Cao Cao’s “circle of friends” among poets during the Jian’an period?

Introduction:

In the late Eastern Han Dynasty, a large number of writers, such as Cao Cao, Cao Pi, Cao Zhi, Cai Wenji, Handan Chun, etc., used their own pen to express their thoughts and feelings at Tongque Terrace. The ambition to achieve success set off the first climax of literary creation in the history of Chinese poetry. Since it was the Jian'an era of Emperor Xian of the Han Dynasty, it was later called Jian'an literature.

Jian'an is the reign name of Emperor Xian of the Han Dynasty. The Jian'an literature generally referred to in literary history refers to the literature from the few years before Jian'an to the last year of Wei Ming Emperor (239). It is actually the power of the Cao family Literature under the rule, and its creation was mainly during the Jian'an period. The representative writers are mainly Cao's father and son (Cao Cao, Cao Pi, Cao Zhi), the seven sons of Jian'an (Kong Rong, Chen Lin, Wang Can, Xu Qian, Ruan Yu, Ying Jun, Liu Zhen), and Cai Yan. Cao Cao's poets and friends during the Jian'an period

1

At the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty, in the first year of Jian'an, Cao Cao welcomed the Han Emperor and established his capital in Xuchang. In the name of the prime minister, he commanded the world and pacified the princes. At the same time, he established martial arts externally and literature internally, and developed the famous Jian'an literature in history. Almost all the famous literati at that time were in his "circle of friends".

First of all, he took the lead in composing poetry himself, using ancient Yuefu inscriptions to express his emotions. He left more than 20 poems in his lifetime, including four-character, five-character and miscellaneous poems. The most classic one is, of course, the "Dan Ge Xing" sung by Hengshang during the Southern Expedition:

How can one's life be like drinking and singing? It's like the morning dew, but it will be more bitter in the days to come. Generosity should be shown as generosity, and worries will be unforgettable. How to relieve worries? Only Du Kang. Qingqing Zijin, my heart is leisurely. But for your sake, I still ponder it. Yo yo deer roar, eat wild apples. I have guests who play the harp and sheng. It's as bright as the moon, when can I shake it off? The sorrow comes from it and cannot be cut off. The more unfamiliar you are, the more you cross the border, the more useless you are. We chatted and had a banquet, thinking about old kindness. The moon and stars are sparse, and the magpie flies south, circling the tree three times. What branch can I rely on? The mountains never get too high, and the sea never gets too deep. The Duke of Zhou vomits food, and the world returns to its heart.

Of course, he also trained his two sons, Cao Pi and Cao Zhi, to become first-class poets.

2

Cao Pi was the second son of Cao Cao. In the 16th year of Jian'an, he was appointed as the General and Deputy Prime Minister. In the 25th year of Jian'an, he succeeded him as the Prime Minister of Wei. In the winter of this year, he proclaimed himself emperor. He reigned for seven years and was given the posthumous title of Emperor Wen of Wei. Cao Pi lived the life of a noble son, crown prince and emperor in a stable environment, but he got along well with the people of Ye and shared his love for literature. He left 40 poems. What he is best at is the poems that describe the separation and longing for the husband, the wife, and the wife. He is also good at romance and the description is delicate. The most famous one is this song "Yan Ge Xing":

The autumn wind is bleak, the weather is cool, and the grass and trees are shaking and the dew turns to frost. The flock of swallows bid farewell and return to the south to fly. I miss you so much when you travel as a guest. I miss my hometown so much that I send it to another place. The humble concubine stays alone in the empty room. She worries about you and misses you. She doesn't dare to forget you, and her clothes are stained with tears. The sound of the piano's strings brings forth the Qing Dynasty, but the short songs and slight chants cannot be long. The bright moon shines brightly on my bed, and the stars are drifting west into the night. The morning glory and the weaver girl look at each other from a distance, how can you live alone in the river beam?

Unexpectedly, Cao Pi, who forced Cao Zhi to write poems in seven steps, was also a good poet himself and a master of romantic poetry.

Three

Of course, the most outstanding poet at that time was Cao Zhi and Cao Zijian, who was not very successful politically but was extremely talented. Cao Zhi left more than 80 poems and wrote more than 40 poems and prose. My favorites are "Famous Capital Chapter" and "White Horse Chapter". It embodies the heroic atmosphere and spirit of that era, and is worthy of being a representative figure of Jian'an character.

There are many witches in the world, but there are young men in Beijing and Luo. The sword is worth a thousand gold, and the clothes are beautiful and fresh. On the east suburban road of Fighting Cock, you can walk between horses and catalpa trees. Halfway through the gallop, two rabbits passed me. With the bow in hand and the sound of dysprosium, he drove up the Nanshan Mountain. The left pull is due to the right hair, and the two birds are connected in one vertical position. Before Yu Qiao could show it, he raised his hand to catch the flying kite. Viewers praise it for its good deeds, and all the works are attributed to me. After returning, there will be a banquet and a fight of ten thousand fine wines. The carp is scorching its fetus, and the cannon and turtle are scorching the bear's legs. The couple was singing and screaming, and they were sitting in rows, and the feast was going on for a long time. Continuously hitting the soil is extremely skillful and agile. The day is running southwest, and the scenery is unattainable.

The clouds dispersed and returned to the city, and they returned in the morning.

The white horse is decorated with golden restraints and gallops northwestward. May I ask who's son is You Bingyou Xia'er? When I was young, I went to the countryside and raised my voice in the desert. In the past, there was a good bow, but the arrows were uneven. The one who controls the string and breaks the left side will destroy the moon branch with his right hair. He raises his hand to catch the flying scorpion and bends down to scatter the horse's hooves. He is as cunning as a monkey and as brave as a leopard. There are many policemen in the border towns, and many captives and cavalry are migrating. Yu Xi came from the north and rode up the high embankment. He drove the Xiongnu for a long time, and looked at Xianbei from the left. Abandoning one's body at the edge of a sharp edge, how can one's life be safe? If one doesn't care about one's parents, how can one talk about one's son and wife? A list of strong men must be compiled, and no selfish interests are allowed. Sacrificing his life to go to the national calamity, seeing death as a sudden return home!

Four

Cao Cao spent a lot of money to redeem Cai Yan and Cai Wenji, the only great poet in the Jian'an period, from the Hu people. She returned home and allowed him to marry and live a stable life, and encouraged her to organize her father Cai Yong's manuscripts and engage in literary creation. Her masterpiece should be "Poem of Sorrow and Indignation":

When the Han Dynasty lost power, Dong Zhuo was in chaos. If you are determined to usurp and kill, you will first harm all the virtuous people. Forced to move to the old country, support the master to strengthen themselves. There are righteous teachers in the country who want to fight for bad luck. Zhuo Zhong came to the east, and his golden armor shone in the sun. The people of Pingtu are weak, and all the incoming troops are barbarians and Qiang. Hunting wild and besieging the city, everything in the direction was destroyed. Cut off without any remains, but the corpses support each other. A man's head hangs beside the horse, and a woman is carried behind the horse. Driving westward to enter the Pass, the road is dangerous and blocked. Also looking at Miao Mingming, the liver and spleen are rotten. All the people with tens of thousands of plans are not allowed to gather in villages. Or they may be of flesh and blood, but they dare not speak if they want to. After being frustrated for a few moments, he often said bad things and surrendered to the captives. If you want to use the pavilion blade, I will not kill you. How dare you spare your life? You can't bear the abuse. Or add a stick and poisonous pain ginseng together. In the morning, he walks and weeps, and at night, he sits in mourning. If you want to die, you can't get it, if you want to live, there is nothing you can do. How could anyone in the world deserve this misfortune? The wilderness and the Chinese are different, and the people have few moral principles. There is a lot of frost and snow in the place, and the wind blows in spring and summer. The gentle breeze blows on my clothes, and the solemnity enters my ears. I miss my parents deeply and lament endlessly. When guests come from outside, they are always happy to hear them. When I asked him about the news, he always returned to his hometown. When I meet you, I hope that my flesh and blood will come to welcome you. If you have found your own salvation, you should abandon your son again. Heaven embellishes people's hearts, and there is no time to think of others. Life and death are forever separated, and I can't bear to say goodbye. The child hugged my neck and asked my mother what she wanted. People say that my mother will leave, but she will never come back. My mother has always been compassionate, why should I be even less compassionate now? I'm not an adult yet, so I don't care. Seeing this, Wu Nai fell into a trance and became mad. When weeping and caressing with hands, we will reply to questions. We have contemporaries, and we say goodbye to each other. I am alone in admiration, and my screams are torn apart. The horse is hesitant to stand, and the chariot is unable to turn. The spectators all hissed, and those who walked on the road also sobbed. Go and cut off love, and travel to conquer the sun. Three thousand miles away, when will we meet again? Thinking about me out of the belly, thinking about me in the chest is destruction. Now that his family is gone, he no longer has anything inside or outside. The city is surrounded by mountains and forests, and the courtyards are covered with thorns and mugwort. I don’t know who the bones are, so I don’t cover them vertically and horizontally. There is no sound when I go out, but the jackals howl and bark. The pair of thorns face the solitary scenery, and they are stunned by the liver and lungs. Climb high and look far away, your soul suddenly flies away. If you are dying and your life span is over, others will be merciful. In order to regain the strength of sight and breath, there is no need to live in vain. Entrust the newcomers with their orders and work hard to encourage them. Being homeless becomes a despicable person, and one is often afraid of being abandoned again. How long does it take to live, worry all the year round.

Five

Cao Cao also brought under his wing the literati who were wandering around at that time. Even Chen Lin, who wrote a famous essay against Cao Cao, was treated with leniency and entrusted with important tasks. These literati were called the "Seven Sons of Jian'an" by future generations. Of course, only the disobedient Kong Rong was killed.

The earliest mention of the Seven Sons of Jian'an was Cao Pi's "Classic Treatise".

When he mentioned that literati often look down on each other, he said: Today’s literati are only Kong Rong and Kong Wenju from Lu, Chen Lin and Chen Kongzhang from Guangling, Wang Can and Wang Zhongxuan from Shanyang, and Xu Qian and Xu Weichang from Beihai. , Ruan Yu and Ruan Wenyu from Chenliu, Ying Yang and Ying Delian from Runan, Liu Zhen and Liu Gongqian from Dongping, and other seven people. These "Seven Sons" did not miss anything in their knowledge, and did not borrow anything from others in their writing. In the literary world, they were all galloping thousands of miles apart, keeping pace with each other. It was really difficult for them to admire each other. ?

He also further commented on the pros and cons of everyone: "I examine myself to measure others, so I can write this paper without being burdened by the scorn of scholars." Wang Can is good at poetry and poetry, and Xu Qian's articles often have the soothing style of Qi people, but they are still comparable to Wang Can.

For example, Wang Can's "Chu Zheng Fu", "Denglou Fu", "Huai Fu", "Zheng Si Fu", Xu Qian's "Xuan Yuan Fu", "Luo Xie Fu", "Yuan Fan Fu", "Orange Fu" 》, even Zhang Heng and Cai Yong cannot surpass him. However, other articles cannot match this. Chen Lin and Ruan Yu's chapters, tables, books and notes are outstanding today. Ying Jue's writings are gentle but not majestic enough; Liu Zhen's writings are majestic but not detailed enough. Kong Rong's charm was elegant and transcendent, and he was extraordinary. However, he was not good at making arguments. His words were more elegant than reasoning, and even mixed with jokes and teasing remarks. As for what he is good at, it is the first-rate poetry of Yang Xiong and Ban Gu. The average person values ??the ancients and despises the present. They value reputation rather than reality. They also fail to see their own shortcomings and always think they are virtuous. ?

Six

Kong Rong was a famous Confucian in the late Eastern Han Dynasty. He succeeded Cai Yong as the master of essays and was also good at poetry. Kong Rong was a native of Lu and the 20th grandson of Confucius. Kong Rong admired Confucianism in his heart and emphasized loyalty and filial piety. However, he was born in an era of chaos and chaos and Confucianism was blasphemed. He was quite disappointed in his heart, so his speeches were hesitant and often disobedient. He is the ninth minister, but he does not respect court etiquette, has bald hair and walks slowly, and is arrogant in the palace. ? He once wrote "On the Advantages and Disadvantages of Saints", saying that saints are like horses to horses, but they are capable people among men. He wrote "The Book of Prohibition on Alcohol Made by Nancao Gongbiao", which was written with strong arguments and high spirits: "Wine has been regarded as a virtue for a long time. Yao did not have a thousand bells to build peace; Confucius did not have a hundred goblets to become a saint." Fan Kuai can solve the problem of Hongmen, and there is no way to stimulate his energy without drinking wine from pig shoulders. Emperor Gaozu had to be drunk and kill the white snake, and he would not be able to free its spirit. Emperor Jing couldn't start ZTE unless he was drunk and lucky for Tang Ji. Yuan An couldn't escape his life without the power of wine. If you don't drink a handful of dendrobium, you won't be able to decide the country. From this point of view, how can wine be lost to the ruler!? Cao Cao defeated Yuan Shao, Cao Pi secretly married Yuan Xi's wife Zhen, and Kong Rong wrote to Cao Cao, saying that King Wu defeated Zhou and gave Daji to Duke Zhou. ?Cao Cao believed that Kong Rong’s erudition must be recorded in the biography. Later I met Kong Rong and asked him what classics he had read. He replied: "It's only natural to judge it today." ?

Although Cao Cao was tolerant on the surface, he was very uncomfortable inside. Xi Lu, the imperial censor, understood what Cao Cao meant and found a reason to dismiss him. More than a year later, he became a Taizhong doctor again. During this period, although he lost his position at home, he was always crowded with guests every day. He cherished talents and drank endlessly. He often sighed and said: "The seats are always full of guests and the wine in the bottle is never empty. I have no worries." ?Many of Kong Rong’s discussions are far-fetched and not practical. Fan Ye commented on him in "Book of the Later Han Dynasty": He failed in his high spirit and was determined to appease the difficulties, but his talents and ideas were sparse, and he has not succeeded so far. ?Kong Rong was eventually killed by Cao Cao for violating famous religions.

Seven

Wang Can’s great-grandfather and grandfather both held high positions in the Han Dynasty. Emperor Xian of the Han Dynasty moved westward, and Wang Can followed him to Chang'an. Zuo Zhonglang was surprised when he saw Cai Yong. At that time, Cai Yong was a man of high caliber and high rank. His family often filled the lanes with cars and horses, and was crowded with guests. When I heard that Wang Can had arrived at the door of his house, he didn't even bother to put on his shoes inside out and went to the door to greet him. After Wang Can entered the door, everyone found that Wang Can was young and not tall. Everyone was surprised. Cai Yong said: "This is the prince's grandson. He has special talents. He is not as good as me." I will give him all our books and articles. ? Later Wang Can went to Jingzhou to rely on Liu Biao, but was not reused. After Liu Biao's death, Wang Can persuaded Liu Cong to join Cao Cao. Cao Cao was promoted to Prime Minister and given the title of Marquis of Guannei. After the founding of the Wei State, he became a minister and did a lot of restoration work despite the abolition of state regulations. When he was young, Wang Can walked with others and read the inscriptions on the roadside. People asked: Can you recite it? Wang Can replied that he could, and he recited it on the spot, and it was accurate to every word. Watching someone go chess, the chess game was messed up, and Wang Can reviewed the game. The chess player didn't believe it, so he covered the chess game with something and asked him to repeat the game on the nearby chessboard without missing a move. He forced himself to remember all these things silently. He is also good at arithmetic and studies the principles very clearly. Of course, he is also good at writing poems and essays, and he can write a complete poem without any changes. He wrote more than 60 poems, poems, essays and discussions throughout his life. In the 21st year of Jian'an, he accompanied the army to conquer the state of Wu and died of illness on the road. He was 41 years old. Wang Can's most famous works are "Ode to the Climbing Tower" and "Seven Sorrow Poems", which express the depressing mood of being born in troubled times and having unappreciated talents; they also describe the suffering of the people in the turmoil.

Among them, the sentence "Nothing is seen when you go out, the plain is full of broken bones" in "Seven Sorrowful Poems" has become an eternal masterpiece to describe the war. His "Ode to Climbing the Tower" says:

? Climbing up to the tower to look around, chatting in the spare time to relieve worries. Looking at Siyu's location, it appears that he is open and has few enemies. It holds the Qingzhang River to the Tongpu River, and leans on the Changzhou Island of the Quju River. The tomb spreads across the vast land, and the fertile currents of Gao and Xi are adjacent. It is bounded by Taomu in the north and Zhaoqiu in the west. The fields are covered with abundant flowers, and the fields are filled with millet and millet. Although I believe in beauty rather than my land, how can I stay for a short time? I have been moved away by the chaos, and it has lasted for more than 10 years. I am in love with you and I am home with you. Who can let me worry about you? I can look at it from a distance by looking at it from a distance, and open my lapel to the north wind. The plains are far away and as far as the eye can see, hiding the high peaks of Jingshan Mountain. The road is winding and repaired, and the river is both rippling and deep. I feel sad about the blockage in my old hometown, and my tears are falling down uncontrollably. Xi Ni's father was in Chenxi, and there was a sigh of return. The bells and instruments are quiet and Chu plays, the Zhuang Xi is obvious and chants more and more. Human feelings are the same as cherishing the soil, how can we be poor and have different intentions! But the sun and the moon are far behind, and the river is clear before it reaches its limit. The King's Road of Hebei is flat, but it is a high road to gain strength. Those who are afraid of hanging melons will hang on them, and those who are afraid of wells will not eat them. It is late to move and lean on it, and it will suddenly disappear during the day. The wind is bleak and cheerful, and the sky is miserable and colorless. The beasts are looking wildly at the flock, the birds are chirping and raising their wings, the wilderness is deserted, and the conquest has not stopped. The heart is desolate and melancholy, and the mind is resentful and miserable. Going down the stairs, I feel angry and angry in my chest. The night was half sleepy, and I was wandering on my side in despair. ?

In "Ode to the Climbing Tower", Wang Can combines scenery and lyricism to express his feelings about missing his country and not being reused. He makes impassioned speeches and hopes to end the war and contribute to the great cause of unification. But I don’t know when the country will be stable. Among the seven sons of Jian'an, Wang Can had the greatest creative achievement. Liu Xie made a comprehensive evaluation of him in "The Literary Mind and the Carving of Dragons": "Zhongxuan excelled in talent, was agile and able to write secrets, was prolific in writing and good in speech, and had few flaws in his words." Excerpts from his poems Fu, then the crown of the seven sons!?

Eight

Chen Lin began to be the chief clerk of the Han general He Jin. He Jin wanted to kill the eunuchs, but the Queen Mother He did not agree. So He Jin summoned the fierce generals who guarded the four borders and led his troops to the capital in an attempt to coerce the Queen Mother. Chen Linjin remonstrated and said: When the soldiers gather together, the strong one becomes the hero. What he does is to fight against others and give others a handle. The success will not be achieved, and it will only lead to chaos. ?He Jin did not listen to his advice and was eventually killed, causing great chaos in the late Han Dynasty. Chen Lin took refuge in Jizhou, and Yuan Shao appointed him to the post of Yongdian Wen and wrote the famous crusade against Cao Cao. The Yuan family was defeated and Chen Lin returned to Cao Cao's camp. Cao Cao asked him: "When you started writing a confession for Yuan Benchu, you should only write about my crimes. The evil should stop at yourself. Why should you go as far as my grandfather?" Chen Lin apologized face to face. Cao Cao loved his talent and did not pursue. Chen Lin's poem "Drinking Horses in the Great Wall Grottoes" uses the form of husband and wife dialogue throughout to reveal the suffering experienced by ordinary people who were forced to participate in the construction of the Great Wall. The language is bright and vivid, with the color of Yuefu poetry: "Drinking a horse from the Great Wall Cave, the cold water hurts the horse's bones." When you call the officials of the Great Wall, be careful not to keep Taiyuan soldiers behind! Official work has its own course, and construction is in harmony with your voice! A man would rather die in a fight, so how can he be reluctant to build the Great Wall. The Great Wall stretches for three thousand miles. There are many healthy cities in the border towns, but there are many widows in the inner houses. If you write a book and a house, then marry and don't keep her. Be kind to your new daughter-in-law, and think of my old master all the time! Why do you say anything contemptible now when the newspaper is sent to the border? When you are in disaster, why do you want to keep his family's children? Be careful not to give birth to a boy, and use breasts to feed a girl. I don't see you alone. Under the Great Wall, there are dead people's bones supporting each other. The relationship between you and your husband is close to your heart. Knowing that the borderland is miserable, how can a humble concubine be able to survive for a long time?

Nine

Ruan Yu studied under Cai Yong since childhood. Cao Cao also appointed Chen Lin and Ruan Yu as the commanders of the army, and managed various documents and military and political announcements, most of which were written by Chen Lin and Ruan Yu. Ruan Yu's "Driving Out of Beiguo Gate" describes the stepmother's abuse of orphans, which is sad and touching.

Both Ying Jun and Liu Zhen were hired by Cao Cao as subordinates of the prime minister. Ying Jue's poems mostly describe the feeling of wandering. His "Collected Poems of the Master of the Five Senses, General Jianzhangtai" is full of twists and turns, vivid and touching: "How sad is the sound of the geese calling in the clouds?" When I asked him where he was traveling, Ji Yi was wandering around. He said that I would close the door and live in Hengyang. Traveling to the north in spring, I will visit Nanhuai this winter. Traveling far away is covered with frost and snow, and the feathers are decayed by the sun. I often fear that my muscles and bones will be injured, and my body will fall into yellow mud. How can a simple bead fall into sand and stone and harmonize with itself? Because of the clouds and rain, I will build the high ladder of Yuling Mausoleum. A good encounter is not worth it, and there is no way to raise one's eyebrows.

The young master respects his guests and enjoys drinking without getting tired. Since the harmonious appearance is smooth, it is willing to pay attention to the details. It is not suitable for a boy to give poems to express his comfort. For the sake of extreme joy, there will be no return if you are not drunk. Everyone respects your position with the help of hunger and thirst. ?

Liu Zhen's poetry style is vigorous and vigorous, and the poem he gave to his younger brother is very famous: "There are pines on Tingting Mountain, and there is a stroke in Sese Valley." How loud is the sound of the wind, how strong are the branches of the pine trees. The frost is miserable, but the whole year is always upright. Wouldn't it be cold? Pines and cypresses have their own nature. ?

Xu Qian served as the commander of the army, the counselor of the winery, and his subordinates. His five senses were literary. There is a book called "The Deeds of the Sages" which says: "Qian Qing Xuan Ti Tao, cultivate the six elements, be intelligent and knowledgeable, conduct military work to perfection, be light on official posts and neglect salaries, and do not waste worldly glory." ?Xu Qian is famous for his love poems. His "Thoughts on the Chamber" is very famous, "Missing you is like running water, how can there be no time?" The sadness is lingering, and the love is deep: "When the miserable season is over, the orchid leaves wither again." I let out a long sigh, and you comforted me. I can't sleep tossing and turning, what a long night. Tiptoeing out of the house, I looked up at the Sanxing Company. I hate myself for failing to achieve my goals, and my tears are like a fountain. ? Shen Yin is knotted with sorrow, for whom does sorrow arise? My thoughts and your thoughts are different from each other, each in the sky. The good relationship has not expired, and the heart is broken and hurt. Don't worry about food, I'm always hungry and empty. Sit upright and do nothing, as if you are a king. ?At the top of Mount Emei, there is a long road thousands of miles away. The day has passed since you passed away, and depression makes people grow old. Life in this world is like late spring grass. The time will never come back, so why worry about oneself? Every time I recite the great kindness of the past, how can I protect my humble body? ?The floating clouds are so vast, I hope you can communicate with me. Drifting, unable to send anything, moving to rely on only lovesickness. Everyone reunites after leaving, but you alone have no time to return. Since the king came out, the bright mirror and darkness cannot be cured. Missing you is like running water, there is no end to it. ?

Ten

Cao Pi's "Book with Wu Zhi" also summarized the Seven Sons of Jian'an: "Looking at the ancient and modern literati, they can rarely stand on their own merits based on their reputation and integrity. However, Wei Chang (Xu Qian) only cherished literature and quality, was indifferent and had few desires, and had the ambition of Jishan. He could be called a gentle gentleman. He wrote more than 20 essays, which became the words of the whole family. His words and meanings are elegant and can be passed down to future generations. This son is immortal. De Lian (Ying Jing) often had the intention of describing his writings. He was talented and learned enough to write a book. His beautiful ambitions failed, so it is a pity for him! I have read the works of various scholars and shed tears for them. Since I feel sad for those who have passed away, I should reflect on them. also. Kong Zhang (Chen Lin)'s Zhang Biao is extremely healthy, slightly prosperous. Gong Gan (Liu Zhen) has an air of elegance, but he is not elegant; his five-character poems are as good as those of his time. Secretary Yuan Yu (Ruan Yu) is graceful and very happy. Zhongxuan (Wang Can) was good at poetry on his own, but unfortunately he was too weak to write essays. As for what he was good at, it was unmatched by the ancients. ? Influence:

1. The founder of the new situation of Jian'an literature was the outstanding statesman, military strategist and poet Cao Cao. Representative works of his poetry creation include "A Walk with Dew", "A Walk in the Hao Li" and "A Walk in the Bitter Cold", which describe the wars in the late Han Dynasty and the suffering of the people; "White bones are exposed in the wild, and there is no rooster crow for thousands of miles" is a famous line in "A Walk in the Hao Li". The "Mountains never get too high, the sea never gets too deep" in "Dan Ge Xing", which expresses the ambition to unify the world and is full of positive and enterprising spirit, "The Duke of Zhou vomits food, and the world returns to its heart" shows his broad mind; "Viewing the Sea" "The sun and the moon" If you go out of it, the stars will be brilliant, if you go out of it? It describes the majesty of the deep sea. The phrase "Young and youthful, my heart is leisurely" in "Dan Ge Xing" expresses the author's desire for talented people. The phrase "The old man is full of ambitions, and the martyr is still ambitious in his old age" in "The Turtle is Longevity" expresses Cao Cao's aggressiveness. Spirit.

2. Cao Cao was the pioneer of a new situation in literature and the first to use old Yuefu inscriptions to write about current affairs. In addition to five-character poems, his works also include many excellent four-character poems. He studied Han Yuefu, but he also had his own style.

3. The earliest extant complete seven-character poem by a literati is Cao Pi's "Yan Ge Xing"; his "Dian Lun? Essay" is the earliest extant literary monograph. He advocated literature and contributed to the prosperity of Jian'an literature. played a driving role.

4. Cao Zhi’s life and creation can be divided into two periods, with Cao Pi proclaiming himself emperor in 220 AD as the dividing line.

5. The representative works of Cao Zhi’s poetry include the description of the knight-errant youth. "The White Horse Pian", which depicts the young man's superb martial arts and patriotism, in which "The names of the heroes are compiled and no selfish interests are allowed", which concentratedly expresses the patriotic spirit of the young man; "Gift to Xu Qian" encourages his friends to make great achievements; and he expresses his frustration on the wife he misses. and the depressing "Seven Sorrows"; "The Journey of the Yellow Bird in Noda" which describes the story of a young man cutting off a snare and saving an oriole; "Taishan Liangfu Yin" which describes the poor life of people at the seaside; it is based on the distress of a beautiful woman who remains unmarried in her prime. "Beauty Chapter", which expresses emotion about not being able to appreciate talent, etc. Zhong Rong said that his poems are of extremely high character and eloquent.

6. Important writers during the Jian'an period include Sancao, Qizi and the poetess Cai Yan. "Three Cao" refers to Cao Cao, Cao Pi, and Cao Zhi; the name "Seven Sons" is found in Cao Pi's "Dianlun Essay", referring to Kong Rong, Chen Lin, Wang Can, Xu Qian, Ruan Yu, Ying Jun, and Liu Zhen. The most accomplished person is Wang Can.

7. Among the poetry creations of Qizi, one of the representative works that reflect social unrest and people's suffering is Wang Can's "Seven Sorrow Poems", in which "Nothing is seen when leaving the house, and the plains are covered with white bones" expresses the chaos of war. Bring untold suffering to the people. Chen Lin's "Drinking Horses in the Great Wall Grottoes", Ruan Yu's "Driving out of Beiguo Gate", etc.; representative works that express personal ambitions and experiences are Liu Zhen's three poems "Gift to the Brother" and so on.

8. The existing works titled Cai Yan include the five-character "Poetry of Sorrow and Indignation", the Sao style "Poem of Sorrow and Indignation" and "Eighteen Beats of Hujia". The most credible one is Cai Yan's five-character "Poetry of Sorrow and Indignation".