Rational thinking on the current super high-rise buildings in China?

The upsurge of high-rise buildings and super-high-rise buildings in China began in the 1980s, and by the end of 1996, high-rise buildings and super-high-rise buildings with roof heights exceeding 0.000 and120m have been built in China (excluding Hong Kong, Macao and Taiwan). There are 100 skyscrapers that once represented industrial civilization and science. Therefore, in the 20th century, many countries and regions had a high level of competition for skyscrapers, and China was no exception, such as Shenzhen, Guangzhou, Shanghai, Wuhan, Nanjing and other large and medium-sized cities, where tall buildings mushroomed and constantly refreshed their heights.

"Skyscrapers are standing cities." ? 200 11/September1day, the World Trade Center building in new york, USA, which was 4 17 meters high and ranked fourth in the world collapsed, which was no less than the destruction of a city. It not only caused great losses to the world economy, but also gave profound thoughts to all walks of life. At present, the rapid development of high-rise buildings in China, especially super-high-rise buildings, is undoubtedly a shocking reminder.

First, the analysis of the current situation of high-rise and super-high-rise buildings in China;

Not long ago, relevant institutions announced the latest ranking of super high-rise buildings in the world. Among the top ten super high-rise buildings, there are four in China (including Hongkong and Taiwan Province), as shown in Table 1. If Wang Di Tower and Wang Di Tower in Shenzhen of 1 1 are considered first,

The world's tallest building, Guangzhou Zhongtian Plaza 12, accounts for half of China. However, the construction industry in China is "mo"

The "Making Heaven" competition is still in full swing. According to relevant statistics? At present, high-rise buildings over 24 meters in Shanghai are close.

4000 buildings, including more than 200 super high-rise buildings, with a height of 100 meters. Recently, Beijing has formulated a plan to build a "Central Business District" in Chaoyang District, and plans to build a number of super-high-rise buildings with a height of about 300 meters, including the third phase of the International Trade Center, 257 meters high, and the Yintai Building, which is 248 meters high. The original control height of this area is 60 to 100 meters. The World Trade Center (commonly known as the "Twin Towers") to be built in the center of Beijing Olympic Village has a planned height of 500 meters, a construction area of 600,000 square meters and an investment of about 7 billion yuan? If completed, it will surpass the 452-meter-high "Petronas Twin Towers" in Kuala Lumpur and become "the first in the world". According to the latest news, Shanghai World Financial Center, led by the famous Japanese Mori Building Company, with an investment of more than 600 million US dollars, is located in Lujiazui Financial District, Pudong, Shanghai, with a total design construction area of over 330,000 square meters, 3 floors underground, 94 floors above ground and a design height of 466 meters. It will be completed in 2005. Will it surpass the world's tallest Pejnas Tower in Kuala Lumpur after completion? The trend of striving for the "first place" in local, domestic and even the world is getting stronger and stronger.

Throughout the history of high-rise buildings and super-high-rise buildings in China, it has advanced to the highest level in the world since its birth. 1985, Shenzhen International Trade Building, with 3 floors underground and 50 floors above ground, has a roof height of over 0.000 and a height of160m, making it the first super high-rise building in Chinese mainland with the speed of "three days and one floor". 1990 Beijing Jingguang Center, designed by Kumagaya Group, a Japanese design firm, has three floors underground and 57 floors above ground. The height of the roof board exceeds 0.000m, which is the first time to exceed 200m. 1996, with the new "Shenzhen speed" of "nine days and four floors", Shenzhen Wang Di Building was built with three floors underground, 8 1 floor above ground, and a roof panel height of over 0.000 and 325m. From 65438 to 0998, Shanghai Jinmao Tower ranked third in the world with a total construction area of 289,500 square meters, 3 floors underground, 88 floors above ground and a height of 420.5 meters. Up to now, the ranking of super high-rise buildings in China is shown in Table 2.

Second, the meaning of high-rise buildings and super high-rise buildings:

The so-called high-rise buildings and super-high-rise buildings have their historical limitations, and their definitions will change with the development of society and the progress of science and technology. Therefore, high-rise building is a relative concept, so far there is no unified classification standard, and the regulations in different countries and different periods are different: in the United States, ordinary houses with a height of 22-25m or more and houses with a height of 10 are defined as high-rise buildings; In Britain, houses over 24.3 meters (about 80 feet) are defined as high-rise buildings; Defining residential buildings over 50 meters and other buildings over 28 meters as high-rise buildings; In Japan, residential buildings with more than 8 floors or 3 1 m are defined as high-rise buildings, and tourism, office buildings with more than 30 floors and residential buildings with more than 20 floors are defined as super high-rise buildings. The former Soviet Union defined the buildings with 1 1 ~ 16 floors as medium and high-rise buildings, and the buildings with 16 floors as high-rise buildings. China's Code for Fire Protection Design of High-rise Civil Buildings (GBJ45-82) stipulates: 10 floor and 10 floor.

Residential buildings and other civil buildings with a building height of more than one floor exceeding 24 meters are high-rise buildings; The Code for Structural Design of Reinforced Concrete High-rise Buildings (JGJ3-9 1) stipulates that buildings with 8 floors or above are high-rise buildings; Code for Design of Residential Buildings (GBJ96-86) stipulates that floors 7-9 of residential buildings are medium-high-rise residential buildings, and floors10-30 are high-rise residential buildings. According to the recommendation of the World High-rise Building Committee under UNESCO, high-rise buildings are generally divided into four categories: one type of high-rise buildings: 9 ~ 16 floors, with a height of no more than 50 meters; Second-class high-rise building: 17 ~ 25 floors, with the height not exceeding 75 meters; Class III high-rise building: 26 ~ 40 floors, with the height not exceeding 100 m; Class IV high-rise buildings: 40 stories or above, with a height exceeding 100m. Therefore, in China, buildings with 8 floors or above are generally defined as high-rise buildings, and the height exceeds 100 meters.

Is house building defined as super high-rise building? .

Third, the superiority analysis of high-rise buildings and super-high-rise buildings:

Half a century ago, high-rise buildings were regarded as a symbol of economic strength. Its rapid development has its historical inevitability and positive significance. First of all, the construction of high-rise buildings is based on high technology and new materials, which promotes the continuous improvement of human science and technology, the continuous enhancement of economic strength, the continuous emergence of new building materials and the continuous progress of related industries. For example, the tallest building in China is the third tallest building in the world; As a national and even international architectural technology exhibition, Shanghai Jinmao Tower not only created another excellent landmark building for Shencheng, but also opened a new page for the architectural history of China. Jinmao Mansion is an intelligent high-grade building integrating office buildings and hotels. The 3rd to 50th floors of the building are spacious office rooms without columns, which can accommodate 10000 people working at the same time; The 53rd to 87th floors are the world's tallest super five-star hotel, Hyatt Regency Jinmao; The 88th floor is by far the highest sightseeing floor in China. There are 59 elevators and 18 escalators in the building, which are controlled by computer monitoring stations and simulation screens. The time from the bottom of the elevator to the 88th floor will not exceed 1 minute, among which two elevators go straight to the 88th floor, with a load of 2.6 tons, and can take 35 people at a time, with a speed as high as 9.1m/s; These elevators are divided into three categories: regional shuttle, medium speed, high speed and layered parking, which can ensure that the waiting time of elevators does not exceed 30 seconds. At the APEC meeting of 200 1, a guest from Japan said, "From here, Shanghai is prosperous." A real estate authority said after learning that Shanghai World Financial Building will be put into substantive construction as soon as possible: This is a sign that with China's accession to the WTO and the implementation of the Tenth Five-Year Plan, Pudong's real estate industry is about to usher in a new round of development and development climax. At the same time, Pudong's financial industry, transportation industry, electronic communication industry, science, technology, culture and education industry will also reach new heights.

Secondly, high-rise buildings and super-high-rise buildings can alleviate the contradiction of land shortage in large and medium-sized cities and maximize economic benefits with limited "golden lots". People in the construction industry believe that in areas where land prices are expensive, building high-rise buildings is conducive to balancing land prices? . Third, high-rise buildings, especially super-high-rise buildings, can create tourist attractions and cultural landscapes. For example, although there are no famous mountains and rivers in Shanghai, landmark buildings such as Jinmao Tower and Oriental Pearl TV Tower, which have been built in recent years, have created spectacular urban scenery and made Chinese and foreign tourists relaxed and happy. Therefore, architectural sightseeing has become a special tourism project in Shanghai. The whole Jinmao Building consists of the main building and the podium. From a distance, the main building looks like a pen, while the podium looks like an open book. At the highest sightseeing floor in Shanghai, 34 1 m above the ground, it looks like three red beads of the Oriental Pearl TV Tower to the west, the Huangpu River is like a white ribbon, and the Bund building is more like a group of finely carved miniature models. According to reports, Jinmao Tower receives more than 6.5438+million people for study and sightseeing every day, and Shanghai also holds large-scale climbing competitions here every year.

Fourth, the negative analysis of high-rise buildings and super-high-rise buildings:

The "9. 1 1" terrorist incident in the United States, high-rise buildings, especially super-high-rise buildings, have aroused people's reflection. Lin Xianguang, an expert in intelligent system engineering design of China Ministry of Construction, pointed out: An accident is a disaster, and no accident is a burden. At the end of August, 2000, Lin Xianguang hosted an international seminar on super-high-rise building management in Shanghai, in which the owners of the top five skyscrapers in the world and related managers attended. At the meeting, building owners are most concerned about the fire protection, emergency and intelligent management of super high-rise buildings. First of all, the most frustrating and helpless thing is the fire. 1974 the fire at joma building in Sao Paulo, Brazil, caused 188 deaths and 245 injuries; 1980, a fire broke out in a 27-story high-rise hotel in the United States, killing 84 people and burning 679 people. On May 5th, 1988, a fire broke out on the 62nd floor and the 5th floor of the First International Bank Building in Los Angeles, USA. In May of the same year, the Empire State Building caught fire twice in a row, the second time from the 86th floor to the 102 floor. 1992 China Shenyang 2 1 Golden Triangle Building caught fire, resulting in direct economic loss of 430,000 yuan; 1996, the Kerry Building in Hong Kong caught fire, and the fire continued to burn for 2 1 hour, causing 39 deaths and 8 1 person injuries. In May, 2000, 12, a 26-story office building in Xizhi Science and Technology Park, Taiwan Province Province caught fire, burning for 43 hours, and the loss exceeded NT$ 10 billion yuan. Undoubtedly, high-rise buildings and super-high-rise buildings have more fire hazards than other civil buildings: electrical failure, mechanical failure, careless smoking, poor fire management, illegal operation during construction, etc. The owner of Jinmao Building said frankly: At present, there are10.4 million valves in Jinmao, and no one knows all of them. At the same time, the vertical stairwell, elevator shaft, clothes drying trough and pipe shaft of super high-rise building in high-rise building form stack effect in case of fire. The speed of flue gas rising along the shaft can sometimes even reach 8 meters per second. The fire will roll up along the outer wall, and the danger of glass curtain wall construction is even greater.

Secondly, it is extremely difficult to put out fires in high-rise buildings and super-high-rise buildings. The fire ladder truck can only reach 53 meters at most. The direct water supply height of hose is only 150m. Super high-rise buildings over 300 meters may accommodate tens of thousands of people. In the event of an accident, it is extremely difficult to evacuate people. Passenger elevators without smoke prevention, fire prevention and waterproof measures must be stopped, and limited stairwells are the only means of evacuation. Once the power is cut off, the fire elevator can't be used, so the firemen can only climb through the stairwell and collide with the frightened crowd. In the fire of the First International Bank Building in Los Angeles on 1988, most people were rescued by helicopters from the top of the building more than 260 meters high.

Third, in addition to security, economic issues are also worthy of attention. According to the owner of Jinmao Building in Pudong, this 420.5-meter-high building ranks first in the country and third in the world. Apart from worrying about fire safety and emergencies, it costs 20,000 yuan per square meter, with a total construction investment of 5 billion yuan, of which 2.4 billion yuan is a loan, which is very heavy. The daily management and maintenance costs are as high as 6,543,800 yuan, far exceeding the construction investment. Two window cleaners keep cleaning all day, and it will take a year to finish cleaning the windows. If the service life of the building is 65 years, the management cost is about 3 times of the construction investment. Therefore, people in the construction industry believe that in the face of huge maintenance and management costs, super-high-rise buildings with a height of more than 300 meters have lost the economic significance of saving land.

Fourthly, the "9. 1 1" terrorist incident shows that the iconic super-high-rise buildings are more likely to become targets of terrorist attacks.

Fifth, high-rise buildings and super-high-rise buildings are more vulnerable to natural disasters: earthquakes, strong winds, lightning and so on.

Sixth, high-rise buildings and super-high-rise buildings lack the modern consciousness of 2 1 century. Wang Mingxian, editor-in-chief of Architect magazine, commented: "A skyscraper that consumes energy like this can completely announce the end of their class. Skyscrapers are the product of industrial society and represent the architectural achievements of the 20th century. The architecture of post-industrial society emphasizes green, energy saving, environmental protection and sustainable development, and the appearance of network has completely changed the world. There is no need to gather people, and it is entirely possible for large companies to work in low-rise buildings in the suburbs and command the world. It can already be seen from the research trend that architecture will soon turn in 2 1 century. " Although this is a family statement, it also implies a certain truth. Finally, high-density high-rise buildings will also bring "heat island effect", sunshine, light pollution and other problems.

Verb (abbreviation of verb) conclusion:

We should rationally analyze and evaluate high-rise buildings and super-high-rise buildings from a historical, dialectical and developmental point of view. When former Shanghai Mayor Xu answered a reporter's question at the APEC press conference on June 4, 2006, 5438+0, 1: "I know that your reporter's hotel is a tall building, and my own home and office are also tall buildings. At present, Shanghai is the safest place in the world, and the tall buildings in Shanghai are of course the safest. " Officials from Shanghai Tourism Bureau pointed out that Shanghai will further explore the market positioning and operation mode of mountaineering sightseeing projects, making it a better characteristic project of Shanghai urban tourism. A real estate authority said: "It is absolutely certain that the new development of Pudong has created conditions for building the tallest building in the world, and the construction of a global financial center will further promote the real estate industry and various construction undertakings in Pudong. Because the construction of this building has always symbolized the confidence of investment and industry. " ?

At the same time, we should also see that, unlike half a century ago, it is no longer a great miracle or challenge to build a higher building with today's science and engineering technology. With the advent of the era of knowledge economy and network economy, high-rise buildings and super-high-rise buildings, as "landmarks" of traditional industrial civilization and capital rights, have become obsolete in their cultural symbolic significance. For a rational builder and investor, today we should not be mainly satisfied with pride, glory, accomplishment, vanity and so-called "architectural complex". As Wang Mingxian, editor-in-chief of Architect magazine, commented: "Although the disaster of WTO was an accident, it was from the perspective of economy, environmental protection and ideology; Behind it is a totalitarian thought ... "The practical function of architecture should be put in the first place. Advocate innovative design of architectural functions, and abandon blind imitation and pursuit. As a developing country, China should learn more experiences and lessons from the architectural development history of developed countries and other developing countries, and combine them with our national conditions for our use. We should not only overcome blind pursuit, but also overcome total negation and analyze rationally with a realistic attitude.

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