Where is Yancheng, China?

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The ancient Yanfu Plain has experienced several times of seawater immersion and regression. This vast (máo) land was once full of aquatic plants and dense forests, and a large number of wild animals came in and out here. During the period of 1980, a batch of terrestrial mammal fossils were excavated near Xituan Town, Dafeng County, including three incisors and molars of deer, one for occipital bone and one for skull, one for boar head and one for canine teeth.

According to archaeological findings, from Dingmagang, Yancheng to the east, along Dagang, Longgang, Xinxing and Shanggang, there are a lot of limestone on the middle earth and the surface, which is gray-black, transparent and hard, commonly known as "ground bone". This is a long area, an ancient coastline. A new one was found in Dongyuan Village, Shizhuang Township, Funing County.

The change of ancient Huaiyi land The ancestors in Yanfu area were one of the ancient Huaiyi tribes. As early as the Xia Dynasty, Huaiyi was already a big part of the East. Ancient books recorded that the ruler of Xia Dynasty had made an expedition to Huaidian. In the Shang Dynasty, the barbarians between the Jianghuai region became powerful and even threatened the rear of the Shang Dynasty. Shang Wang launched many large-scale wars to conquer Dongyi (including Zhunyi). At the beginning of the Zhou Dynasty, Wu Geng, the son of Shang Zhouwang, colluded with a few nobles of the Zhou Dynasty.

The eastward expedition of Xia, Shang and Zhou objectively made the advanced culture of the Central Plains gradually develop to the eastern coast, and accelerated the national integration of the Yi and Huaxia nationalities.

During the Spring and Autumn Period, Wu developed its own power in the Jianghuai area. In ancient times, most of Huaiyi became the territory of Wu. After Wu was destroyed by the State of Yue, it became the frontier base for the King of Yue to compete for the Central Plains. After the State of Chu destroyed Yue, Jiangdong County was established here, and Huaiyi became the territory of the State of Chu.

During the period of 1957, a large area of Han Dynasty ruins was discovered in the northeast of Yancheng City, and a large number of relics of the Warring States period were unearthed, such as half-liang coins of the Warring States and Qin Dynasty, pottery beans, clay prints, etc., indicating that this area is one of the activity centers of ancient tribes in Yanfu Plain.

After Qin Shihuang unified China, Huaiyi became a county under the rule of feudal state from the ancient sun to Du Yan county. Sheyang County was founded in the Qin Dynasty and belongs to surabaya county. Gushangyang County was named after Sheyang Lake. The county is located in the west of Yancheng today, which governs the southeast of Huai 'an and the east of Baoying County, including a large coastal area near Yancheng Lake (Gushaiyang Lake) today. In the early years of the Western Han Dynasty, Yang County, Gushi.

In BC 1 19 (the fourth year of the founding of Emperor Wu), in order to meet the needs of economic development in quasi-barbarian areas and strengthen the management of remote areas, the Western Han government began to establish Duyan County, which was subordinate to Linhuai County together with Sheyang County. Du Yan County is named after saltworks and salt rivers. At first, it was "no county governance", which was managed by Cheng of Sheyang County. Soon, that's it

In the Eastern Han Dynasty, Du Yan County was changed to Guangling County. During the Three Kingdoms period, Du Yan County was located at the junction of Wu and Wei, and became a military pass where both sides suffered repeated wars and defeats. Cao Cao was afraid of Sun Quan crossing the river to the north. As a barrier to the northern part of Wu, he ordered 100,000 families between Jianghuai to move northward, and the people of the county also fled to the south. Du Yan and Sheyang counties were scattered by the war.

The first Xiancheng Sun Jian Du Yan was a big county in Han Dynasty, and the first Xiancheng officially recorded in history books was Sun Jian.

Sun Jian, a native of Fuchun, Wu Jun, was born in 172. There is a man named Xuchang in the "Records of Sentences", calling himself "Emperor Yangming" and launching a peasant uprising. Sun Jian was sent to Du Yan County as a county magistrate for his meritorious service in suppressing the uprising.

Sun Jian was deeply loved by the people during his administration in Du Yan County. According to Yancheng County Records, Sun Jian's father, Zhong Sun, used to plow and grow melons here. The remains of ancient wells that were pumped to irrigate Gua Tian are still on the campus of yancheng middle school. One of the ancient "Eight Scenes of Yancheng", "Hanging Well Fairy Road", refers to this ancient well, which is deep and sweet, and the drought will not dry up.

Huatuo's medical practice is full of salt and salt abuse, which promotes the development of traditional folk medicine.

Hua Tuo, a famous folk physician at the end of Han Dynasty, traveled all over Yanfu Plain and was deeply loved by the people. Up to now, there are many stories about Hua Tuo's diagnosis of diseases. According to The Biography of Hua Tuo, one day, in a hotel in Du Yan, Hua Tuo met a man named Yan Xin and said.

At the end of the Han Dynasty in Yancheng, there was a dispute between the North and the South. During the Three Kingdoms period, the population of Jianghuai area was greatly reduced, and Sheyang and Du Yan counties were abandoned. In the early Western Jin Dynasty, Emperor Wudi of Jin Dynasty restored Sheyang and Du Yan counties. When the Eastern Jin Emperor (397-405) was established, Du Yan County was renamed Yancheng County, hence the name Yancheng. In the early Southern and Northern Dynasties, Sheyang County was abandoned.

The Northern Qi regime once set up Sheyang County in Yancheng, and the Chen Dynasty changed Sheyang County to Yancheng County.

Throughout the early Southern and Northern Dynasties, Yancheng area once again became a frontier battlefield, and the continuous war smoke made Yancheng county (county) increasingly sparsely populated, the fields were barren and salt fishing declined.

After the Sui Dynasty unified China, Yancheng County was abolished and replaced. Later, Wei Che, the leader of the peasant uprising, established political power and a country in Yancheng. In the early Tang Dynasty, Yancheng County was restored, belonging to Huainan Road. At the end of the Tang Dynasty, Yang Xingmi, the king of Wu, first lived in Chuzhou. After the Southern Tang Dynasty and Wu Dynasty, Yancheng was changed to Taizhou.

In the late Northern and Southern Dynasties, Yancheng's salt industry economy developed further, and there was a saying that "salt fields surrounded the city". During the Sui, Tang and Five Dynasties, it reached unprecedented prosperity. In the Tang Dynasty, there were 9 large-scale saltworks and 23 salt pavilions in Yancheng, which boiled about 450,000 stones a year. After the completion of Changfeng weir, the production of salt industry developed faster.

In 758, the Salt and Iron Bureau ordered the fifth Qi State to carry out salt law reform and began to accept the sale of salt as the patent of feudal countries. The Tang government set up Yancheng overseers in Yancheng to manage the saltworks.

In the Tang Dynasty, salt production in Jianghuai area occupied a very important position in the financial revenue of feudal countries. Salt fields along the southeast coast, including Yancheng, pay more than one million yuan in salt tax to the state every year, which is equivalent to 100 tribute from more than one state. In the late Tang dynasty, it rose to more than six million yuan. The salt tax alone reached half of the fiscal revenue of the whole feudal country. At that time, the salaries of officials used in the court were all paid from salt tax income.

During the Sui and Tang Dynasties, the traffic space between China and foreign countries was developed, and Yancheng was also one of the important ferries for overseas exchanges.

According to local records, when Emperor Taizong sent troops to North Korea, the famous Xue had stationed troops at Yongning Temple in Yancheng, built warships and trained as a navy master at the seaside. General Weichi Gong also built a Haichun Tower on the bank of Xixi Trench in Dongtai today, so that warships and merchant ships entering and leaving Yancheng Haikou can identify their course.

Many Chinese and foreign envoys, scholars, monks and businessmen often go to sea or land in Yancheng to serve the mainland.

In 684, the Korean monk Feng came to China with the Silla Mission. Suddenly, the boat capsized in the middle. Feng carried a wooden drum that was thrown into the sea and floated to Xixi Sanwei Temple, and carved it on a stone tablet. Sanwei Temple was renamed Shengguoyuan. When Fan Zhongyan was appointed as the salt official of Xixi in Dongtai in the Northern Song Dynasty, he wandered around Sanwei Temple and wrote a poem saying, "A thousand years have passed, and the word Sanwei has changed."

When he was here, Prince Silla and the new king came to see Tang by boat. On the way, he met a "bad wind". After the boat capsized, he drifted to Yancheng with the waves. Local officials received him very politely and sent someone to send him to Chang 'an.

The eighth Japanese "Tang envoy" went south along the coast of Kyushu, Japan, then sailed along the South Island, crossed the East China Sea and landed on the coast of Yancheng, where he was cordially received by local officials, then arrived in Bianzhou by official boat along the canal, and then arrived in Chang 'an by land. Ngapoi Ma Zhong Lu, a famous overseas student who lived in the Tang Dynasty for 54 years, died of old age in China, and accompanied him to China this time.

In 702, Su Tian, the Japanese envoy to Tang Dynasty, traveled across the ocean to visit China. He went to Yancheng and asked the local people, "I am the Japanese ambassador. What is this place?" The local people replied, "This is Yancheng County, Chuzhou." He also received a warm reception. In 788, the court sent Han Yuan, the judge of Yangzhou, to Japan with Xiao Ye, the Japanese envoy.

The "Hundred Dramas" of literature and art are very famous in Jianghuai. Due to the developed economy, Yancheng has frequent cultural exchanges with the Central Plains and overseas. During the Sui, Tang and Five Dynasties, Yancheng also made many achievements in culture, especially the folk acrobatics-"Hundred Dramas", with superb skills, which enjoyed a good reputation in the Jianghuai area.

In the Tang Dynasty, the folk artists of the 18th Regiment in Yancheng performed acrobatic programs loved by ordinary people in Jianghuai area. The content includes "juggling altar", "bow bowl", "walking rope", "drilling circle" and "horse racing", which is affectionately called "hundred plays" by the people. The 18th Regiment later became one of the earliest cradles of acrobatics in China, and was known as the "hometown of acrobatics".

In the Tang Dynasty, Yancheng town was prosperous, economically developed and culturally prosperous, and it was called "drama city" in Yancheng local records.

[problem study]

How did Yancheng salt industry develop in Sui and Tang Dynasties, and what was its position in the economic development of Sui and Tang Dynasties?

What did Yancheng's foreign exchanges show in Sui and Tang Dynasties?

Lesson 5 and 6: Yancheng, an important frontier town in Song and Yuan Dynasties.

Fan Zhongyan built the "Gongfan Dike" in the early years of the Northern Song Dynasty. He rebuilt the "Changfeng Weir" and renamed it "Shouhai Weir". However, due to the weak construction of the dike body, it was too old to withstand tidal erosion and collapsed in many places.

1023, Fan Zhongyan became the salt official of Xixi, Taizhou. Seeing the tide flowing backwards, he actively proposed to rebuild the defensive weir, and was appointed as Xinghua county magistrate by Song Renzong, responsible for the dike construction project. Fan Zhongyan collected more than 40,000 migrant workers from the four states of Tong, Tai, Chu and Hai and began to build dikes. In the process of dike construction, migrant workers did not fear difficulties and overcame heavy snow, strong wind and anger. He also donated his official salary to subsidize dike construction. After four years, he finally built a large seawall with a length of 18 1. In memory of this parent, people named this seawall "Fan Gong Dike". Later, it was built in Yancheng, Xixi and Funing.

Gong Fan levee is one of the great projects in the history of ancient seawalls in China. It has been playing the role of blocking tides and promoting the economic development of the whole Jiangbei area.

During the Southern Song Dynasty, when Han Shizhong fought against the gold in Yancheng, the imperial court adopted the strategy of "guarding the Huaihe River is better than guarding the Huaihe River" and deployed troops in the north and south of the Huaihe River. Yancheng became an important town in Huainan and was listed as one of the important towns in eastern Huainan. At that time, the Southern Song Dynasty star Han Shizhong was in charge of defending the Huaihe River. In Muyang, Han Shizhong was defeated by superior forces and led the remnants to retreat to Yancheng. He set up a handsome account in Yongning Temple in Yancheng. They also sent troops to the north to build a moat to defend the Jin army. 30+0 165438, 8 jin j went south on a large scale, and Song Gaozong fled to eastern Zhejiang. Han Shizhong ordered Yancheng to deploy troops in the south of the Yangtze River, and when 8 Jin Army was swept to the north, it defeated the Jin Wushu Army in Jingkou.

In the same year, another golden army surrounded Chuzhou. Yue Fei stationed in Taizhou at that time ordered the rescue. He led YueGuJun north along the Gong Fan levee by land and water to meet nomads from. But before Yue Fei arrived in Yancheng, Chuzhou fell and had to go back to Taizhou to apologize.

Lu Xiufu, whose real name was born in Jianli, 1288, Yancheng County Decree. At the age of three, he moved to Zhenjiang with his father. When he was a child, Lu Xiufu was flexible, smart, studious and tireless. His first teacher praised him: "This extraordinary son is also!" When he was a teenager, he was sent to Helin Temple in the southern suburbs of Zhenjiang. He lives frugally and studies diligently. The poem "Helin Temple" written at that time reflected his life during this period: "Time is endless, and he has been in a coma for many times. There are many old trees in front of the window, and the bed is half broken. He let the calf drink the stream and help the monk plow the land. The temple has long been swept away, and the farmers have been humiliated. "

1256, Lu Xiufu entered the imperial examination in Beijing, and took the scholar exam with Wen Tianxiang. He was first in charge of confidential documents in Li Tingzhi, a famous soldier guarding Zhenjiang and Yangzhou, and was recommended by Li Tingzhi to serve in the Southern Song Dynasty court.

1276, the Yuan army went south and Lin 'an fell. Lu Xiufu followed two small lords, Zhao Shi and Zhao Bing, and Wen Tianxiang and Zhang Shijie successively established two small lords as emperors, continuing to resist the Yuan Dynasty. 1278, Lu Xiufu was appointed as prime minister of Zuo, and together with Zhang Shijie, he established a young emperor Zhao Bing in the cliff mountain, which is located in the Caspian Sea, 80 miles south of Xinhui, Guangdong. The situation is very dangerous. They concentrated the remaining more than 200,000 troops and militiamen on 1000 ships, with the big ship in the middle and the small boats around, tied up with ropes and connected with each other, determined to fight to the death. 1279 At the beginning of the year, the ship array was breached by Yuan General Zhang Hongfan. Seeing that the tide was gone, Zhang Shijie slashed the rope and led 18 warships to break through, ready to continue the war of resistance, only to be hit by a hurricane at sea. He drove his wife and children into the sea, then knelt down in tears and asked the young emperor, "Your Majesty should die for his country at this point in national affairs." He carried the young emperor with a gold seal around his waist and died peacefully at the age of 42. "When Wen Tianxiang, who was imprisoned by the Yuan Army in the metropolis at that time, heard the news, he was deeply saddened and awed, and wrote a poem praising Lu Xiufu, saying," Wen Caishan's hook is very graceful.

At the end of the Yuan Dynasty, the Red Scarf Army peasant uprising storm swept across the country, and a large-scale armed uprising led by Zhang Shicheng broke out in Yancheng.

Zhang Shicheng, whose name is Jiu Si, has more than ten people in Taizhou White Horse Farm. He lived as a valet and smuggled salt, and was often oppressed by the government and rich households. In 2035, Zhang Shicheng and his three younger brothers, together with Li Bosheng, Pan Yuanming, Lv Zhen and so on 18 strong men, attacked Gong Bing (equivalent to the salt police) and wealthy businessmen with knives and poles, and launched an uprising in 36 coastal areas of Taizhou.

The rebels quickly occupied Baijuchang, Dingxichang, Lianke Taizhou and Xinghua, and took Gaoyou directly. The following year, they claimed to be "kings" in Gaoyou and established the "Da Zhou" regime with the title "God Bless". The rebels smashed the encirclement and suppression of the Yuan army many times in Gaoyou, cut off the traffic of the Beijing-Hangzhou Grand Canal and became the confidant of the Yuan Dynasty.

1356, Zhang Shicheng marched straight into the south of the Yangtze River and then developed to the northwest, ruling a vast and rich land from Shaoxing, Zhejiang in the south, Jining, Shandong in the north, Anhui in the west and the sea in the east, with hundreds of thousands of soldiers. 1363, Zhang Shicheng established himself as the king of Wu at Pingjiang. In the early days of his rule, he was able to recruit talents, recruit exiles and develop production.

Later, Zhang Shicheng was defeated by Zhu Yuanzhang again and again. 1367, Pingjiang county was attacked by Zhu Yuanzhang, and Zhang Shicheng was captured and died in Nanjing.

There is a dead branch peony garden in the south of Yancheng, which is the treasure of peony. Flowers are condensed like rouge, beautiful, moist and fragrant; The green leaves that set off the flowers are thick and luxuriant, but the branches are as haggard as weather-beaten dead trees.

According to local records, Bian Shizhen, a salt transporter from Huai River and Huai River who lived in Biancang at the end of Yuan Dynasty, was over half a year old and gave birth to a boy named Yuan Heng. When Bian grew up, he was good at writing poems, and his strength was endless. He killed a tiger by the sea with his bare hands. Was appointed general by Zhang Shicheng. After Zhang Shicheng's failure, Yuan Heng went home to live in seclusion and carefully cultivated the dead peony in the courtyard. Zhu Yuanzhang, the Ming emperor, repeatedly recruited him, but he was unwilling. It hasn't blossomed for nine years. 1403, Bian was pardoned by the imperial court and returned to China. After some management, the peony in the garden reappeared in the late spring of the following year. Deeply moved, Bian wrote an inscription saying: "Peony is planted by himself, and the spring breeze cannot bloom for ten degrees. How much prosperity has been scattered, and one is waiting for the owner. "

From then on, flowers bloom and fall, and the dead peony is famous in Jianghuai.

Yancheng County was established in Ming Dynasty, belonging to Huai 'an Prefecture. In the early Qing Dynasty, it was a part of jiangnan province. In the sixth year of Qing Emperor Kangxi (1667), it belonged to Jiangsu Province. In the tenth year of Yongzheng in Qing Dynasty (1732), part of Yancheng and Huai 'an were set up in Funing County, and in the thirty-third year of Qianlong (1768), Dongtai County was set up.

In the early years of the Ming Dynasty, due to the long-term war, the population in Jianghuai area dropped sharply and the fields were barren. In order to restore economic development as soon as possible, Zhu Yuanzhang, the founding emperor of the Ming Dynasty, decided to emigrate to wasteland, and Huai 'an Prefecture was listed as one of the key areas for wasteland.

In the early years of Hongwu, more than 4,000 people lost their land in Suzhou, Songjiang, Jiaxing, Hucheng and Hangzhou, and settled in Yancheng and Huai 'an. After that, there were several large-scale immigrants. On one occasion, 1.4 million refugees moved to Jiangnan and settled in Fengyang, Anhui, Zhu Yuanzhang's hometown. They moved to Suzhou again, and more than 10 thousand residents of Songjiang Second House settled in Yancheng. These large-scale resettlement measures are called "Hong Wu Chong Jun" by the people.

Immigrants have accelerated the population diffusion and social and economic recovery and development in Yancheng area. After more than 20 years, the number of residents in Yancheng County increased to 89 12, 6 1, 8 10. Large areas of barren plains and beaches have been reclaimed, and food production has been increasing.

For thousands of years, it has sweated through Chuanchang River, and the salt flow of glistening conveyed by Chuanchang River is the same as that of Chuanchang River.

The Shipyard River excavated in the Song Dynasty was originally a north-south traffic river between coastal saltworks, each of which became a section, but not all of them were connected. In Qing Dynasty, the shipyard river was dredged from the warehouse to Yancheng, which was called Minami Senba River. It was dredged from Yancheng to Funing, and it is called Beichuanchang River. After several dredging operations, Zhongshitian and Beiwutian are connected together, collectively known as Chuanchang River.

The salt people on both sides of the affected rivers have long been exploited by the government and salt merchants. During the Ming and Qing Dynasties, not only salt officials collected taxes, but also salt merchants monopolized the market and made huge profits from it. Under the heavy exploitation, the salt people lived a hard life. Men, women and children live in coastal saline land, braving strong winds all year round, entering and leaving the dust and grass ash, dressed in rags and blackened. In order to prevent mosquitoes from biting insects, we drink soup made of Artemisia selengensis leaves and eat cakes made of Artemisia selengensis seeds. A poem by the poet Wu Jiaji said: "The salt is fried in the hut, the brine is boiling, and the smoke is boundless. The people of Sri Lanka are still human, why not cook in a crock! "

Another poem says, "A bald man lives in a hut. In June, he will fry salt and make a fire.". When he walks out of the house in the hot sun, he will enjoy a moment of coolness. "

Huai Opera, formerly known as Jianghuai Opera, originated in rural areas of Huaiyin City and Yancheng City. During the Ming and Qing Dynasties, there were floods and droughts in this area for years, and the working people had to flee the countryside and beg along the street. In order to gain social sympathy, they told their sufferings by rap. Over time, a folk tune of seven words and ten words has gradually formed.

/kloc-At the end of 0/5th century, a folk artist named "Boy" sang some simple operas with myths or folk stories in folk tunes, accompanied by gongs and drums, which was called "Xiangxi". By the middle of19th century, it had developed into a "door-panel drama" with a preliminary dramatic form. The singing of the door panel play is very solemn and stirring, mainly "yangko tune". Props are bolts as a sword, Yang Liuzhi as a whip, and corn as a beard. Poor artists support a boat to go to the countryside to go to the market, and their lives are hanging by a thread, so they are called "playing flowers".

In addition to the original incense opera, the door panel opera has continuously absorbed nutrients such as singing, accompaniment, costumes and repertoires from other operas such as Anhui Opera and Beijing Opera, and developed into "Jiangbei Opera". From then on, "Huai Opera" began to grow on the land of Jianghuai.

Bai Juyi, a famous cultural town, has a close relationship with Bai Juyi in Ming and Qing Dynasties. They created many literary masterpieces, thus making Bai Juyi a famous cultural town.

According to some scholars' research, Shi Naian, a novelist in the late Yuan Dynasty and early Ming Dynasty, lived in seclusion in Baijuchang with his wife, children and student Luo Guanzhong on 1367. At that time, there was a reed swamp covering an area of more than ten acres in the west of his residence, which was rich in fish and shrimp. Every autumn and winter, pheasants fly around in droves. There is a mound in the swamp. Shi Naian compared it to "Liangshan, Shui Bo", and he often shared a boat with Luo Guanzhong.

Under the careful guidance of Shi Naian, Luo Guanzhong wrote the long historical novel Romance of the Three Kingdoms, based on the History of the Three Kingdoms, accompanied by drama comments and anecdotes. Shi Naian was arrested for violating Zhu Yuanzhang in the water margin and died later. After burying the body near Bai Juyi, Luo Guanzhong continued to write The Romance of the Three Kingdoms while sorting out the manuscript of Water Margin.