, south to North Korea and west to Mongolia, and repeatedly defeated Daming officers and soldiers. In April of the tenth year of Tiancong (1636), it was renamed Emperor, and the Qing Empire unified by Kanto was established, and its surname was changed to "Manchuria". Both capitals were shocked by his ambitious westward move. After two decisive battles between Song and Jin, the elite of the Ming army was lost. Outside Shanhaiguan, there is only an isolated city in Ningyuan, and Daming Mountain is in jeopardy. Huang taiji, with a broad history, broad tolerance, extraordinary military courage, pioneering spirit in politics and strong national consciousness, has great yearning for Chinese culture, promotes advantages and eliminates disadvantages, and treats officials well. He can be called the king of entrepreneurship, inherited Mao's pioneering work and inspired the great cause of Qing reunification. He died on the eve of the Qing army's entry into the customs, and failed to realize his long-cherished wish to seize the national political power.

Emperor Taizong of the Qing Dynasty also had a love tragedy.

[Original 2006-06- 12 22:54:39] Publisher: psz4838.

Qing Taizong had eight empresses (not including ordinary concubines), five of whom were Mongols, accounting for more than half, which was the political need of Huang Taiji's national policy of "appeasing Mongolia and attacking Ming". However, Huang Taiji's favorite three concubines (Empress, Princess Zhuang and Chen Fei) are all Mongolian families with a certain emotional color. His love for Chen Fei can be said to be infatuated:

Chen Fei, born in Borzijit Banner, is a Mongolian in Horqin. She is the niece of Emperor Zhezhe of Qing Ning Palace of Huang Taiji (known as Empress Xiaociwen in history). Sister of Princess Bumu Butai of Yongfu Palace (known as Empress Xiaozhuang Wen in history). In the eighth year of Tiancong (1634), when Hailanzhu and Huang Taiji got married, although they were already 26 years old, they were especially respected and cared for by Huang Taiji because of their extraordinary temperament and gentleness. In the first year of Chongde (1636), Chen Fei, who was named Guanju Palace by Huang Taiji, became the owner of Guanju Palace, ranking second only to the Queen of Zhonggong. Guanluo Palace, from the poem "Guanluo Dove, My Fair Lady, Good Gentleman" in The Book of Songs, symbolizes Huang Taiji's love for Chen Fei and his most touching feelings.

Why did the Mongolian maharaja in Horqin send Chen Fei as the wife of Huang Taiji after Xiao Duan and Xiaozhuang? This has something to do with the dispute of Huang Taiji's succession to the throne. After the filial piety queen married Huang Taiji, she was childless for eleven years. This made her very worried, and also made the Mongolian maharaja in Horqin very uneasy. For the position and interests of the Mongolian maharaja in Horqin in the Qing court, she arranged for her niece to come to the Qing court with the consent of the Mongolian maharaja in Horqin, later sourdrang queen. However, until Chen Fei entered the palace, Xiao Wen and Xiaozhuang never gave birth to boys. This is a great event for Mongolian princes in Horqin. This means that Huang Taiji's throne will be inherited by other boys born to concubines. At that time, Princess Ulana Lala, the successor of Huang Taiji, had already given birth to Haug, while Princess Ye Lala, the side princess, had given birth to Shuo, and the ordinary princess Yan gave birth to Ye Shu. That Lala gave birth, and Ilgen felt that Roche had given birth. It was in this case that Chen Fei entered the Qing Palace, came to Huang Taiji and became the master of Guanluo Palace.

In the second year of Chongde (1637), Chen Fei entered the palace for more than two years and gave birth to a boy, the eighth son of Huang Taiji. Huang taiji was very happy. He summoned civil and military officials in the dugong temple and issued an Amnesty order. According to the Amnesty decree, except for ten crimes, such as committing crimes, burning ancestral temples, tombs and palaces, defecting to the enemy to kill, poisoning, witchcraft, stealing sacrificial offerings and imperial vessels, beating grandparents, parents, betraying brothers' wives to falsely accuse their husbands, civil unrest, and correcting party bandits during the day, all imprisoned people are exempt from punishment. Huang Taiji also named Chen Fei's mother a virtuous princess and gave her manners. Who knows that the weather is not beautiful, the child was only born for half a year, and he died before he could name it. Huang taiji was deeply saddened by this. Of course, Chen Fei himself was more injured. He mourned his dead son day and night, which greatly damaged his health. Of course, Huang taiji's love for her did not decrease slightly, but he showed more pity and love for her, hoping to share her sadness and restore her health. For four years, she was honored as a virtuous princess because of her special virtue.

In the sixth year of Chongde (164 1), in September, Huang Taiji personally led an army to attack Songshan and Xingshan in the Ming Dynasty and camped ten miles northwest of Songshan City. One day, North Korean ministers Manduli and Mu Chengge came to the military camp from Shengjing and reported the news that Chen Fei was ill. Huang taiji immediately convened a military meeting and made specific arrangements for besieging Xingshan and other places. Then he set off for Shengjing. On the way to the old border, it was already late at night, and Huang Taiji and his party were resting. Suddenly, the envoy of Shengjing came again, reporting that Chen Fei was very ill. Huang taiji immediately got up and traveled overnight. He also sent Tu Xifu and others from the university to go back to Beijing in advance to greet Chen Fei's illness and report at any time. When Xifu and others rushed back to Shengjing at dawn, ready to enter the Qing Dynasty, Chen Fei had just died. Xifu sent someone to welcome Huang Taiji to Beijing and reported that Chen Fei had died. When Huang Taiji got the news, he hurried back to Beijing and wept bitterly. He returned to Shengjing, entered Guanju Palace, and cried on Chen Fei's coffin, and fainted several times.

Seeing this situation, Zu Deke and Zhang Cunren of Duchayuan encouraged Huang Taiji to say: "Too much grief is not good for the country, nor for ministers and workers. The emperor has a deep attachment to Chen Fei, but not too deep. Besides, the emperor is responsible for setting the world and raising the people. " After being persuaded by ministers, Huang Taiji stopped crying, but he was still so sad that he didn't eat for six days. One day at noon, Huang Taiji suddenly fell into a coma, full of nonsense. The concubines and ministers were so frightened that they quickly arranged sacrifices in front of the gods and began to pray. It was a long time before Huang Taiji woke up and began to eat. Ministers told stories of his coma and nonsense. Huang taiji began to waver. He said to the ministers regretfully, "I have never been so sad when Mao died." How can I live for a woman? Now the ancestors of heaven and earth have specially warned me that I can't bother myself any more. "

But after Chen Fei was buried, Huang Taiji was still sad from time to time because he missed Chen Fei. When the ministers saw him like that, they all advised him, "The emperor lives in the palace every day, and his sad mood has not been completely eliminated. It is better to go hunting and change his mood. " Huang taiji listened to everyone's advice and took all the ministers out hunting. When he came to the Pujiang River and saw Chen Fei's grave, he began to cry again. From then on, every time Huang Taiji returned from the war, after passing through the cemetery in Chen Fei, he always got off his horse and stood here, mourning for a long time and offering sacrifices with tea and wine until he suddenly fell ill and died.

During mourning for Chen Fei, some princes and ministers were punished by Huang Taiji for being banned. Cheng Zheng Cao Hai invited the cast to sing and dance in his own name, but was denounced and dismissed. Lord protector Zaha was singing and dancing in his camp and was taken away and imprisoned. There were dozens of people involved, but lord protector Zaha couldn't stop it and didn't play. Some were knighted, some were born in imperial families, and some were flogged a hundred times. At that time, people were worried, and everyone was afraid.

However, the painstaking efforts of Mongolian princes in Horqin were not in vain, because at this time, Chen Fei's sister, Fu Lin, the son of Princess Yongfu Palace, was almost 4 years old. Two years later, she succeeded to the throne in Shenyang and became the first emperor of the Central Plains in the Qing Dynasty, which finally consolidated the position and interests of the Mongolian princes in Horqin in the Qing court.