Is Li Zicheng from the Qing Dynasty or the Ming Dynasty?

Li Zicheng, the leader of peasant uprising in late Ming Dynasty. Xianbei Tangut descendants. Formerly known as Hongji. Respect the Tangut and Li Weimao. Licun, Mizhi County, Shaanxi Province. When I was a child, I worked as a shepherd for the landlord (once I said my family was rich) and as a postal courier in Yinchuan. In the second year of Chongzhen (1629), he rebelled and fought bravely under Gao Yingxiang. At the Xingyang Congress in 1988, he put forward an operational plan of dividing troops and attacking in four ways, which was approved by the leaders of various ministries and gained increasing prestige. The following year, after Gao Yingxiang's death, he continued to be called Chuangwang. Eleven years in Tongguan defeat, only rate Liu Zongmin and more than ten people, hidden in Shangluo (at the junction of Henan and Shaanxi) mountainous area. The next year, the mountain rose again. Thirteen years later, he was trapped in Yudu Mountain, Brazil, and broke through with fifty riders and entered Henan. At that time, the famine in the Central Plains was serious and the class contradictions were extremely acute. Yan Li put forward slogans such as "even the fields are not paid", which were welcomed by the broad masses of the people, and there was a ballad of "welcoming the king and refusing food". The army has grown to millions and become the main force of the peasant war. In the sixteenth year of Chongzhen (1643), Xiangyang was called Xinshun King. In the same year, in Ruzhou (now Linru), Henan Province, Sun Chuanting, the governor of Shaanxi Province in the Ming Dynasty, was completely annihilated and successfully occupied xi 'an. In the first month of the following year, the Dashun regime, named Yongchang, was established. Soon, he conquered Beijing and overthrew the Ming Dynasty. Because when the rebel leader won, he made a proud mistake and persecuted the Wu Sangui family. Forced to fight against Wu Sangui, Manchu nobles entered the customs and jointly attacked the peasant army. Faced with failure, he withdrew from Beijing and led his troops to Henan and Shaanxi. In the second year of Yongchang (1645), I visited Jiugong Mountain in Tongshan, Hubei. Li Zicheng mysteriously disappeared. After the fall of Qing Dynasty, the rest of Li Zicheng rebelled against Manchu Dynasty and continued the struggle against Qing Dynasty.

all one's life

Li Zicheng was born in August in the thirty-fourth year of Wanli (1606). Zicheng was born in Licun, 200 miles west of Mizhi River, more than 60 miles away from his old parents (both places are now Hengshan Mountain). Li Zicheng's ancestral home is Lijia Station in Mizhi County. In Dianshi, Mizhi County, there is a village called Licun, and the locals also call it Lijia Station. The village has been handed down from generation to generation and is a descendant of Li. This is the place where Xixia Tuoba lived after moving eastward. Li Zicheng's ancestral home is Lijia Station in Mizhi County, which belongs to Li Li in Tai 'anli. Li Zicheng's ancestors moved from Tai 'an, Gansu Province to Lijia Station (Xixia Liqianbing Station) in Mizhi County, Shaanxi Province. His grandfather Li Hai was forced by life and moved to Changmao Village (now Hengshan County) in Mizhi County. "An Examination of Li Zicheng Nationality in Mizhi County" records: "Born in Li, taian county, he lives in Beijiang River, 70 miles away from the city. "

revolt

Teenagers in Li Zicheng like guns, horses and clubs. After his father died, he went to the post station in charge of delivering court documents in the Ming Dynasty as a postman. There are many disadvantages in the post office system in the late Ming Dynasty. In the first year of Chongzhen in Ming Dynasty (1628), the post office was reformed, and one third of the post offices in China were abolished. Li Zicheng came home unemployed and owed money. In the winter of the same year, Li Zicheng was sued by Ai to the Mizhi county government because of her inability to repay her debts. County magistrate Yan Zibin "travels around the city mechanically, and there is no doubt that he will die." After being rescued by relatives and friends, he killed his creditor Zhao Ai at the end of the year. Then, Li Zicheng killed his wife for adultery with Han Jiner, a villager. Two lives were at stake, so the government had to ask and the lawsuit had to die. So in February (1629), Li Taichong joined the army in Ganzhou, Gansu (now Ganzhou District, Zhangye City). At that time, Yang was appointed as the company commander of Ganzhou, and Wang Guodong was appointed as a participant. Li Zicheng was quickly promoted by the kingdom to the general manager of the army. In the same year, in Yuzhong (now Yuzhong County, Lanzhou, Gansu Province), due to the problem of arrears of military pay, the warring vassal States and local county magistrate were killed and a mutiny was launched.

To explore/take part in sports

In the third year of Chongzhen (1630), Li Zicheng was laid off. In Mizhi, he called on the hungry people to revolt, led all the people to vote for the leader of the peasant army without touching mud, and then voted for Gao Yingxiang of the eighth team.

In six years, after Wang Zi, the leader of the peasant army, died of illness, he recruited more than 20,000 people. Later, Zhang Huishi, the leader of the peasant army, defeated Deng Gui, the general commander of the Ming Dynasty, in Linxian County (now Linzhou), Henan Province, killed his Ministry, and then moved to Shanxi and Shaanxi.

In seven years, Lianke was defeated by Zuo Guangxian, the commander-in-chief of the Ming Dynasty, in Chengcheng, Shaanxi, Ganzhou, Gansu (now Ganxian) and later Gaoling and Fuping.

In eight years, I got together with the leaders of various peasant armies in Xingyang, Henan Province (once said that there was no such meeting) to discuss the strategy of dividing troops and orienting with * * *. Then he moved to Jiangbei, Henan and Shaanxi, and killed Ai Wannian, the deputy commander of Ming Dynasty, in Ningzhou (now Ningxian, Gansu). Spin in Zhenning (now southwest of Zhengning) and defeated the Ming army, forcing Cao Wenzhao, the company commander, to commit suicide.

Nine years later, he was captured and killed in Gao Yingxiang, and he was promoted to king. Leading the people to "defect to the enemy", they adopted the tactics of introducing from the east to the west, avoiding the real and attacking the virtual, and even connected Longzhou (now Wudu, Gansu), Longzhou (now Longxian, Shaanxi), Ningqiang (now Ningqiang) and other States. Soldiers entered Sichuan in three ways, and defeated the Ming army repeatedly in (now southwest of Guangyuan), Jianzhou (now Jiange) and Mianzhou (now Mianyang), killing Hou Liangzhu, the general of the Ming Dynasty.

In the winter of ten years, the siege of Chengdu failed for many days. Later, Zitong, the defeated teacher, confronted Zuo Guangxian, the company commander of the Ming Dynasty, and Cao was defeated by a wide angle. So they parted ways and went back to Shaanxi and moved to Tongguan, where they were ambushed by the Ming army and suffered heavy casualties. He led Liu Zongmin, Tian Jianxiu and others 18 to ride in Shangluo mountain area of Shaanxi province. Soon, I went to Gucheng (now Hubei) and got Zhang's support for the Ming court.

In 12 years, Zhang joined hands with Zhang, who made a comeback, to break the Zhuxi River and cut off the route for providing foodstuff for the Ming army. Later, he helped Luo Rucai defeat Yang Shien, the commander-in-chief of the Ming Dynasty in Xiangyouping.

In thirteen years, Zuo Liangyu, the company commander of the Ming Dynasty, was defeated in Fangxian County, re-entered Henan Province, broke Yongning (now Luoning) and beheaded Wan 'an Cai? . Fighting the local peasant army leaders, hundreds of thousands of people conquered Yiyang. Go to Lushi, get Niu Jinxing, give advice and use it as a counselor. Naliyan's policy of exempting farmland taxes won the support of the people. There is a ballad "Welcome the King, Don't Receive Grain" ("Ming History? Biography of Li Zicheng ").

In the spring of 14th year, when he moved to Luoyang, he was defeated by the defenders and executed Zhu. Revolving troops surrounded Kaifeng, failed to attack several times, and reached Dengzhou in the south, where they would learn from Luo Rucai, who had left Zhang. Later, the fourth route of the Ming army was taken to gather in Xincai and Xiang, Henan Province, and soldiers were sent to ambush on the way, causing the Ming army to flee in disorder and killing Fu, the governor of the Ming Dynasty, in Xiang.

After 1634, 8 jin j entered the fortress for the second time. /kloc-in 0/635, thirteen rebels of the 72nd battalion, including Zhang, Lao, Luo Rucai, Ge Liyan, Zuo, Gai Shi Wang Wang, She Tian, Du Tianwang, Hun Shi Wan, Du Tianxing, Jiu Tianlong and Shun Tianwang, held a "Xingyang Conference" in Henan, and Li Zicheng put forward the operational strategy of "dividing troops and attacking on all sides". After the meeting, Zhang Lingbing captured Fengyang, South Zhili, dug up the tomb of the royal family, burned the "ancestral temple" where Zhu Yuanzhang became a monk, killed more than 60 eunuchs and beheaded the commander-in-chief. Zhang was at odds with Li Zicheng, but left.

After 1636, Jin changed to Qing. The Qing army entered the fortress for the third time. When Gao Yingxiang attacked Xi, he was defeated and killed by Shaanxi Governor Sun Chuanting. Li Zicheng was promoted to "King of Breakthrough" and continued to fight in Sichuan, Gansu and Shaanxi.

In the tenth year of Chongzhen (1637), Yang Sichang mobilized 654.38 million soldiers and increased his salary by 2.8 million. He put forward the strategy of "four corners, six corners and one net on all sides" to limit the mobility of the rebels, divide them one by one and finally annihilate them. This measure has achieved considerable results in two years. Zhang was defeated. Li Zicheng was ambushed and defeated by Hong Chengchou and Sun Chuanting in Nanyuan and Tongguan in Weinan, and took the remnants 17 people to hide in Shangluo Mountain in the southeast of Shaanxi. In August of the 11th year of Chongzhen (1638), the Qing soldiers entered the customs from Qingkou Mountain (now northeast of Yu 'an, Hebei Province) and Qiangziling (now northeast of Miyun, Beijing), and launched the fourth entry operation. In order to implement its strategy of "keeping the country safe and the outside world busy", Yang Sichang advocated making peace with the Qing Dynasty, but it was strongly opposed by Lu Xiangsheng, governor of Xuanda and commander-in-chief of Qin Wangbing. Chongzhen and the battle were undecided. Hong Chengchou and others were rushed to the east to serve, but Li Zicheng survived.

Declare oneself a king

1639, Zhang started again in Gucheng (located in Xiangfan, Hubei), and Li Zicheng led thousands of troops from Shangluo Mountain. 1640, Li Zicheng pursued Sichuan Zhang by the main force of Ming army and took in the hungry people. In Bian Yulue, Zheng Lian recorded the grand occasion of Li Zicheng's great relief for the hungry: "Thieves used it to show that they opened warehouses to help the hungry. Hungry people from far and near hoe away, and those who answer are like running water, calling a million day and night, which is unstoppable. " Since then, Li Zicheng's army has grown to tens of thousands, and put forward the slogan of "divide the land equally and exempt from taxes", which is also the folk song "Welcome the king, don't collect food." In the fourteenth year of Chongzhen (164 1 year 1 month), he conquered Luoyang, killed Zhu, the son of Emperor Wanli, brought some deer from the backyard, cooked them with meat, and named them "Fulu Banquet" [1] to have dinner with soldiers. Known as the "Grand Marshal Fengtian Chongyi". After that, Kaifeng, the capital of Sanwei, failed within one and a half years. The Yellow River burst its banks for the last time 1642, and Kaifeng was destroyed. Killed fu he, the governor of Shaanxi province. At the same time, the Ming dynasty was unfavorable to the war in the Qing dynasty. In March, Hong Chengchou was cleared. 165438+ 10, the Qing army entered the fortress for the fifth time and went deep into Shandong, plundering 360,000 people.

1643 In June, Li Zicheng was called "Xinshun King" in Xiangyang. In May, Zhang Jianli established the "Great West" regime. In June 5438+10, Li Zicheng attacked Tongguan, killed Du Shi Sun Chuanting and occupied Shaanxi. 1644 65438+ 10 Li Zicheng proclaimed himself emperor in Ann, with the founding name "Dashun".

Enter Beijing

In the seventeenth year of Chongzhen (1644), Li Zicheng marched eastward to Beijing in January, broke through Ning Wuguan, killed Zhou Yuji, the company commander, and conquered Taiyuan, Datong and Fu Xuan. Ming officials and Wang came to surrender one after another, even Juyongguan and Changping were no exception. Late at night on March 17, Cao Huachun, the eunuch guarding the city, took the lead in opening the Guangning Gate on the west side of the outer city, and the peasant army was like this. On March 18th, Li Zicheng sent Du Xun, the eunuch who surrendered in Changping, into the city to commune with Chongzhen. According to the four-year volume of Oda Chronology Examination, Li Zicheng put forward the following conditions: "Break the northwest and reward a million troops, and retreat to Henan ... Since I broke into the imperial court and was sealed, I am willing to curb the bandits in the imperial court, especially to help suppress the Liao princes with my strength. But I don't serve you. " The negotiations between the two sides broke down. In the early morning of March 19, Zhang Jinyan, the minister of the Ministry of War, took the initiative to open the Zhengyang Gate to meet Liu Zongmin's army. Emperor Chongzhen hanged himself in Jingshan, and Li Zicheng ordered a "ritual burial", offering sacrifices to the factory outside Donghuamen, and then moved to the Buddhist temple. On the 27th, he was buried in Tian Guifei's tomb. Li Zicheng stayed in the Forbidden City and took the maid-in-waiting Dou Yimeina as his concubine. When Dashunjun entered the city, the order in Beijing was good, and the shops were open as usual. However, since 27th, Dashun Army began to raid Ming officials and ransack property everywhere, stipulating that the reimbursement amount was "100,000 in the Central Temple, 7530,000 in the Imperial Palace Ministry of Education, 530,000 in the Daoke Official Department, 321,000 in the Hanlin, and thousands of subordinates" [2], and Liu Zongmin made 5,000 clamps. "All the wood is angular and connected with nails, so people are broken." [3] The atmosphere of terror in the city is gradually dignified and people are worried. "Copying officials are generally rich people, forcing 20,000 to 30,000, and they are slightly dissatisfied. Then hit it hard, brand it, be vicious and die. " [4] Tan Qian's Zao Lin Za said that there were more than 600 people who died/kloc-0. Li Zicheng's soldiers plunder, and I will be arrogant. "Killing people is not empty, but soldiers plundered people's wealth" [5]. On April 14, a notice appeared on the West Chang 'an Avenue: "The days of the Ming Dynasty are not over, people think of loyalty. It is scheduled to be the emperor of the East Palace on the 20 th of this month, and the first year of Yixing will be changed. " 13, Li Zicheng led 100,000 troops into the customs to pacify Wu Sangui.

It is said that after Li Zicheng entered Beijing, he found out from the palace that "thirty-seven million ingots of silver and ten million ingots of gold" and "thirty-seven million ingots have not been used in the old town of Kujin for many years, and all the ingots are five hundred (ten? ) Second, the word Yongle is engraved (Volume 20 of "Ming Ji Bei Lu"). At that time, Xu Xi Zhong borrowed a sentence from Tan Qian's Chronicle of the Second Year of the Ming Dynasty, saying, "If you lose the odd zero, you can send it for two more years. Today, you will pass the exam, and tomorrow, the sea will be full of excitement, but the key remains the same. Why did the first emperor not see the legacy? " It's hard to chase. "But the credibility is not high. Ji Liuqi thought, "You said that you need 18.5 million mules and horses to transport so much gold. Even a few months is not enough, so you know that your words are not credible. "According to Liang's estimation, from 1390 to 1486, the total domestic silver output in China was only 32 million taels. Before the Ming Dynasty, although a large amount of silver flowed in, it was only 45 million taels.

sabotage

On April 2 1, Li Zicheng fought a stone battle with Wu Sangui, the general stationed in Shanhaiguan. War to April 22nd, Wu Jun gradually tired. Wu Sangui fell to Regent Dourgen of the Qing Dynasty, and the two armies jointly defeated Li Zicheng. Commander Liu Zongmin was injured and was ordered to retreat. 26, Li Zicheng fled to Beijing, only more than thirty thousand people. On the 29th, Li Zicheng proclaimed himself emperor in Beijing, killing 34 Wu Sangui family members. The next day, he fled to Xi 'an and retreated from Shanxi and Henan. Before he left, he burned down the Forbidden City and some buildings in Beijing. In July, I crossed the Yellow River and lost to Xi 'an. Soon, he gave up Xi 'an, passed Lantian and Shangzhou, and took Wuguan. As Hong Guang established the imperial court in Nanming, Dashun troops retreated, and many former Ming generals who surrendered to Dashun returned to Nanming or Qing Dynasty, Li Zicheng became more and more suspicious, and finally killed Yan Li and others, causing people's hearts to be divided.

In December of the first year of Shunzhi (1644), the Qing army attacked Tongguan, and Dashun army lined up to meet. Because the main force and artillery haven't arrived yet, the Qing army insists on not fighting. In the second year of Shunzhi (1645), the Qing army attacked Tongguan with red artillery, and Li Zicheng fled to Hubei via Xiangyang, trying to unite with Zuo Liangyu, the company commander of the Ming Dynasty, in Wuchang, and Zuo Liangyu moved eastward to Nanjing to conquer Ma Shiying, the "Jun Qing side" of the Nanming court. Li Zicheng entered Wuchang in April, but was defeated by the Qing army. He was defeated again in Jiangxi in May and mysteriously disappeared in 1645.

Li Zicheng's Ethnic Textual Research

Li Zicheng is a descendant of the Tangut.

"History of the Ming Dynasty" Volume 309 "Biography of Li Zicheng": "Li Zicheng, Mizhi, lives in Liqianji Village, Huaiyuanbao."

Li Zicheng proclaimed himself twice, with Li as his ancestor.

Xi' an became king for the first time.

Ming History-Biography 197: "In the first month of the seventeenth year, Geng became King An, usurped the title of Dashun, renamed Yongchang and Sheng. Worship his great-grandfather, add posthumous title, and take Li as Mao. Set up college students in Shenfu Temple. "

Beijing Wuying Hall was crowned king for the second time.

Luqiao: Li Zicheng takes Li as its ancestor.

Wu Jia's inscription announced that the next day, the suburbs acceded to the throne, and many bundles of gold and silk were taken away. Good friend, tyrant, located in Wuying Hall, was made emperor, seven generations of Gao Yu was the queen, and his wife Gao was the queen, making Niu Jinxing a suburban ceremony.

In the first year of Yongshang in Dashun, after Li Zicheng established the Dashun peasant regime in Xi 'an, he established some etiquette systems, mainly combining the life etiquette of the imperial courts in previous dynasties with his own Tangut nationality, making its etiquette atmosphere solemn and generous. Li Zicheng revised the etiquette system of Ming Dynasty: Li Zicheng changed the system of Ming Dynasty. On the first day of April, Daming Gate was changed to Dashun Gate, and a crown was issued. The current official added a pheasant to the crown. Ding Ji "However, in the Ming Dynasty, most official systems were more revolutionary, and ... the clothes were still dark blue, and all the publications were finalized.

Li Zhiqiang, the 14th grandson of Li Zicheng who works in Tongchuan Mining Bureau, Shaanxi Province, said: "Li Zicheng is the Tuoba family of dangxiang after Li Yuanhao, king of Xixia. The descendants of' Wang Chuang' still maintain their original national characteristics, features and customs, which is of great significance to the study of Xixia and Tangut nationalities. " The descendants of Li Zicheng in Taiping Village still maintain the characteristics, appearance and "baldness" custom of the original nation, especially some old people still maintain the "baldness" custom of Tangut, the main ethnic group in Xixia Dynasty. Most people in the village are physically strong, and it is common for men to practice martial arts.

Tang Rongyao, an expert in Xixia studies, has painstakingly studied Xixia dangxiang for nearly ten years. He traveled all over the northwest Tangut, the birthplace and seclusion of the Qiang people. From plateau to basin, from desert to grassland, the journey is tens of thousands of kilometers. Over the snow-capped mountains and across the grass; I have been to the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau and the mountainous areas of Nepal. In Tang Rongyao's research, it is an undeniable historical fact to confirm that Li Zicheng was a Tangut in Xixia.

Professor Yao, the author of Li Zicheng, visited Licun. In his historical masterpiece Li Zicheng (Volume IV, Chapter 16), he wrote: "After Li Zicheng rode into the imperial city, his dream of replacing the Ming Dynasty for several years has come true today. He is full of pride and joy. At this moment, he even thought that his future exploits should be comparable to that of Emperor Taizong. Seven hundred years later, he established a unified Li Dynasty, which was much stronger than the Xixia Kingdom established by his ancestors, and it was simply not the same! " Now that he has broken Beijing, he will soon pacify Jiangnan. In short, Li will spread to him and then to him, which will really make Li carry forward. "

Ji Lianhai, a historical researcher, said, "Because we all know that Li Zicheng is not a Han Chinese and Li Zicheng is a Tangut Qiang." "What is certain is that Li Zicheng, who was born in Liqianji Village (now Hengshan) in Mizhi Shuangquan, Shaanxi Province, should be the ancestor of the Tangut Qiang people-that is, Li Zicheng should be the descendant of the Tangut Qiang people."

Li Dengdi, an expert from Shaanxi Institute of History, and Sheng Changming, former director of Li Zicheng Memorial Hall in Mizhi County, said: "The genealogy of Li Zicheng found in Taiping Village, Fuxian County, Yan 'an City, Shaanxi Province shows that Li Zicheng is a descendant of Li Yuanhao, king of Xixia, and belongs to the Tangut. "

Ding Ling, a famous writer, found the feeling of being the grandfather of the Tangut and made a breakthrough in writing.

Ding Ling's family collected several palace cultural relics, such as the flat pot with dragon and phoenix ears, the jade carving with boy controlling fish, the jade cong and the jade ear cup. Ding Ling's uncles and brothers said, "They are descendants of Li Zicheng". Ding Ling also said before her death: That is a fact. 1939, Ding Ling, who lives in northern Shaanxi, said to Mrs. Si Nuo, "I always couldn't sleep before I came here, but now I sleep soundly and get fat. The romantic atmosphere in Sha Fei has become a thing of the past. I have found the feeling of my ancestors' Tangut people here and made a breakthrough in my writing.

Li Zicheng is a descendant of Xianbei Tangut.

Because Li Zicheng respected Li as the ancestor, and Li claimed to be the queen of Xianbei. (History of the Song Dynasty, Volume 485, Biography of Xia Guo) Yuan Hao asked Song Renzong a chapter: "My ancestors were born in the emperor, and at the end of the Eastern Jin Dynasty, they were the foundation of Wei." Liao History (1 15) notes on Xixia: "Xixia was originally Tuoba." History of Jin 134 Biography of Xixia: "Xia was founded in the old days, and my minister Luo Shichang handed down his genealogy, saying that Yuan and Wei declined, and those who lived in Songzhou took the old surname as Tuoba." )

Li Zicheng is the view of the Han nationality.

Mr. Gu Cheng, a historian, wrote in the first section of the first chapter of the History of the Southern Ming Dynasty: "In the eyes of Han officials and gentry, the Dashun regime replaced the Ming Dynasty only by changing its surname and name. The struggle of the Zhu Ming Dynasty was a matter of' meat eaters' such as imperial clan, royal relatives and hereditary ministers, and had little to do with ordinary officials and gentry and the people."

Li, a novelist of the Republic of China, said in "The Romance of Yongchang": "Giving up on yourself is not a great misfortune for my Han nationality, but also a great misfortune. Han people don't know how to help themselves refuse Manchu, but instead make themselves out of Manchu to coach themselves. " Li said in The Romance of Yongchang: After the capital is settled, we should first "chase Wang Zu and take Li as our ancestor".

Li Zicheng, a history professor and writer, is written by Yao, Volume 4, Chapter 16: ① Xixia Kingdom, an ancient minority in China, belongs to the Qiang nationality. Tangut people are divided into many tribes according to their surnames, among which Tuoba is the strongest. At the end of the Tang Dynasty, they lived in the border areas of Ningxia, Shaanxi and Gansu and the areas bordering Inner Mongolia. Its tribal leader, Tuoba Sigong, helped the Tang Dynasty to suppress the Huang Chao Uprising Army, named Xia Guogong, who was a difficult soldier in our time, and gave him the surname Li. It has spread to the seven dynasties of Li, calling itself King Xia. On 1038, Li Zhisun proclaimed himself emperor and established Xixia Kingdom. Xixia spread to China for nearly 200 years and was destroyed by Mongolia in 1227. The Tangut people in the northwest have also assimilated with the Han nationality. Li Zicheng, a native of Licun, Mizhi County, called Li the ancestor. It is said that although he is a Han nationality, he is a descendant of the Qiang nationality in Xixia kingdom.

Ji Lianhai, a professor and researcher of history, said: "We should study the ethnic affiliation of Li Zicheng on this basis. Some people say, isn't Li Zicheng Han? According to my research, Li Zicheng is really not a Han nationality. " Ji Lianhai said that some people regard Li Zicheng as a Han Chinese.

Mizhi member is high: Li Zicheng is an out-and-out Mizhi Tai 'an old household, pure Han nationality.

On Li Zicheng's martyrdom

Li Zicheng died in Jiugongshan, Tongshan County, Hubei Province, which was confirmed by experts at the National Li Zicheng Symposium held several years ago. However, how Li Zicheng died has always been controversial. The Biography of Li Zicheng in Ming Dynasty can't figure out his martyrdom. In recent years, Li Zicheng martyrdom has the following statement:

Hanging theory

He who hanged himself hanged himself. According to the report of the commander-in-chief of the Qing army, Azig, to the court, the report said: "... when he fled his country, he had only twenty people, so he was trapped by the villagers and could not escape, so he hanged himself." However, later generations thought that Li Zicheng was brave and strong, and there was no possibility of suicide. Moreover, Azig's statement is not seen with his own eyes, so the authenticity is very low.

Death in combat theory

The record in Tongshan County Records is: "Nine uncles gather in Xiaoyuankou to kill thieves first"; However, the Genealogy of Cheng recorded: "The thief Li Yan was suppressed at the foot of Niuji Mountain"; There is no clear point that Cheng Jiubo did kill Li Zicheng, only that he killed Li Yan. So who is Li Yan? What may be the relationship between Li Yan and Li Zicheng? Could they be the same person?

However, after consulting the historical materials of Li Zicheng's hometown, such as Mizhi County Records and Yan 'an Prefecture Records, it is found that there are many opinions about Li Zicheng's birth name and name, but there is no extension.

Abnormal death theory

Death by mistake is death by mistake. There is a passage in Wu's Sui Koulue in the early Qing Dynasty: Li Zicheng rode twenty horses to Jiugong Mountain, and he told his soldiers to stay at the foot of the mountain and visit the temple himself. The local villagers "suspected that they were robbers". When they bowed down to the statue of Yuan Di in Li Zicheng, there was a lotus bell behind them, and their heads were injured. Li Zicheng immediately fainted and "couldn't get up". At this time, the villagers swarmed and smashed their heads and died. When the villagers searched their money, they found the "golden seal" and knew that they had killed the wrong person. "Daxie, escape from the back hill."

Fight to death theory

In the Waste Book written by Fermi during the reign of Kangxi, it was said: "When Li Zicheng led eighteen riders and crossed Jiugong Mountain Ridge from Tongshan", the villagers "heard the thief coming, and a group of climbers attacked the stone and defeated eighteen riders." Li Zicheng fought with his bare hands with Cheng Jiubo, a mountaineer. Cheng Jiubo was no match. Li Zicheng fell on Cheng Jiubo and "drew his sword and killed him". But the knife was stained with blood and oozed with mud; I haven't pulled it out for a while. Just then, Cheng Jiubo's nephew Jin slammed Li Zicheng's head with a spade from behind and died immediately.

The Zen and Concealment Theory of Jiashan Temple

Viewpoint: 198 1 year, an ancient tomb was discovered in Jiashan Temple, Shimen, Hunan. Archaeologists found that the owner of the tomb, monk Feng Tianyu, was buried according to this custom, which is different from the local burial custom. Finally, through all kinds of physical evidence, he thinks that Feng Tianyu monk is probably Li Zicheng.

However, the doubt is obvious: in the history of becoming a monk in Yushan, Feng Jia, Feng Jiayu had close contacts with local officials, while Li Zicheng's appearance characteristics of "northern Shaanxi accent, a little over forty years old, blind in one eye" were quite obvious, and it was easy to expose his identity, which obviously did not match his identity.

Qingcheng retreat theory

Views put forward by relatives of Li Zicheng.

Located in the home of Weiziwan Village, Qingcheng Town, I found a copy of Li's Genealogy, which was edited in the third year of Kangxi (1664). After investigation and study, a brand-new conclusion was drawn. After Li Zicheng's defeat, he disguised himself as a monk and took refuge in his uncle Li Bin in Qingcheng, Yuzhong. In his later years, Li Zicheng lived in a nearby ravine and was buried at the foot of Longtoubaozi Mountain.

Li Zicheng tomb

Li Zicheng Tomb belongs to the national key cultural relics protection unit, located in Niujiling at the foot of Jiugong Mountain in Tongshan County, Hubei Province. Li Zicheng (1606- 1645) was the leader of the peasant uprising in the late Ming Dynasty. His real name is Hong Ji, a native of Mizhi, Shaanxi. According to records, in the early summer of the second year of Dashun Yongchang (1645), troops were sent from Wuchang to Nanjing in the east. Due to the reversal of the situation, his trip was blocked, that is, he went to Jiangxi via Jiugong Mountain. Unexpectedly, Li Jiapu at the foot of the mountain was suddenly attacked by the Qing army, and he broke through hastily. Riding into the gourd trough alone, he was killed by Cheng Jiubo, a brave general in Xiaoyuankou Village, and buried here. After the founding of the People's Republic of China, it has been repaired many times, and additional ancillary buildings such as arch bridges, terraces, flower beds, tombstones, exhibition halls and rest halls have been built. The tombstone reads "Li Zicheng's Tomb" inscribed by Guo Moruo. The dismounted pavilion behind the tomb stands tall, and there are sites such as Luo Yin Dang and Guild Wars Slope nearby. Nanhongqiao is on the Ligang River, which is 0/6 km southeast of Tongcheng County. If Changhong is located in the south of Tanghu Lake, it is famous for its shape. Built in the seventh year of Xianfeng in Qing Dynasty (1857), it is one of the famous stone bridges in the city. Bluestone is stacked, and five arches are juxtaposed, 40 meters long, 5 meters high and 5 meters wide. Generous design, solid and magnificent structure. After more than a hundred years of wind and rain, it remains the same. The blue waves are rippling, the green trees are sandwiched by the shore, and the scenery is different.

Li Zhicheng Palace

Located on Panlong Mountain in the north of Mizhi County. In the 16th year of Chongzhen in Ming Dynasty, after Li Zicheng established Dashun State in An, he ordered people to build palaces and ancestral graves here, hence the name of this mountain. This palace is exquisitely conceived and unique in shape. The main buildings are Yue Lou, Meihua Pavilion, Lou, Yuhuang Pavilion, Temple, Beiqing Palace, etc. It is a unique palace garden tourist area in northern Shaanxi. There is also an exhibition on the revolutionary history of Mizhi women in the palace.

In recent years, the local government has renovated the palace, restored its original scale and landscape, and established the Li Zicheng Memorial Hall to introduce its life story. In the main hall, there is a glass fiber reinforced plastic statue of Li Zicheng.

Transportation: You can take a bus from Yulin to Mizhi, which takes about 2 hours, and the fare is about 6 yuan (one way).

Tickets: 5 yuan.

Novel of the same name

1. Yao wrote the five-volume historical novel Li Zicheng, of which the second volume won the first Mao Dun Literature Prize with 1982.

This book * * * is divided into five volumes, mainly about the peasant war in the late Ming Dynasty, and also about the national wars in China during the Ming and Qing Dynasties. It depicts the representative figures and life scenes of various classes, as well as the complex contradictions between various classes and groups, and unfolds a colorful historical picture. The author's purpose in creating this novel is clear. He tries to fully show the social picture of Ming and Qing Dynasties, so that readers can gain more extensive historical knowledge through artistic images. Based on the principle of "going deep into history and jumping out of history", the author described the complicated historical process and the magnificent peasant uprising more than 300 years ago. The novel takes the peasant uprising army led by Li Zicheng at the end of Ming Dynasty as the main clue, which changed from weak to strong, turned defeat into victory, overthrew the rule of Ming Dynasty and resisted the Qing army's southward movement. From many angles, aspects and levels, it reproduces the changing historical features of the late Ming and early Qing dynasties and the tragic ending of the peasant uprising army from victory to failure, and reveals the law of the development of peasant wars and historical movements. This novel has made many achievements. First of all, it successfully depicts a series of characters such as Li Zicheng and Emperor Chongzhen. The change of Li Zicheng's ideological character and the snacks of Emperor Chongzhen in maintaining the crumbling regime are all profound and extensive. Secondly, the novel uses a lot of pen and ink and thoughts on the social life scenes in the late Ming and early Qing dynasties, from the court to the battlefield, from the capital to the countryside, with many vivid descriptions; From political competition to battlefield confrontation, from law, etiquette to human customs, the descriptions are mostly accurate and realistic.

2. Hou's The Romance of Yongchang

The Romance of Yongchang is a masterpiece full of strong national spirit. Li Zicheng was originally a grass-roots man deep in the mountains of northern Shaanxi. He rose in the wilderness and rode a hidden swallow. More than ten years, overthrowing Daming for 300 years. This is a miracle in the history of China! Mr. Hou Jian said: "The failure of self-sufficiency is not a special misfortune, but also a great misfortune for our Chinese nation." The Han people didn't know how to help themselves to refuse the Manchu Dynasty, instead, they separated themselves from the Manchu Dynasty, so I sighed and hated Wu Sangui. "

After reading the novel "The Romance of Yongchang", I wrote to the author Li, praising Li Zicheng as "the glory of Shaanxi people".

Writer's style

Yao Yinxue (19 10- 1999), formerly known as Yao Guansan, was born in Deng County, Henan Province. 1929 was admitted to the preparatory course of Henan University, and was later expelled from the school for participating in the student movement. Before and after War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression, he wrote novels such as Half a Car of Straw, Cow Rights and Carrots, When bloom is Warm in Spring, Long Night, etc. He used to be a director of the All-China Federation of Literary and Art Circles, an associate professor at Northeastern University and a professor at Shanghai Daxia University. After liberation, he served as chairman of Hubei Federation of Literary and Art Circles and member of the Fifth CPPCC. 1963 Created and published the first volume of the historical novel Li Zicheng. After more than twenty years, this five-volume novel was completely completed.

Hou is famous for his loyalty and health. He lives in Zaoyuan, Mizhi East Street, northern Shaanxi. His father, Li Yunhua, was a scholar in the 18th year of Guangxu in Qing Dynasty. He worshipped Sichuan as an official, served as county magistrate in Hejiang, Yanting and other six counties, served as magistrate in Huili and Zhongzhou, and finally served as magistrate in Suide. Jane Housheng was born in Sichuan. Before he was eighteen, he went to Sichuan with his father, read a lot of poems, and then returned to Mizhi. He is well informed. 1942, Mr. Li, who had deep contacts with him, served as the vice chairman of the Shaanxi-Gansu-Ningxia Border Region Government and recommended the manuscript of Yongchang Romance. Chairman Mao wrote that ... is the glory of Shaanxi people, especially Mr. Wang and the author Mr. Hou Jian. "