Introduce in detail the buildings in Roman history? Why were they built?

The Roman Colosseum: the birthplace of "Sand Field"

The Roman Colosseum ruins are a famous building in the ancient Roman period. They were built in the 1st century AD and were made of stones and Made of concrete. The theater is oval in shape and very large in scale, with a long axis of 189 meters and a short axis of 156 meters. The outer wall is more than 48 meters high and is divided into four floors. There are stairs and slope walkways around the theater, with an arena in the middle. The arena is also oval, with a long axis of 87.5 meters and a short axis of 55 meters. The venue has 60 rows of seats and can accommodate more than 50,000 spectators. This building uses concrete barrel arch and cross arch structure. There are 80 entrances and exits in the venue (one for each arch), allowing spectators to exit the venue quickly.

The Colosseum was a place for gladiator fights, human-animal fights, and displays of exotic beasts. This building is mainly used to watch the gladiatorial fights between slaves or slaves and beasts. At most, three thousand pairs of slaves could fight.

The slaves died tragically in the arena. In order to avoid the dirt of blood, a layer of sand was laid on the ground of the performance area. The blood of slaves seeped into the sand, so it was also called the "battlefield". Later, the word was further extended, and people also called the battlefield "the battlefield". "Yes.

After the fall of Western Rome, part of this theater collapsed due to several lightning strikes and earthquakes. From the photos taken now, you can imagine the lively scene here back then.

The Roman Pantheon

It is a temple dedicated to the gods in the center of ancient Rome. It was built between 120 and 124 AD. The biggest feature of the Pantheon in Rome is its circular dome, which is the largest dome in the ancient world. The diameter of the dome is 43.3 meters. There is a round hole with a diameter of 8.92 meters in the center. This is the only lighting hole except the main door. People stand in the Under the dome of the temple, the sun shines down from the hole, making people look up unconsciously, feeling that it is the only passage to heaven. The light from the dome shines in the hall, which is so solemn and solemn. People are intimidating. The foundation, walls and dome of the Pantheon are all made of concrete made from volcanic ash and are very strong. The base of the Pantheon is 7.3 meters wide at the base, the walls and dome are up to 6 meters thick at the base, and the top of the dome is 1.5 meters thick. In order to reduce the weight of the dome, the architect cleverly made 28 recessed cells on the inner surface of the dome, divided into 5 rows. At the same time, 7 alcoves were opened as sacrificial niches on the premise that there were doors on the wall. These niches The original place may have been statues of gods, but now it is the tomb of some celebrities, such as the tomb of Victor Emmanuelle II, the first king after the unification of Italy, and the tomb of Raphael, the Italian Renaissance painter. The sag height at the top of the dome is the same as the diameter, which is also 43.3 meters, making the internal space very complete and compact. In this way, the cross-section of the Pantheon can accommodate a full circle, and the two-layer division of its internal walls is close to the golden section. Therefore, it is often used as an ancient example of achieving compositional harmony through geometric forms. There is a rectangular colonnade on the front of the Pantheon, about 34 meters wide and 15.5 meters deep. There are 16 Corinthian columns, 8 in the front row, 4 in the middle and back rows. These columns are all made of granite. The height of the column is 12.5 meters, and the diameter of the base of the column is 1.43 meters. The capital and base of the column are made of white marble. The dome and colonnade were originally covered with gilded copper tiles. In 663 AD, the emperor of the Eastern Roman Empire ordered them to be removed and transported to Byzantium. After 735, the Romans covered it with lead tiles. In the first half of the 17th century, the copper ceiling of the colonnade was also removed.

Triumphal Arches:

Many triumphal arches were built during the reign of Emperor Augustus. Among the many triumphal arches, the semicircular arch built between 10 and 25 AD is one of the most exquisite and fascinating buildings. This Roman-era triumphal arch is decorated with bas-reliefs, recording the peace and prosperity under the Roman Empire. In 1544, Orange, then a principality, became the territory of William I (the Silent) of the German family of Nassau. From then on, William and his descendants took the name of the fief and were called the Orange family. Duke William I was the founding father of the Netherlands, and the Dutch royal family still has his bloodline. His great-grandson crossed the sea and became the King of England, called William III. It was not until 1713 that Orange was placed under France. This history related to two European royal families often makes Orange people proud.

The circular Arc de Triomphe is a celebration of the founding of the Orange colony. At the same time, it also symbolizes the countless land and sea battles that have been fought here. The decoration of the Arc de Triomphe and its military trophy souvenirs have been preserved intact, thus providing detailed records of several of the battles. Among the Roman buildings in the world, the Ancient Theater of Orange is also a unique ancient Roman building because of its complete preservation and grandeur.

Merit column:

The content describes the Roman Emperor Trajan’s campaign against Dacia (the ancient Carpathian Mountains and Transylvania region) in 101 AD. Now northern, central and western Romania) people launched a war of aggression. The first time the Roman army invaded Dacia in several groups, and the second time in 105 AD, 12 legions attacked Dacia, and Dacia was conquered. This relief relief depicts the experience of Trajan personally leading his army to conquer the Dacians. There are 23 circles of reliefs surrounding the column, which are 244 meters long, 1.22 meters wide at the top and 0.9 meters wide at the bottom. The bottom layer has a bust symbolizing the Danube River, jumping up from the waves and watching the Roman army set off, with transport ships floating around it; the second layer shows the military commander assigning tasks to the soldiers and building fortifications with stones; the third layer The first layer shows soldiers reinforcing fortifications, transporting supplies, and patrolling on horseback; the fourth layer depicts Trajan standing on a high platform commanding the army to advance, which is also the center of the relief. Trajan personally led the army to boost morale. He held a spear in his hand and his eyes were bright. The soldiers stopped to listen and had high fighting spirit. The reliefs carefully depict the characters' clothing, weapons and psychological state. There are a total of 2,500 figures in the total relief sculptures, which are characterized by a realistic style. All figures are of the same size and look very spectacular and magnificent, with great historical authenticity.

Ji Gongzhu lays out a grand picture showing the whole process of the battle in the form of bas-relief. The relief uses a forward scatter perspective method to gradually depict a series of processes such as marching, encampment, attack, capture, and sacrifice. The beginning, development, climax, and end of the entire war are all available. Here, not only different times are depicted, but also different spaces are depicted.