What are the Acropolis, Road City and Fort City (are there any other cities? What do you mean? )

The castles of the Great Wall in Ming Dynasty were divided into towns, roads, acropolis, Guancheng and forts. The castle where Jiubian Town is located is called "Zhenzhen". The castle under the town is called "Road City"; Set up guards in key areas, and the castle where the guards are located is called the Acropolis.

Other related information:

Ming great wall

The Ming Dynasty overthrew the rule of the Mongolian aristocrats in the Yuan Dynasty, but the descendants of the Mongolian aristocrats who retreated to the Mobei grassland, Tatars and Wala people, continued to harass the south in an attempt to make a comeback. Then, the rise of the Nuzhen nationality in Northeast China also threatened the security of the border. In order to consolidate the border defense in the north, the Ming Dynasty never stopped building the Great Wall for 200 years before Andan Khan reconciled with the Ming Dynasty.

First, the three stages of the Great Wall construction in Ming Dynasty.

According to the records in Ming History, Ming and Zheng Daji, the process of building the Great Wall in Ming Dynasty can be roughly divided into the following three stages:

1. The Great Wall was built in the early Ming Dynasty

In the first year of Hongwu (1368), after Ming Taizu sent troops to pacify the Yuan Dynasty (both capital and capital), the remnants of Mongolian aristocrats headed by Yuan Shundi retreated to the Great Wall, and their successors still claimed to be the Great Yuan Emperor, fighting for power and profits with the Ming Dynasty, often harassing the Ming side. However, at the beginning of the founding of the Ming Dynasty, the national situation was relatively strong. In Inner Mongolia, many military strongholds are also controlled, including Daning Wei, Kaiping Wei and Dongsheng Wei, all of which are north of the Great Wall. They are closely related to Fu Xuan (now Xuanhua, Hebei), Shengfeng (now Fengzhen, Inner Mongolia), Datong and other strategic places along the Great Wall, and the north and south echo each other, so it is difficult for Mongolian nobles to successfully invade. After the Ming Emperor Judy ascended the throne, she took the initiative to fight back. From the eighth year to the twenty-second year of Yongle (14 10- 1424), he sent troops for five times, went deep into Mobei and won great military victories. The leaders of Vara and Tatar accepted the knighthood of the Ming Dynasty respectively.

During this period, although the frontier defense of the Ming Dynasty was relatively consolidated, it did not neglect the repair and reinforcement of the Great Wall. In the first year of the founding of the People's Republic of China and the first year of Hongwu (1368), Ming Taizu sent general Xu Da to build the side walls of Juyongguan and other places. In the fourth year of Hongwu (137 1), migrant workers and soldiers from Wei, Xin and Yan were mobilized to build the Great Wall. In Jian Wenzhong (1399- 1402), "from Fu Xuan to Shaanxi, the edges are steep and deep, and the peaks are connected. ..... The edict said:' Smoke piers are built high and thick everywhere, with five grain, grass, firewood and medicine crossbows on them, and a well is opened beside the pier, and the outer wall of the well is flat with the pier, which looks like a whole'. Heavy door counter-violence, Chang Linlin also. " Its renovation focus is from Xuanhua West, Hebei Province to the north of the Great Wall outside Datong, Shanxi Province. In the tenth year of Yongle (14 12), "Hao Yuan was ruled from Chang 'anling (now about 140 miles northeast of Xuanhua) to Ximalin (now west of Wanquan, Hebei), and stone was built to dig deep into Hao Yuan and strengthen defense". When it was completed during the Wen Jian period, the stone wall was further modified to strengthen it.

In the 11th and 13th years of Yongle, the beacon tower on the Shanxi border, the fortresses of the passes outside the customs and the smoke piers around Kaiping were built successively. In the first year and third year of Xuanzong Xuande (1426, 1428), the border between Shanhaiguan and Juyongguan and Juyongguan City were built. In the first year of Emperor Taizong's orthodoxy (1436), "Twenty-two Yandun castles in Chicheng" were added, and then castles from Fu Xuan to Datong were built, and Weiyuanwei was established in Datong. In short, in the early Ming Dynasty, from Hongwu to the twelfth year of orthodoxy (1368- 1447), the renovation of the Great Wall was mainly based on the Great Wall of Wei and Qi, adding some smoke piers, beacon towers, bunkers, Guancheng and Qian Hao, thus making the Great Wall develop into a relatively complete defense system.

2. The Great Wall was built on a large scale in the middle of Ming Dynasty.

During the reign of Ming Yingzong, the internal affairs were corrupt, eunuchs were autocratic, and the frontier defense forces were weakening, but the power of Mongolian Walla was growing stronger. Fourteen years before the Orthodox Church (1449), its leader divided his troops and attacked the Ming Dynasty in four ways, causing "civil strife" and exiled Yingzong to the north. Although Houwala was defeated by Yu Qian, the Tatar Department took its place. During the years of Chenghua, Hongzhi and (1465- 152 1), Tatar rulers, such as Han Yanyan, often invaded the territory and plundered it, and the border defense in the north became increasingly strict. Therefore, building the Great Wall, adding castles and piers has become a top priority. This is the period when the Great Wall of the North was vigorously built in the Ming Dynasty, and its construction process can be divided into two stages:

(1) Building the Great Wall from Ningxia to Northern Shaanxi

In the seventh year of Chenghua in Ming Xianzong (147 1), "Yu Zijun, governor of Yansui, built a border town", "Huang Fu in the west is more than 2,000 miles away from Dingbian camp, opposite the pier and the fort, and the ferry; Within the valley, it is said to be a road, east to the head and west to Pinggu. " According to Huang Fuchuan, it originated in the east of Yikezhao League in Inner Mongolia and flowed into the Yellow River through Huangfu in the northeast corner of Shaanxi. Dingbianying is located in Dingbian County at the northwest end of Shaanxi Province, and Piantou is the Pianguan at the northwest end of Shanxi Province. Gu Ning refers to Ningxia (now Yinchuan, Ningxia) and Guyuan (now Guyuan, Ningxia) at that time. The Great Wall spans the whole of northern Shaanxi today, extending to the Yellow River, with Pianguan in the east and Gu Ning in the west. Its western section is similar to the route of Shuofang and Lingwu Great Wall built by Cui in the fifth year of Sui Dynasty. The eastern section goes north and reaches the junction of the northern ends of Shanxi and Shanxi provinces. Later, during Hongzhi and Zheng De years, this section of the Great Wall continued to be restored.

(2) Building the Great Wall from the north of Shanxi to Xuanhua, Hebei.

In the 29th year of Sejong Jiajing (1560), the Governor Weng Wanda announced that "please build more than 1,000 miles of Xuanda side wall and 363 towers. After crossing the city, we stopped taking precautions and were half destroyed by the enemy. So the Ministry of War asked the border guards to repair it. Chen Ke also said that it is wise to build a high platform and a small room on the wall to store firearms. From it. " In thirty-four years, "Bai Yang, Minister of Military Affairs of the Governor, not only solved the problem of Datong right-back encirclement, but also built 2,800 towers because of Niuxinbao." The construction of the side wall in Datong, Fu Xuan mentioned here, although its origin and destination are not clearly recorded, is inferred from the mileage of more than 1,000 miles, referring to a section of the Great Wall in the north of Shanxi and even east of Xuanhua, Hebei. On the basis of the Great Wall of Wei and Qi, it was repaired and other facilities were added to improve the defense efficiency.

3. The construction of the Great Wall in eastern Hebei in the late Ming Dynasty.

During the period from Jiajing to Qin Long (1522- 1572), the Japanese invaded the southeast coast, and the northern coast of Jidong was also invaded by the Japanese. In order to strengthen the defense of the northeast periphery of the capital, the focus of building the Great Wall shifted to eastern Hebei. During this period, there were two major construction projects. During the Jiajing period, "The Ministry of War said that there are three sides of Datong, Guyuan in Shaanxi, Chang 'anling in Fu Xuan and the wall of Yan Sui, all of which are based on heavy risks, but the thistle is the only one. South of the Bohai Sea and east of the mountains, there is Sujiakou, 70 miles away from Zhaili Village. The terrain is flat and rugged, so it is advisable to build a wall platform and set up soldiers to guard it so that it can catch up with the Beijing army. "Report it. "According to Sujiakou, 80 miles northeast of Changping County, Hebei Province, and Zhaili Village, north of Tongxian County, Hebei Province, this section of the Great Wall runs northwest and southeast, and is listed in the northeast of Beijing. As a barrier to defend the capital, the scale is not large. The other time was in Qin Long for two years (1568). "Tan Lun, Du Chen and Qi Jiguang, Chen Shuai, ruled the wall. The wall was a platform, several feet high, with an arrow reaching, surrounded by three thousand thistles, and the wall was more than a thousand miles on Tuesday. "Foreigners naturally dare not go deep." Qi Jiguang built the side wall of Jiyun Town, which starts from Shanhaiguan in the east and reaches the pass of West Grey Ridge in Juyongguan in the west. The so-called "Jiweitai" may be that the inner city from the west to the northern boundary of Baoding has also been built, so the wall is more than 2,000 miles long. After Qi Jiguang, the Great Wall, three feet high and eight feet long, was built in Bali Old Dragon Head south of Shanhaiguan. Although the Great Wall extending into the sea has collapsed under the impact of waves, the remains of granite walls can still be found.

Second, the construction of Hexi Great Wall in Ming Dynasty

The Great Wall of Hexi was also built in the Ming Dynasty, starting from Lugouying Fort (now Jingtai) in the north of the west bank of the Yellow River in Gansu, passing through Hongshuihe Fort and Tumen Fort in the west, reaching the Gulang River mouth near Jingbian Fort in the southeast of Wuwei, joining another Great Wall from Anning Fort (now Lanzhou North) in the south, passing through Hongchengzi Fort, Vu Thang Fort and Anyuan Fort in the north, and bypassing the red sandbags in the north (now Minqin). In the fourteenth year of Hongzhi (150 1 year), "Gansu is a little safe in Shaanxi, and Hami is repeatedly disturbed by deer, so Jiayuguan must be built". At that time, the traffic line leading to the north and south of Tianshan Mountain was harassed by Turpan, a feudal separatist force of Mongolian nobles. The Ming Dynasty was forced to abandon Yumenguan and Yangguan, and Jiayuguan was built more than 70 miles northwest of Jiuquan as the end of the Great Wall. However, apart from "building Jiayuguan", there is no record of building the Great Wall to Jiayuguan in Ming History. In fact, the direction of the Hexi Great Wall in the Han Dynasty is not consistent with that of the Ming Great Wall, and it has long been destroyed. Although the history of the Ming Dynasty has been lost, this section of the Great Wall was undoubtedly built in the Ming Dynasty.

Third, Liaodong side wall

In the Ming Dynasty, the commander of Liaodong defined its jurisdiction as "Yalu River in the east, Shanhaiguan in the west, Haikou in Lushun in the south and Kaiyuan in the north". In order to guard against the intrusion of Mongolia's boundless Kazakhstan Ministry and Jurchen Ministry, the Liaodong side wall with a length of more than 880 kilometers was built along the border. Regarding the construction of the side wall, the history of the Ming Dynasty was completely lost, and the records of the unification of the Ming Dynasty and Yang Shoujing's Geography of the Ming Dynasty were not involved. We can only get a glimpse of the main points by reading the historical place names and records of the whole Liao Dynasty.

1. Liaodong side wall section 3

Liaodong side wall is divided into three sections: Liaohe side wall, Liaoxi side wall and Liaodong side wall, which are described in the following order:

(1) The Liaohe side wall started in Beizhen and ended in Kaiyuan, and was built in Yongle period. According to the Records of Reading Historical Records, "In the 20th year of Chenghua (1484), the frontier fortress general Deng Yuyan built a side wall in Yongle Liaohe River, with Guangning in it, Kaiyuan in the east and Fiona Fang in more than 700 miles". In the Ming Dynasty, Guangning Wei was located in Beizhen, Liaoning Province. The side wall starts from Beizhen in the north to Baituchangmen in Montenegro, turns to the southeast, passes between Taian and Panshan, crosses Sancha River in the northwest of Haicheng, goes north along the east bank of Liaohe River, and passes through Anshan, Liaoyang, Shenyang and Tieling to Weiyuanbao in the northeast of Kaiyuan. This wall zigzagged around the "Liaohe Collection" and was built on the east and west banks of the Liaohe River.

(2) The side wall in western Liaoning starts from Tiechangbao outside Shanhaiguan and ends in Beizhen. Established in the seventh year of orthodoxy (1442). At that time, Wang Ao was the military affairs prefect of Liaodong and recommended Bi Gong to be in charge of Liu Guan's affairs. Bi Gong "The general plan on the map is to open a fortress wall in the west and add a beacon tower", and Wang Ao bows to patrol the border. "The original can be reached along Shanhaiguan, with high walls and deep ditches, and it is easy to build beacon towers, which are in perfect harmony and face each other thousands of miles." Under the management of Wang Ao and Bi Gong, not only the western Liaoning side wall was newly built, but also "the mountain was built to consolidate the river and the wood was woven into the wall". For a long time, it was easy to build with one version, and the pier castle was slightly added. "The western Liaoning side wall is connected to the Great Wall in the west, starting from the Tiechangbao in Suizhong County, extending all the way to the northeast, passing Xingcheng, Jinxi and Jinzhou, reaching Yixian in the north, and connecting the Liaohe side wall to the north of Beizhen in the east.

(3) Liaodong sidewall starts from Kaiyuan and ends at Yalu River. It was built in the 15th year of Chenghua (1479). According to the Records of the Whole Liao Dynasty, in the third year of Chenghua (1467), after the defeat of the Ming army and the establishment of the Jurchen State, it began to operate the eastern wall of Liaodong. Han Bin, deputy chief soldier of Liaoyang, "Jiandongfu, Magendan, Qinghe, Alkali Field, Yang Yang, Fenghuang, Tangzhan, Zhendong, Yizhen and Caohe Ten Fort refused to defend, belonging to a thousand miles". Two years later, the commander-in-chief ordered Zhou Jun to "open up 60 miles from Chaihe to Puhe" to the north, and added "Zhenbei and Qingyang Fort" in the northeast of Changtu County today, which was connected with the side wall built during the orthodox period. During the fifteen to seventeen years of Chenghua (1479- 148 1), it was finally repaired, so it was "fortified". This section is located in the eastern part of Liaodong, from the eastern borders of Changtu, Kaiyuan, Tieling and Fushun to the south, bypassing Wuyaguan in the southwest of Xinbin County to the east, between Benxi, Fengcheng and Kuandian to the south, and reaching Jiuliancheng Scenic Resort Scenic Area in the northeast of Dandong City on the Yalu River.

The Ming government set up 98 border fortresses and 849 docks along the Liaodong side wall, and stationed them respectively. However, because those in charge are eager for success, too hasty, eager for quick success and instant benefit, and dumped at will, the side wall failed to give full play to its defensive role in the military.

2. Shengjing Wall in the Late Ming and Early Qing Dynasties

In the first year of tomorrow (162 1), Nurhachi entered Liaodong and moved to Shenyang. After taking Shenyang as Shengjing, it was renamed as "Shengjing Side Wall". The rulers of the Qing Dynasty regarded the Liaoshen area as a "prosperous place" and built a complete defense system centered on Shengjing on the basis of the Liaodong side wall in the Ming Dynasty. According to the Records of the Unification of the Qing Dynasty, the side wall of Shengjing, "Phoenix under the jurisdiction of Xiuyantang in the south, Kaiyuan in the north, Shanhaiguan in the west, connected with the border town, is called the old side; From Weiyuanbao, the original city, to the east, through the northern boundary of Jilin, to Fata, which is more than 690 miles long and is called Liutiaobian. " According to the above records, the 1950-mile-long side wall named "Laobian" generally followed the trend of Liaodong side wall in Ming Dynasty, but it was slightly expanded. From Weiyuanbao, kaiyuan city to the east, from Changchun Hall to Fasha, the northern boundary of Jilin Province, the 690-mile-long side wall named "wicker edge" is just a "willow tether" to determine the inside and outside: Kaiyuan and Jilin areas east of wicker edge are counted; To the west of the wicker edge is a pasture where Mongolian Horqin and other departments are stationed. According to Vencent Yang's account: "In ancient times, elms were planted in frontier fortress, so it was called' Elm Castle'. Now Liaodong is surrounded by cuttings, the highest is three or four feet, and the lowest is one or two feet, just like bamboo fences in Central China. The ditch dug outside it is called' wicker edge', also called' striped edge'. "

A wall of Shengjing has been constantly expanding to the outside world. By the time of Kangxi, after the "Three Exhibitions of Imperial Border" (referring to three exhibitions in the 14th, 25th and 36th years of Kangxi), all Liaodong side walls had 20 side doors, from Shanhaiguan to the east, including Mingshuitang, Baishizui, Lishugou, Xintai, Songlingzi, Jiuguantai, Qinghe, Baitu Factory, Zhangwutai and Faku. Since then, there have been Ying 'e, Xingjing, Soda Factory, Aha and Phoenix Gate. From Weiyuanbao to the northeast, there are Boer Tuku, Kesuli, Yitun and Fasa. The officers and men stationed at these 20 side doors are responsible for checking the entry and exit of the brigade. By the end of the Qing Dynasty, due to disrepair, the Shengjing side wall made of earth and stone was gradually abandoned, and the windshield wiper was destroyed by the wind. Today, the remains are hard to find.

Four, the "nine sides" towns along the Great Wall

After Ming Yingzong's orthodoxy (1436- 1449), due to the weakening of the northern border defense forces, Daning and Kaipingwei, important positions outside the customs, were abandoned one after another, and Dongshengwei was forced to move south, and the Ming government relied entirely on the Great Wall as a border defense. In order to strengthen the defensive power of the Great Wall more effectively, nine defensive zones are divided along the Great Wall from the Yalu River in the east to Jiayuguan in the west, namely nine important towns, which are called "Nine Borders":

1. Liaodong Town is under the jurisdiction of Guangning (now Beizhen, Liaoning). After the first year of Qin Long (1567), he moved to Liaoyang (now Liaoyang, Liaoning) in winter. The jurisdiction starts from Fenghuang in the south and ends at Shanhaiguan in the west, and the Liaodong side wall is more than 1950.

2. The company commander of Jiyun Town was stationed in Santun Camp (now the northwest of Hebei Province). Jurisdiction 1200-mile urban section, starting from Shanhaiguan in the east and ending at Huilingkou in Juyongguan in the west. The side wall of Jiyun Town is very strong, and the side wall from Jizhou to Miyun is triple. It is divided into east, west, middle and three roads along the border. Its most important passes are Shanhaiguan, Shimenzhai, Yanheying and Jianchangying on East Road. There are Taipingzhai, xifengkou, Songpeng Valley and Malan Valley in the middle road; There are Qiangziling, Caojiazhai, Gubeikou and Shitangling on the west road.

3. The company commander of Fu Xuan Town ruled Fu Xuanwei (now Xuanhua, Hebei Province). It governs the four seas, starting from Juyongguan East in the east and reaching the western ocean at the junction of Shanxi and Hebei in the west, with a total length of 1023 Li. The town is located in the northwest of Beijing, and the situation is very important. The side walls are very solid and there are nine walls inside and outside. There are four roads along the border: east, west, north and middle. The east road of sihai smelting; Du Shi, Qingquan and Maying in North Road; Ge Yu and Qing Bian in the middle road; West Road Wanquan Youwei, Zhangjiakou, Xiyanghe and other places are extremely urgent; Du Fu's poems located at the northernmost part of the Great Wall are more important.

4. Datong Town governs Datong (now Datong, Shanxi). The jurisdiction starts from Yajiao Mountain in the west (a Yajiao Mountain, located in the northeast of Pianguan in Shanxi) and ends at Zhenkoutai in the east (northeast of Tianzhen in Shanxi), with a total length of 647 miles. The border is also divided into east, west, north and middle roads. Among them, the important passes are Pingyuanbao and Weiyuanbao on West Road; Datong is promising, and there is a big stone in the middle.

5. The company commander of Taiyuan, Shanxi Town (also known as Taiyuan Town), first ruled Pianguan (now the northeast of Shanxi Pianguan) and sought to move the capital to Ningwu (now Ningwu, Shanxi). The jurisdiction starts from the bank of the Yellow River in Baode, Shanxi Province in the west, passes through Pianguan, and reaches Eagle Fort, which is called the "extreme edge"; From Yingyingbao to the south and east, through Ningwu, Yanmenguan and Pingxingguan, it is called the "second border"; It turns from Pingxing Pass to the south, passes through Longquan Pass and Guguan Pass, and reaches Huang Yuling (now Shanxi Heshun East), with a total length of more than 1,600 li. The Inner Great Wall, which spans Shanxi and Hebei in the east, is also quite thick, among which there are three large stone walls and twenty-five small stone walls outside Yanmenguan, which are heavily guarded.

6. Yansui Town first ruled Suide House (now Suide, Shaanxi Province), and moved to Yulin Wei (now Yulin, Shaanxi Province) in the seventh year of Chenghua (147 1), and later called Yulin Town. It is under the jurisdiction of Qingshuiying in the east (now Qingshuihe in Fugu, Shaanxi) and Huamachi (now Yanchi, Ningxia) in the west. There are three roads along the border: east, west and middle. Yulin Pass, Shenmu Fort, Gushan Fort and Qingshuiying on the East Road, Yuhe Fort and Qingping Fort on the Middle Road and Dingbian Camp on the West Road are all key points.

7. Ningxia Town is located in Ningxia Wei, Gansu (now Yinchuan, Ningxia). From Dayanchi (now Yanchi, Ningxia) in the east to Lanjing (now Gaolan and Jingyuan, Gansu) in the west, it governs the urban section with a total length of 2,000 miles. Located in today's Ningxia, the Great Wall is surrounded by Huamachi, Pinglu (now Pingluo, Ningxia), Sincerity and Zhongwei.

8. The Trilateral House of Guyuan Town governs Guyuan House (now Guyuan, Ningxia), also known as Shaanxi Town. The jurisdiction starts from Jingbian, Shaanxi Province in the east and connects with Yansui Town. West to Gaolan, now the central part of Gansu, connected with the edge of Gansu town, stretching for more than 1000 miles. The border is divided into east, west and middle roads, Baimacheng on the east road, Xiamafangguan on the middle road, and Lanzhou on the west road (now Gaolan, Gansu) as an important pass.

9. The company commander of Ganzhen is in charge of Ganzhou Wei (now Zhangye, Gansu). The jurisdiction starts from Jincheng County, Gansu Province (now Lanzhou, Gansu Province) in the east, ends at Zhenfanwei (now Minqin, Gansu Province) in the north, and ends at Jiayuguan, with a total length of more than 1,600 miles. Important passes along the border include Ganzhou Five Guards (left, right, middle, front and back), Suzhou Guards (now Jiuquan), Yongchang Guards (now Yongchang), Liangzhou Guards (now Wuwei), Zhenfanwei (now Minqin) and Jiayuguan.

Except for the Liaodong side wall, most of the Great Wall from Shanhaiguan to Jiayuguan in the Ming Dynasty is still well preserved. The 12700-mile Great Wall, which spans Liaoning, Hebei, Beijing, Shanxi, Inner Mongolia, Shaanxi, Ningxia and Gansu provinces, was finally completed after more than 200 years of construction. Except for the Hexi Great Wall from Jingtai to Jiayuguan, which was newly built in the Ming Dynasty, most other sections were repaired, rebuilt and expanded on the basis of the original Great Wall. The section from Ningxia to northern Shaanxi mentioned above makes use of the old city of Sui Dynasty. There are three Great Walls from Pianguan to Shanhaiguan in Shanxi. The first "outer" Great Wall, from Jiangjunshebao in the northeast of Pianguan to Shahukou, passes through Datong, Yanggao and Tianzhen, enters Hebei, passes through Yanshui, passes through Zhangjiakou, Dushikou, Gubeikou, xifengkou, Jielingkou and even Shanhaiguan, and generally adopts Wei and Qi Great Walls. The second road starts from Laoyingbao in the northeast of Pianguan, turns south, goes east to Yanmenguan and Pingxingguan, enters Laiyuan, Hebei, and reaches the north exit of Juyongguan in the northeast. The "inner edge" Great Wall, which connects with the outer Great Wall in Yongning Sihaiye, makes use of the "heavy city" of the Northern Qi Dynasty. The third road, along the border of Hebei and Shanxi, goes north along Guguan, Niangziguan and Jingxing, and enters the south exit of Juyongguan through Daomaguan and Zijingguan, which is called the "Trilateral" Great Wall. Most people think that it was basically built with Zhang Xun City built in the Northern Qi Dynasty. However, there are some inconsistencies between the site and the road planning of Zhang Xun, and its construction time needs to be tested. At present, of the three Great Walls, except for the three sides, most of the "outside" and "inside" are intact.

Verb (abbreviation of verb) The magnificent scale of the Great Wall in Ming Dynasty.

The construction of the Great Wall in Wan Li in Ming Dynasty not only took the longest time, but also was the largest project. It is stronger, more perfect and more defensive than the Great Wall in the past. The Ming Great Wall is mainly composed of the following four parts:

1. Castles The castles of the Great Wall in the Ming Dynasty are classified into towns, roads, acropolis, Guancheng and Fort City. The castle where Jiubian Town is located is called "Zhenzhen". The castle under the town is called "Road City"; Set up guards in key areas, and the castle where the guards are located is called the Acropolis. For example, the eastern end of the Great Wall of Ming Dynasty starts from Jiao Shan in the north and reaches Shanhaiguan between the coasts in the south, which is the Shanhaiguan Acropolis built in the 15th year of Ming Hongwu (1382). It faces the sea by the mountain, and the situation is dangerous. It is the throat of Liaodong Town and Yuji Town. Another example is Juyongguan, which is the gateway to the northwest of Beijing. Badaling, the north entrance of Juyongguan, is commanding and the terrain is steep. All dynasties have been heavily guarded, and the Ming government has also set up guards here, which has become the key to defending Gyeonggi. The most famous "Guancheng" built along the Great Wall are Jiayuguan, the starting point of the western end of the Great Wall, Yanmenguan, a cliff hanging on Yanmen Mountain, Pingxing Pass on Xing Ping, and Niangziguan, the southernmost tip of the Great Wall at the junction of Shanxi and Hebei. Guancheng is located in a high mountain valley, which is in danger of "one person guarding it, but ten thousand people can't force it". As for the "fortress cities" built in dangerous border areas, there are countless more.

2. City Walls In the Yuan Dynasty, most of the city walls were made of earth, and the city walls were made of bricks, mostly from the Ming Dynasty. Since the Ming Dynasty, most of the walls of the Great Wall have been built of masonry. Take Juyongguan and Badaling as examples, that is, the outer layer of the wall is made of neat strips of stone, and the inside is filled with mud stones, which is very strong. The height of the wall depends on the terrain. The steep slope is low and the flat land is high, with an average height of about 7.8 meters. The average width of the wall base is 6.5 meters and the top is 5.8 meters. Inside the top of the city, a "residual wall" (called "female wall") with a height of about one meter is made of bricks; A "crib mouth" nearly two meters high was built on the outside with bricks, and the upper part of each crib mouth had a small mouth called "lookout mouth" to observe the enemy's situation. There is a small hole in the lower part of the crib, called "shooting hole", which is used to shoot the enemy.

The wall of the city wall is paved with three or four layers of bricks. The first layer on the surface is square brick, which is very flat and tamped with lime. The city wall is about 4.5 meters wide and can accommodate five horses and ten people. There are also drains and taps on the wall. Within the city wall, there is a "ticket gate" at regular intervals, and a stone ladder leads to the top of the city wall, where soldiers guarding the city can go up and down.

3. Every half mile or so on the wall of the city platform, there is a city platform protruding from the wall. There are two kinds of city platforms: one is called "wall platform", the table top is flush with the top of the city wall, but only a part of it protrudes forward from the wall, and there is a crib on the outer edge. There is a bunker on the platform for soldiers to patrol and keep watch; The other is called "enemy station", which is divided into upper and lower floors. There are many brick houses on the lower floor, which can accommodate more than a dozen people. There are cribs for watching and shooting upstairs, and some have fireworks equipment.

In addition to the wall platform and the enemy platform, when Qi Jiguang was the company commander, he also built a "battle platform" in a dangerous place on the Great Wall. It is also divided into upper and lower floors. There is a crib for observing shooting on the upper floor, and weapons such as bows, arrows and ammunition are stored on the lower floor. , use the movable ladder up and down. This is a kind of fortification similar to a modern bunker, which is used in war.

4. Yandun, also known as Dunhou, Hou Feng, Beacon Tower and Wolf Yantai, is mostly built on the top of the mountain or at the corner of the flat ground inside and outside the Great Wall. This is a high platform made of bricks and stones, which is specially used to transmit military information. In case of enemy situation, burning dry wood at night and setting fire as a signal is called "lighthouse"; Burning cigarettes during the day as a signal is called "embarrassment". Therefore, the Han Dynasty called the beacon tower "beacon tower". It is said that wolf dung can burn cigarettes straight into the sky, and the visual distance is the farthest, so it is also called wolf Yantai. When the lighthouse is lit tomorrow, add sulfur and saltpeter to support combustion; At the same time, fire a gun when burning cigarettes. In the second year of Chenghua (1466), when the enemy 100 people were around, they fired one cigarette and one gun, 500 people fired two cigarettes and two guns, 1000 people fired three cigarettes and two guns, more than 5,000 people fired four cigarettes and four guns, and 10000 people fired five cigarettes and five guns. In this way, not only can the rear quickly learn the news of the enemy's attack, but also the number of the enemy can be known from the amount of smoke and gunfire. At that time, it was indeed a very rapid way to transmit military information.

The important pass of the Great Wall in the Ming Dynasty was also equipped with thousands of kilograms of artillery, which was quite strong in defense.

As can be seen from the above, the Great Wall of Ming Dynasty made many improvements and developments in construction engineering technology and defense equipment. It is no longer a few separate city walls and isolated castles, but a complete defense engineering system connected by some building facilities with different forms and uses, which constitutes a Wan Li defense line with castles as a link. Ming Dynasty is the last dynasty in the history of the Great Wall architecture, and it is also the highest stage of the development of the Great Wall defense engineering technology.

The Qing Dynasty was the last period of the formation of a multi-ethnic country in China. With the development of political and military situation and the change of ruling strategy, during the reign of Emperor Kangxi, Yong Zhengdi and Qianlong in the Qing Dynasty (1662- 1795), people of all ethnic groups were trapped and lured, religious beliefs were used, and ideological control was strengthened to consolidate their rule. They awarded six hereditary titles to Mongolian feudal lords, such as Prince, County King, Baylor, Beizi, Zhen Guogong and Fu Guogong, and one to four Taji and Tabu Sacks, so that they could enjoy their salaries. The royal family of the Qing Dynasty also married Mongolian nobles for generations, and built the Rehe Palace "Summer Resort" and "Waiba Temple" in Chengde. Yuan sent lamas and distributed silver, and often held religious activities such as banquets and prayers with Mongolian nobles here to strengthen emotional ties. As gan long said, "the inner and outer hearts are one, and they are one." In this way, the political activities of "Huairou" replaced the vast national defense construction project, thus ending the history of China's construction of the Great Wall for more than two thousand years.

The main references in this chapter

Notes on Water Classics

Conspiracy in the warring States period

Zuo zhuan

history

the Book of the Han Dynasty

book of later han

Shu Wei

Beiqishu

Sui Shu.

Comprehensive Mirror to Aid in Government

History and geography reading summary

Ming History Volume 91 Military Records III. border defence

Records of Huang Ming's great politics Volume III, IX, XIII, XIV

Ming Yao Hui, Volume 63, Soldiers, Frontier Defense

All Liao Zhi and Three Seas Series.

The Wall of Shengjing in Feng Tianfu II, a Chronicle of Qing Dynasty

Yang Bin: A Brief Introduction of Liu Bian

Yongzheng's Shengjing Tongzhi

Wang Guoliang: Textual research on the evolution of the Great Wall in China. The Commercial Press, 20 years edition.

Shou Pengfei: Textual Research on the Great Wall in Past Dynasties and De Tian Lu Cun Manuscripts II, 194 1 Edition.

Zhang Weihua: Architectural Examination of the Great Wall in China (I) Zhonghua Book Company 1979.

Gu Jiegang: Qin Changcheng in Notes of Langkou Village.

Luo: Notes on Excavation of Qin Changcheng in Lintao, Yumenguan in Dunhuang and Jiayuguan in Jiuquan, Cultural Relics No.6, 1964.

Tang Xiaofeng: Investigation of No.5 Qin and Han Great Wall and Cultural Relics in Northwest Inner Mongolia, 1977.

Wang Guowei: Textual Research on Jinjiegou, Guan Tang Ji Lin, Volume 15.

Li Wenxin: Site of Huanglubian Town, Jilin Province, Liao Hai Yin Yearbook, 1947 edition.

Heilongjiang Provincial Museum: Investigation of Jin Dong North Road Border Fortress, Archaeology 196 1, Collection of Investigation Reports of China Great Wall Site, Cultural Relics Publishing House 198 1.