Folk culture in Bali

Bali is not only beautiful and charming in natural scenery, but also famous for its colorful culture and social customs. Balinese classical dance is elegant and colorful, which has a unique position in the world dance art and is also a wonderful flower in Indonesian national dance. Among them, lion dance and sword dance are the most representative.

Sculptures (wood carvings, stone carvings), paintings and handicrafts in Bali are also famous for their exquisite skills and unique styles. Exquisite statues and reliefs of wood and stone can be seen everywhere on the island, so the island is also called "the island of art". Mas is a famous wood carving center on the island. Paintings in Bali are unique, mostly painted on burlap or white canvas with glue and mineral pigments. The theme is based on rural scenery and people's living customs, with strong local color. Therefore, Bali is called "Island of Poetry" and "Greece of the East". Niaomu, located in the center of the island, is a painting center. Many historical relics and huge oil paintings are preserved in the museum.

Near Birdwood, there is a square thousand-year-old cave-ivory cave, which is only two or three meters deep and is carved with lifelike statues. There are four famous stone statues on Jiawei Mountain, with five shrines in front of them. Halfway up the mountain, there is a presidential palace in Brazil, which is cold and light.

A Buddha statue in the ivory cave temple in Bali.

Bali residents hold nearly 200 religious festivals every year, and each festival is full of songs and dances. Due to the customs of Bali, the scenery is beautiful. Therefore, it also enjoys many nicknames such as "Island of God", "Island of Devil", "Island of Rome", "Island of Beauty", "Island of Paradise" and "Island of Magic". In natural science, 1869, biologist Wallace also found that Bali is the "tip" of the Asian continent, and typical Asian animals are distributed so far, while in the east, only Lombok Island, which is less than 40 kilometers wide, belongs to Oceania species. Therefore, Bali is a famous tourist destination.

Due to the strong religious atmosphere, almost all cultures in Bali are related to religion from form to content. Choose a representative one and give a brief introduction.

Religion: There are many ways to understand religion. The most intuitive way is to see the temple. There are many temples in Bali, and it is said that there are as many as 10000. Many people go to Tanahao when they visit temples in Bali. It is said that Bali was built as one of the Seven templo mayor because of volcanic eruption (there are three active volcanoes on the island, Baddour, Jingdamani and Argonne), in order to contain turtles, and it is famous for its ebb and flow and separation from land. In fact, the history of Shengquan Temple is even longer. Over 700 years, Su Jianuo's palace was built on the hill next to it. In addition, Bujisa Temple, located next to Agung volcano (the sacred mountain of Hinduism in Bali, the center of the universe), is known as the mother of ten thousand temples and is the representative of temples in Bali.

Music: Bamboo percussion can be heard in hotels in Bali every day, but it is not the complete Balinese music. Gamelan's music combines brass music, drum music and bowstring music. It is said that there are ancient tunes in China!

Shadow play: Piwayan, the most representative form of entertainment, is based on two major Hindu epics, most of which are Ramayana. You can also have a deeper understanding of his religious stories.

Dance: represented by Yuegong and Balong, it is somewhat similar to the distinction between our Yangchun Baixue people and Xialiba people. The theme of the performance is still Ramayana, and the dance movements are monotonous, mainly expressed by hands and eyes.

Sculpture: Stone carvings are mainly concentrated in Batubulan, wood carvings are concentrated in Mas, and silverware is concentrated in CELU, among which wood carvings are the most famous, mainly because there are mythical figures in this village (mostly sandalwood, ebony and teak).

Painting: Mainly in Ubud, Amar Art Museum is very beautiful and worth seeing. In addition, there are many treasures in the Nica Art Museum. The painting art in Bali has a far-reaching influence on the development of world painting art. For example, Gauguin of Impressionism, Marjul of Belgium, came to the island in 1932, stayed and married the local people. His Balinese-style works have aroused great repercussions in the West.

Handwork: Weaving and batik are very distinctive in Bali's handmade works. Perhaps many people think that there are many batiks in China, which is not surprising. The benevolent guest in Bali was woven after warp and weft dyeing. A piece of clothing takes several years, but it is rarely seen. Only people with status wear them at major sacrifices.

In the middle of the island, there is a famous monkey temple in Yi Sheng, where monkeys are in droves. In the north, there is a scenic Lake Biduku. The famous Jingdamani has a cool climate, from which you can see Batu volcano whose peak is shrouded in mist all year round. Lake Ba Du at the foot of Ba Du Mountain is also famous for its beautiful scenery. Long Ge Palace in the southeast of the island is the seat of the famous ancient Balinese court. The palace is magnificent, surrounded by a moat, and the roof is painted with portraits of prisoners when they are punished. In Danale, on the southwest coast of the island, there is a temple built on the shore highland. Due to the long-term wave erosion, this place is 25 meters away from the island, forming an island. Whenever the tide rises, Zhou Yu seems to rise and fall in the waves, just like a palace in the water.

Balinese are philosophers of life. They work hard, eat happily, sleep peacefully at night, live in peace with all the gods, and have no distractions every minute. Life is naturally carefree, and life is of course happy. The cliche that "money is not everything" is just a duplicity idiom. It is an eternal standard for human beings to measure everything with the value of money.

Bandjar's autonomy is peaceful and prosperous.

Balinese people not only have their own set of cognition in religion, but also have different versions from the official version in life management.

Although the government has clearly defined the administrative system of counties, cities and villages, it is "Banzal" that really promotes the operation. "Banga" is a small unit after "village". It consists of hundreds of families and belongs to an autonomous organization in Bali. It's not in the files of government agencies. From the weddings, funerals and celebrations of various households to the rewards and punishments of individual behaviors, they are all solved through monthly regular meetings. Strict autonomous organizations make every household communicate silently, forming a strong moral binding force. So although Bali is beautiful like a paradise, you can't live a hermit's life.

Nobles and civilians are equal.

Class system originated from religion exists in Bali, but like Balinese's religious attitude, Balinese who live in harmony with everything are not as strict and serious about class system as Indians. In Bali, the fourth class is not only equal, but also not limited to high or low-level words. With the penetration of economic strength, the course titles clearly listed on business cards in the past have gradually been replaced by proud learning experiences. However, it is common sense for Rome to do as the Romans do, and these four categories should be kept in mind to avoid taboos and disputes on special occasions such as sacrificial ceremonies.

Class name I male title I female title

Brahmin priest I da Bagus I da Ayu

Ksatriya aristocrat I Cokorda I da Cokorda

Waisya craftsman and businessman I Dewa I Desah

Sudra (Jabba civilian) I didn't. I didn't.

Things change without changing color.

Balinese people don't ask about their family background, and they don't go anywhere with foreign tourists. Their naive and easy-going attitude makes Bali a rest stop for people to trust and place their hearts. It is commendable that Bali receives millions of tourists every year, but it still doesn't change its color. Sea or sea, mulberry field or mulberry field.

The custom of offering sacrifices in the morning and evening and the habit of bathing have not changed for a hundred years. Although tourists gather around V8, Balinese people still turn a blind eye to their own lives. The terraced fields you have seen are still waiting for you to come back today, and only the varieties of straw have changed. More than 90% of the agricultural area in Bali has planted new varieties, which have the ability to conquer Bali, grow rapidly and have strong disease resistance. However, excessive use of pesticides is the price paid by Balinese people, and the changed ecology has led to a sharp decline in the number of frogs and eels. Frog croaking is the main theme of Bali serenade. Will this familiar movement change its tune one day? Balinese people have begun to think deeply about this issue.

Work hard and concentrate on playing.

Impunity is the attitude of Balinese people, but it does not mean slacking off. In fact, at the dawn of the day, men in Bali worked hard to cultivate land, while women cleaned, prepared meals and took care of animals. When the sun rises and the earth gets hot, men stop what they are doing and go home to look after their beloved cockfighting. At this time, the sleepy tourists just went out and saw the street chatting with cockfighting.

In fact, men in Bali are quite simple. They take care of their own work and concentrate on guarding their pets for cockfighting. Their expectations for cockfighting are pinned on the sacrificial ceremony, which is recognized as an occasion where they can gamble their skills. The cockfighter has a sword tied to his foot. After a shower of dust and feather Qi Fei, the result has been decided. The winner got the gambling money and the defeated chicken. The gambling money went into the wallet, and the dead chicken went to the table.

Cremation ceremony in Bali

Cremation ceremony in Bali: The ox-shaped coffin represents status and identity, which can only be enjoyed by nobles and monks.

The flame turned the sacrifice and coffin into ashes together, and people wished the soul of the deceased to be sublimated at this moment.

Under the influence of religious belief, Balinese people have their own understanding of death, and their custom is to celebrate death. After the death of Balinese people, it is customary to hold cremation. The souls of the dead without cremation are filthy and will bring disaster to people. If cremation is not held for the deceased within a certain period of time, the soul of the deceased will not ascend to heaven and become a spectre wandering around the world all night. So the cremation ceremony here is very grand, which is one of the wonders of Bali. Cremation is held on the 42nd day after death, because Balinese believe that it takes 42 days for the soul to leave the body after death. The body should be disposed of before cremation. First of all, the body should be soaked in liquids made of various spices, then wrapped in cloth and placed in a bamboo basket. On the day before cremation, the relatives of the deceased all wore the most splendid costumes, and the men gathered together with swords to March. In the evening, there will be a grand entertainment party, puppet shows and all kinds of happy dances. People are singing and dancing, waiting for the next day.

On the day of cremation, with the music, nearby men rushed to carry the bodies, each woman brought a bottle of holy water from a nearby temple, and a group of live chickens leading the way for the dead were placed in front of the funeral procession. After the priest prayed, he issued bows and arrows and the funeral procession set off. The priest led the body with a red crown in his hand. In order to avoid evil spirits, let the souls of the dead lose their way and find their way home, the procession had to take a winding route. When entering the crematorium, the close relatives of the deceased cut the shroud first, and the priest boarded the platform of the bamboo building, read prayers loudly, and sprinkled many ancient coins on it as a ransom to bribe the deceased. The women sprinkled the holy water they brought on the body, and then smashed the bottle containing the holy water. Then, the body was moved into an animal-shaped wooden coffin, and when night fell, it began to be set on fire. Under the light of the fire, the celebration ceremony began, the band played music and the audience began to revel. One of the main activities is tug-of-war, in which both sides compete for coffins containing corpses, one representing angels and the other representing demons. The two sides compete for the soul of the dead, and it has to be repeated many times. In the end, the angel always wins. All activities run through drinking and singing. The family of the deceased was not sad during the whole funeral. Balinese believe that if you are too sad, it will prevent the soul of the deceased from ascending to heaven. The body gradually turned to ashes, and the crowd of onlookers gradually dispersed. Relatives packed the ashes in coconut shells. Throw the ashes into the sea under the priest's prayer. The whole funeral is over.

Grand cremation ceremony is very expensive, sometimes as high as tens of thousands or even millions of yuan. King/kloc-of Ji 'an District died 0/2 years ago, and the funeral expenses were as high as $5 million. Large-scale cremation usually requires thousands of people carrying heavy bamboo towers and coffins. The height of the bamboo tower depends on the identity of the deceased. Some are as high as more than 20 meters, 1 12, and some are as low as 3 or 4. Coffins are animal-shaped, coffins of monks and rich people are carved in the shape of cows, warriors are flying lions, and ordinary people are half elephant and half fish. The size of the bamboo tower and the solemnity of the ceremony all depend on the identity, status and financial resources of the mourner. However, many people can't afford the high funeral expenses, so the poor locals bury their dead family members first, and then dig up the bodies for cremation when they have enough money and meet a good day. This waiting time may be two to three years, or it may be more than ten years.

In Bali, a large-scale mass cremation will be held every ten years or so, and everyone will share the cost. At this time, Balinese people cleaned all the graves on the island, cremated all the bodies and bones, and let those restless souls rest in peace.

Balinese

Indonesian is the official language of Indonesia and Bali, and Balinese is the local dialect. English is also widely used, especially in busy tourist areas. English is the most commonly used language. In addition, Dutch, German, French, Japanese and Chinese are also used in some places. Especially in recent years, the number of people from Taiwan Province province traveling to Bali has increased rapidly, so there are many quick-thinking businesses. Vendors in restaurants or tourist areas are also learning the familiar Mandarin and Ho-Chan. Because there are many old overseas Chinese who immigrated to Indonesia from southern Fujian in the early days, their Minnan language is always a little different from our Mandarin, but there is absolutely no problem in communication. Often in tourist areas, you will hear such a sentence: "10 thousand laps ... even (all 10 thousand)!" " "How much is it?" Vendors can't help but make people feel more cordial and then stop to talk to them ... However, when you stop, it actually means that a large group of vendors are coming around to "trade" with you! Ha ha laugh ... you have to use some methods to get out at this time.