What are the national cultures of Tujia nationality?

First, the legend of Tujia nationality

The origin of Tujia nationality

Legend has it that a long time ago, a river rose and all the people in the world were drowned, leaving a pair of brothers and sisters on the Antarctic mountain. Knowing that the mortal world was devastated, the Taoist priest of Nantian Wuji walked out of the infinite palace and looked at the mortal world. Only the earth is barren, thinking: if there are no ordinary people on earth, wouldn't it be like missing a plate? Then the world is not the world. Looking closely again, I suddenly saw a man and a woman picking wild fruits on the earth and suddenly became happy: "OK, there is a way!" "

It was the brother and sister. On the day of the flood, the brother and sister hid in a big bamboo tube. Although not drowned, but the flood receded and there was a drought, and the days were even more sad. Then, he shouted to the sky, "God!" "

Give us water! Save all living beings! "This shout, indeed as expected a clear spring from the sky. Brother and sister had a full drink. At this time, a breeze blew, a colorful cloud floated, and I saw an old man with a good face standing on it. Knowing that they were immortals from the upper world, the brothers and sisters fell to the ground. The Taoist priest said, "Your sin has not been atoned for, so your life has been saved. Now the people are living in poverty. In order to continue the fireworks, you two have turned your compatriots into husband and wife. It is a perfect match! Hearing this, the brothers and sisters waved their hands again and again and said, "No! Don't! We are brother and sister. How can brothers and sisters get married in the world? " The old man said, "Although you two are compatriots, Yin and Yang are different. At present, human beings on the earth have become extinct. How can fireworks continue without marriage? "Brothers and sisters are still not obedient. The Taoist priest was angry: "If you don't be husband and wife, I will cut off Tianshui and die of thirst!" " "With a wave of his hand, the fountain was cut off. My sister was worried to death when she saw that the spring was cut off. She thought for a while and said to the Taoist priest, "If my brother and I get married, you must promise me one condition: there are two grinders here, one standing on the top of Dongshan Mountain and the other on the top of Nanshan Mountain. We will push the grinder into the canyon at the same time. If the two grinders become one, I will agree, otherwise, we are still brother and sister. " Hearing this, the Taoist priest readily agreed. So one brother and sister stood in Dongshan and the other in Nanshan. The Taoist priest shouted, "Count it!" The younger brother rolled, and the younger sister deliberately stopped for a while before rolling, but as soon as the two grinders rolled to the foot of the mountain, they still had no intention of being together. The old man smiled and said, "This is God's will, not human power!" So he waved his hand and the spring came out. But my sister still refused: "Not this time, we have to burn a fire on both sides of the hill. If two cigarettes are tied together, we will get married. " The Taoist laughed and said, "It's up to you!" The two brothers and sisters caught fire, and two strands of smoke floated around and soon mixed into one. The old man looked at A-mei and said with a smile, "Is there nothing to talk about now?" Brother and sister have no choice but to live together.

Ten months later. My sister gave birth to a son, and my brother thought it was ugly, so he threw the baby to death, chopped it into paste with a knife and threw it on the river, bushes, grass and stones. Unexpectedly, the infinite Taoist priest saw clearly in the upper bound, rode off the cloud, blew a mouthful of fairy dust everywhere on the baby's flesh and blood, and immediately became a group of lively boys and girls. After the old man left, he named his elder brother Dongshan and his sister Notre Dame Nanshan to discipline these children. Dongshan old man and Notre Dame de Nanshan find it inconvenient to call so many children, so they have to give their surnames separately. They changed from poplar to stone, from reed to reed, and then to Lu ... so there are hundreds of surnames. Later, the two brothers and sisters died of old age, and their children were buried in Dongshan and Nanshan respectively. In the future, Tujia people will toast rice, burn incense and paper at Notre Dame de Dongshan and Nanshan on the first day of the first month to pray for the safety of the elderly. Tu Laoshi's mantra reads like this: "Old man Dongshan, Virgin Nanshan, please! Please ask across the mountain and answer across the mountain; Please leave the water, and you should leave the water, too. I want to ask two saints to show their gods. ...

Second, Tujia folk songs, songs and dances

Tujia nationality is a nation that can sing and dance well. Its folk art is rich and colorful, and its songs and dances have their own national styles and characteristics.

Tujia nationality is a nation that can sing and dance well. Its folk art is rich and colorful, and its songs and dances have their own national styles and characteristics.

Tujia folk songs:

Folk songs are the main part of Tujia oral literature. "Tujia people love to sing and sing a lot." From the source, Tujia folk songs come from myna. In the Tang Dynasty, Liu Yuxi wrote Zhuzhi Ci according to myna, which was circulated among Tujia folk songs for generations. "Willow" sung by Tujia people up to now is a kind of "Zhi Zhu Ci". In the long-term cultural exchange between Tujia and Han, Tujia folk songs are greatly influenced by Han poetry. Because Tujia people can speak Chinese, or both Chinese and Tujia dialect, most Tujia folk songs are sung in Chinese and Tujia dialect.

Tujia area is like a sea of poetry, and Tujia people can't sing without poetry. Most of the songs are improvised, some accompanied by musical instruments, and some are still singing and dancing. Not only the lyrics are beautiful, but also the tunes are euphemistic. According to the genre of songs, there are labor songs, folk songs and divine comedy. * Cao Gong's drum song is a combative labor song, vigorous and vigorous, with clear rhythm and inspirational voice. Like other ethnic minorities in south-central and southwest China, Panqu is very popular among Tujia people. The two sang and answered, while asking: "What is bent into the sky? What are the bends in Jiangwan? What do you sell in front of the curved street? In front of what curved sister? " The other party replied: "The crescent moon bends to the sky, and the ship bends the river. Combs are sold on the street, and my sister bends her eyebrows in front. " There are also dishes of heaven and earth, flowers and plants, birds and animals, and cooked dishes. In order to express their love, men and women answer each other in four sentences and one song, which is very vivid and interesting. Tujia people like singing. Such as tugboat horn, wooden horn, rock horn, etc. Sing the "bugle" first, and then sing the "song", leading the crowd back and forth, emphasizing high-pitched, vigorous and powerful.

Folk songs:

Tujia folk songs are the earliest folk songs, usually seven words and one sentence, four sentences and five sentences. There are many themes, mainly lyric songs, narrative songs, divine comedy and so on. The following is a love song:

Little girl, when I call you,

I called you ten times,

You didn't answer me a word,

When did I offend you?

You tell me sentence by sentence.

Woman: My brother, you called me,

How does mom talk in the house?

When my mother is not at home,

I came to see you behind my back.

Gong and drum songs:

Also known as digging songs, mountain gongs and drums, chorus gongs and drums and so on. , is a kind of labor song, which mostly shows the labor scene of Tujia people. For example:

Fasten your belt hard,

Digging up has the shape of a bucket.

Digging the edge, brother, full of energy,

Step by step.

Boge:

It originated from a ritual song and dance held by Tujia people to worship the local king. The lyrics are mainly myths and legends and past production and life scenes. Such as "Song of the Origin of Man":

Torrential rain,

It rained for seven days and nights,

The water in the well,

Yongni, without Sony,

Go to the melon window.

Water-washed rock slag,

Blocked the melon window tightly.

Rising water broke the sky,

The sky is falling,

The earth rose to the sky,

The sky turned over and the ground was covered.

Long narrative poem:

For example, The Golden Rooster has seven chapters and 724 lines:

Prostitution-

The housekeeper only asked how many sheep there were.

The toast only asks how strong the sheep are.

Who is it? Guan Chun brothers are hungry, cold and bitter.

Only long-term workers seek warmth and coldness!

Redemption-

A piece of paper is a life,

Today is a free man.

The long-term worker lit a fire,

Sell one's life and the contract will be reduced to ashes.

Reunion-

Rain and the sun are false feelings,

The matchmaker said a few words. Really?

Affectionate, intentional, intimate,

No need for matchmaker guidance!

Reunion-

Life is not lost, death is not lost,

Like a pomegranate-wrapped vine.

Vines twine around pomegranate trees,

Don't lose two dead vines

Sad song:

Singers gather around the sacrificial tent, and one person beats drums to sing, and sometimes everyone takes turns to help sing. Except for the part with fixed lyrics, most of them are arranged and sung along with it. Generally, there are 70 words, two or four sentences per sentence. For example:

Filial piety plays drums tonight.

All three relatives and six qi came to the DPRK (worship).

Children and grandchildren full of house criticized Ma Dai (unfilial),

Filial piety men and women cry (sigh).

Weeping wedding songs:

A song that a Tujia girl cried and sang before getting married and getting into a sedan chair. There are ancestors crying, women crying, women crying, sisters crying, brothers crying, sisters crying, combing their hair, wearing naked clothes, eating with their parents, crying for hundreds of guests, crying for getting on the sedan chair, and so on.

It's interesting to scold the matchmaker;

Back when the matchmaker was a dog, the other one ate this and left.

The bride's family praises her son-in-law and her husband's family praises her dowry.

Sparrows in the tree can coax them, and monkeys on the stone can coax them away.

Peas are tilted, and matchmakers eat rotten corners of their mouths.

The iron tree is eight inches long, and the matchmaker eats the rotten large intestine.

Crying for my father is also quite distinctive:

There are many stars in the sky, and many months are unknown. My father has worked hard for me.

Dad's kindness is endless, which is hard to say.

One is afraid that we are hungry, and the other is afraid that we are sick;

I'm afraid I'm uglier than people, and I've taken great pains to wear star Dai Yue.

Fourth, afraid that we have no culture, send them to school.

It's very kind of Fermi to spend money to bring up his daughter.

One foot and five inches with a female plate, just to take it from the mouth;

Hard times need time, and hunger and cold need courage!

The daughter was mistaken for the life of rape, and her parents were painstakingly devoted to her;

When I left my parents today, I was very sad and tearful!

Being a woman is not filial to her parents, and it is difficult to adopt her parents for a lifetime;

The lights in the water are unknown, and it is a waste of time to come to earth!

Sister cried:

Sister: There are twelve branches on Thoreau's tree, and we have the same root and branch;

Now that the sisters are going to be separated, it's too lonely to leave Xiulou!

Sister: There are twelve branches on Thoreau's tree. We are the same father and mother.

Sisters are leaving now, it's inseparable!

Elder sister: It's hard for elder sister to get over thoreau tree's visit to Taiwan.

Leave it at your sister-in-law's house and come back on holidays!

Sister: I hope you can rest assured that thoreau tree will come to Taiwan Province.

Take good care of your sister and remember my teachings!

Tujia dance:

The traditional dances of Tujia nationality include inspiration, swing dance, eight treasures bell, Meishan dance, vault, flag dance, eight skirts dance and drama.

Gong, drum, song and dance in Tujia funeral ceremony. After an old man dies normally, he must jump into mourning. The older the deceased is, the more people will go to the funeral. Not only will relatives hang him, but the villagers in the neighborhood will also participate. It's called "when people die, many families lose their lives, and more than a dozen sides help." Most funerals are held the night before burial. In front of the dead body, the singers beat drums and sang songs, and the second, fourth and eighth singers in the team answered accordingly, danced with the drum festival and performed according to the qupai. When there are hundreds of people, they should sing and dance on the front dam of the coffin to celebrate their mourning.

Hand-waving dance is a traditional dance loved by Tujia people. Tujia language is called "Sheba" and Chinese is called "playing". When dancing swing dance, one person beats drums and gongs in the circle, and male and female dancers dance around the circle under the guidance of good dancers, and change their dancing posture with the advance and retreat of drums. Change a program every week or several weeks, and connect many actions in series to form a complete paragraph. Swing dance is rich in content, mainly including "horse dance" to show ancient wars, "banquet dance" to show court sacrifices to local emperors, "hunting dance" to show hunting life, "production dance" to show working life, and "mosquito beating" and "buffalo beating" to show daily life.

Babel chime dance is a ritual dance of Tujia nationality. When the Tujia people "untied money" for their ancestors, they asked Teacher Tu to preside over the sacrificial ceremony. Teacher Tu wore eight dresses, a red silk handkerchief tied to her head, a knife pinned to her waist, and two sweet bells in her hand, singing and dancing. Praise ancestors' entrepreneurship and migration, pray for ancestors' peace and the luck of future generations.

Playing coloratura, also known as flower drum, is a common folk dance of Tujia nationality. When dancing, most people use clowns. Once they appear, they are all holding a small fan (or handkerchief), and the action is relatively simple. With big and small footwork, your hands swing from side to side, and your body naturally swings to both sides with your feet and hands. Men's movements are big and rough, while women's movements are small and soft, singing and dancing, relaxed and happy, which is deeply loved by Tujia youth.

Third, Tujia wedding and funeral etiquette

Marriage Tujia people have the custom of marrying their cousins. Generally, it is the daughter of an aunt's family who marries the son of an uncle's family, which is called "bone species" and "the way to see with one's own eyes", which is regarded as in-laws plus in-laws. Tujia wedding, to send three favors. Girls should practice "crying wedding songs" before getting married. If you want to cry to your relatives and friends, you have to stop eating for 1~2 days in advance, which is the so-called "no tea, no rice". The girl gave birth to a child after marriage, and the man went to the girl's house to report the good news. The son-in-law carried a pot of wine to the woman's house and put it on the incense burner in the hall, with the spout facing outwards, indicating the birth of a boy; The spout is inward, indicating a girl. Later, the relatives of the woman's family sent food, chicken, meat and eggs to the man's family to eat "moon rice wine", and the man's family also gave gifts.

Funeral Tujia funeral, the death of the elderly, most of them have to hold a grand funeral. Teacher Tu should be invited to preside over the selection of burial date and cemetery, and there should be one mountain and one mountain. During the funeral service, "paper money" should be thrown on the road, and iron objects are prohibited in the grave. Therefore, a person's relatives should dig a well and wait until the dead are buried. During the burial, please ask Teacher Tu to open the coffin, clear the coffin and "throw rice". When throwing rice, relatives knelt in front of the coffin and picked it up with clothes behind their backs. Some chewed the rice carefully, swallowed it on the spot, and some took it back to cook, indicating that future generations should unite and live in harmony and inherit the old man's legacy.

Fourth, Tujia festivals and customs.

Tujia people have a traditional festival of "catching up with the New Year", and celebrate the New Year on the 28th and 29th of the twelfth lunar month every year. This custom has been preserved in some villages where Tujia people live in compact communities. "April 8th" is a festival for Tujia people to send caterpillars. We should read proverbs from ourselves and pray that the crops will be free from pests and have a good harvest.

BACKGROUND: The family lives in some areas at the border of Hunan, Hubei, Sichuan and Guizhou, which lasts for three years every year and the following year: the 29th (or 28th) of the twelfth lunar month, the "New Year"; June 25th of the lunar calendar passes the "June Year"; The first day of October passes the "October Year".

China New Year (referred to as "Spring Festival" for short) is on December 30th (or 29th) of the lunar calendar. Tujia people are all rushing to celebrate the New Year one day in advance, so they call it "rushing to celebrate the New Year". Why do Tujia people celebrate the New Year? There are four different sayings in the border areas of Hunan, Hubei, Sichuan and Guizhou: one is to resist foreign aggression. It is said that during the Jiajing period, the Japanese invaded China, and Yongshun Chief Peng Yina was ordered to go to war. He led 3000 soldiers to the front line one day ahead of schedule, defeated the Japanese army, and made "the first meritorious service in Southeast China". In order to commemorate the victory of this campaign, but also to express the deep memory of the broad masses of the people for the Japanese soldiers, the Tujia people in Yongshun County decided to celebrate the New Year on the 29th (or 28th) of the twelfth lunar month, a tradition that has lasted for hundreds of years. Another way of saying it is to defeat alien harassment. Due to frequent ethnic wars, Tujia people often can't celebrate the New Year safely. As a result, the leader of this country made a surprise attack with clever tricks. The leader asked the people to celebrate the New Year one day in advance, and then led the soldiers to make a surprise attack. The enemy ate wine and meat during the Chinese New Year and was unprepared. Tujia people beat him out of the water and evacuated hastily. There is also a saying that Tujia ancestors were poor and worked long-term for the rich. They are too poor to be reunited with their families in the New Year, so they have to celebrate the New Year one day earlier. It is also said that taxi families in Xiyang and Xiushan in Sichuan celebrate the New Year on March 3 and April 17 of the lunar calendar respectively, because Tujia people were ordered to go out to war during the Wanli period of the Ming Dynasty, and the date of returning to the DPRK was different, so the time of the New Year was different.

From the above four different stories (legends), we can find one thing in common, that is, Tujia nationality has always been brave and fearless, glaring at the enemy, being resourceful and winning by surprise, whether it is foreign aggression, foreign harassment or exploitation and plunder by landlords. This is a heroic nation, a generous nation. On the night of "Catch the New Year", a raging fire broke out in the village, and the flag of the New Year was flying high. Men and women danced around the fire, sang New Year's songs and danced at the "Mau Temple". This kind of "catching up with the Chinese New Year" is refreshing, wild and exciting, and has a special mood.

The formation and development of Tujia nationality's generous and happy national temperament is inseparable from the historical fact that they have suffered hardships and been oppressed in the historical process and were forced to move several times, but they can take it calmly. Therefore, just like their ancestors Chu (or Ba, "Naman"), they developed a strong national spirit of missing their ancestors, cherishing the past, Qi Xin and being martial, which was vividly reflected in the customs and legends of the last family "June Year" and "October Year".

According to folklore, the ancient Tujia people originally lived in Jiangxi province, but they could not bear the plunder and oppression of the government and the rich, and avoided the disaster of being separated. They agreed to start preparations on the eighth day of the fourth lunar month, then quietly left, crossed Dongting Lake, returned to the river, and arrived at a beautiful place in the mountainous area where Wuhai sent snacks. There are big trees to build diaojiao buildings, and there are clear springs to brew "corn roast" (home-brewed liquor), which is worth celebrating. Therefore, the newly settled Tujia people decided to celebrate the New Year first: slaughter cows, worship gods, "wave hands" and sing songs. This day is June 25th of the lunar calendar, so it is called "June Year".

After several months' efforts, the newly reclaimed land is fertile, the grain is abundant, and the six livestock have gained weight, and the Tujia people have ushered in the first bumper autumn in their new homeland. In this way, they have another "October year" on the first day of October in the lunar calendar (which is also related to the "October year" of their ancestors-Chu people). Every household steamed "corn roast", big fat pigs were killed in the stockade, and people went to each village to pay New Year greetings and wish each other well.

In the rich and beautiful land of western Hunan and Hubei, there has been a hardworking and brave brother nation since ancient times, which is Tujia nationality.

There are about 5.7 million Tujia people (1990), with Yongshun, Longshan, Baojing and Guzhang counties in Xiangxi Tujia and Miao Autonomous Prefecture of Hunan as the main settlements, and the rest are distributed in Laifeng, Lichuan, Hefeng, Xianfeng and Xuanen counties in Enshi, Hubei, and Qianjiang and Pengshui autonomous counties in Shizhu, Sichuan.

Tujia language belongs to Tibeto-Burman language family of Sino-Tibetan language family, which is close to Yi language branch. No mandarin, long-term use of Chinese. Most Tujia people speak Chinese, and some people understand Miao language. Only in some remote areas of Yongshun and Longshan, they only speak Tujia dialect.

Tujia people call themselves "Bizka", which means local people. Call the Han people "Hakkas". Two thousand years ago, they settled in present-day western Hunan and western Hubei. At that time, together with other ethnic minorities, they were called "Wu Lingren" or "Wuxi people". There are different opinions about the origin of Tujia nationality. First, they are descendants of Cubans. One is that some barbarians moved from Guizhou to Xiangxi in ancient times; It is said that at the end of the Tang Dynasty and the beginning of the Five Dynasties (about 19 10), Peng Xian led the descendants of white craftsmen who moved from Jiangxi to Xiangxi. These statements need further study. But one thing is certain. That is to say, after the Five Dynasties, Tujia people in the western region of Hunan, Hubei and Qinghai, a stable nation, began to form a single nation gradually.

In the hilly areas of western Hunan and western Hubei where Tujia people live, the altitude is mostly between 400 meters and 1500 meters. Mountains overlap and hills are densely covered. During the crossing of Wuling Mountain Range, Youshui, Lishui and Qingjiang River crisscross, with mild climate and abundant rainfall, which has good conditions for developing agriculture, forestry, animal husbandry, sideline and fishery. The mountainous area is densely forested, and the terraces are all hills, where rice, corn, potatoes and wheat are planted. Cash crops include sugar beet, ramie, cotton, tung oil tree, camellia oleifera, tea and so on, among which tung oil tree and camellia oleifera are the main diversified projects in Tujia areas, which play an important role in Tujia economic life. Economic forests include pine, Chinese fir, nanmu and cypress. In addition, precious medicinal materials, aquatic products and underground mineral deposits are also rich, and the specialty giant salamander is a precious animal famous at home and abroad.

Tujia folk custom

Mourning dance

Tujia funeral dance, also known as "encircling coffins, beating coffins, mourning and encouraging", is a folk song and dance handed down by Ba people two thousand years ago. The old man died and stopped in front of the hall for a few days. Relatives and neighbors all went to pay their respects. In the evening, "drums and songs" are played all night to increase the warm atmosphere, which is called lifting the silence of the dead and comforting the new family. Tujia people love funeral dances. "Hearing the drums tickles my feet." . The characteristics of funeral dance are basically similar to Tujia waving dance. Hands and feet on the same side, dancing clean and bold. The movements are smooth and soothing, and the dancers play oscilloscope music with strong rhythm. Dancers dance and sing, and their voices are falsetto, which is similar to singing. Suitable for men, women and children to dance together, and the dance vocabulary is healthy. Generally speaking, it mainly focuses on praising the life story of the deceased, singing and nurturing, productive labor and so on. Tujia funeral dance is a comprehensive folk art that combines singing, dancing, blowing and beating. It is essentially a folk ritual activity, which shows Tujia people's worship of their ancestors.

Daughter club

Daughter's party was originally a traditional festival for Tujia (and Miao) youth to love each other. It is held on the third day of May and the twelfth day of July in the lunar calendar. Young men and women dressed up for the party. In the old society, girls were not allowed to go out. Only on this day did they go to a meeting, so they were called "Daughter's Club". A girl who wants to choose a husband wears many layers of clothes, which are long inside and short outside, and good clothes can be seen. When I hurried to the meeting, I brought some local products, mountain products, and pretended to go to the market to sell things. The man looking for someone is carrying an empty basket and pretending to be shopping. When he met the girl, he went to the shop. In a funny "pricing counter-offer", we showed our wisdom and got to know each other. If the price is rising, it means that the girl will not agree. If she doesn't, she should go away, or she will be scolded. On the contrary, it means that the girl acquiesced, and the two sides withdrew from the downtown area and found a secluded place to do their lifelong events.

Half a month.

Tujia people pay more attention to half a month, which is known as "the year is smaller and half a month is bigger". Originally, the fifteenth day of the seventh month of the lunar calendar was a half-moon festival. However, because the whole family had to reunite and take back the married girl after half a month, there was a contradiction in time that "the husband's family could not leave after half a month, and the family had to leave after half a month", so the first to fifteenth day of July was designated as a half-month. During the first half of the lunar calendar, the main activities are ancestor worship, wrapping with paper money, writing the names of deceased parents, burning outdoors, raising the voice of mourning, sending money to show respect, and filling the path with incense and candles, which is called road candles, spending money in the wild and giving it to wandering ghosts.

Catch up with the new year

Southerners usually call the Spring Festival "Chinese New Year", while Tujia people call it "catching up with the New Year". Catching the New Year is the biggest festival of Tujia nationality in a year. The most striking feature of the so-called "catching up with the New Year" is to celebrate the New Year one or two days in advance (that is, on the 28th or 29th of the twelfth lunar month), which Tujia people have their own legend explanation.

According to legend, during the Jiajing period of the Ming Dynasty, Tujia ancestors surrendered the enemy according to the plan of General Hu Zongxian. One year, the Spring Festival is approaching, and the enemy is still not destroyed. Tujia people who are far away from home celebrate the New Year in advance on the 29th of the twelfth lunar month, and they are always spirited. After the rich celebration, the soldiers saved their strength and gained great morale. The next day (New Year's Eve), while the Japanese army was unprepared, they launched an attack and won the war. In order to commemorate their ancestors, Tujia people always celebrate the New Year in advance and call it the Spring Festival, which is the biggest festival every year.

Tujia people want to kill pigs, spring cakes and make snacks during the New Year. Especially this year, Ciba is very distinctive. Ciba is often played on the 27th of the twelfth lunar month, often by several neighbors, full of laughter and harmony. The method is: steam the glutinous rice, beat it with a special trough and hammer, and then press it into a flat shape. After making Ciba, there will always be five in a string, and five big Ciba will be made. They are called "Gu Nong Ba". It turns out that this kind of Baba is used to pay tribute to Tuwu. Later, there was no local king, but it took a long time to become a custom, and it has been with us until now. It is said that a year is unlucky if it is not too big.

June sixth

The sixth day of June in the ancient calendar is a grand festival for Tujia people to commemorate the ancient hero Qin Li. On this day, Tujia shanzhai was beaming, killing pigs and sheep, making rice cakes and tofu, inviting guests from afar to come home, drying clothes, washing their hair in the stream, lighting lanterns and torches at night and dancing in the wave hall.

Legend has it that one year, there was a famine where Tujia people lived, and Tan Li's old mother starved to death alive. One night, she had a dream for Tan Li to plant a southern bamboo in the hall and practice archery for three years and six months. When the chicken flies and the dog jumps home, they shoot the arrow to the north, so that they can shoot the emperor and board the emperor's seat. Li Qin listened to my mother's words, planted bamboos in the back hill, practiced arrows in the hall behind closed doors, told her sister-in-law to wait for three years and six months, and called him when she saw chickens flying and dogs jumping in the room. Three years later, my sister-in-law was impatient to wait. She put the black dog on the house and drove the chickens all over the sky. Then she shouted, it's been three years and six months, and chickens have flown into the house. Hearing her sister-in-law's shouts, Qin Li opened the door in a panic, then drew a full bow and shot three arrows to the north. As soon as the arrow was shot, the bamboo roots in the back mountain were blown away. They didn't ride on horses, and the arrows they shot didn't hit the emperor. When the emperor pulled out the simple pole nailed to the dragon throne, he saw the words "Huguang Tan Li" on it, so he sent a military marshal and 5,000 soldiers to Shanghai to capture Tan Li. Qin Li and his sister-in-law hid in the mountains for three years and six months. Marshal military forces seemed to look for a needle in a haystack, but there was no sign of Qin Li, so he arranged the date of returning to the DPRK. Who knows that Tan Li was taking a bath in the ravine, and the golden dragon on his back was seen by the officers and men, so he was arrested, taken to Beijing and put in prison. Sister-in-law followed him to Beijing to watch Qin Li and told Tan Li, "You just have to say that the golden dragon on his back is painted, Emperor. The next day, the emperor questioned him himself. When the emperor saw the golden dragon on Tan Li's back, he didn't dare to kill him. He asked whether it was generated or painted. Tan Li remembered her sister-in-law's instructions and promised that it was painted. When the emperor heard that it was painted, he smiled and ordered the hatchet man to drag it out and behead it. Sister-in-law rushed to the scene of the killing, hugged Tan Li and wept bitterly, and blood spilled on her clothes and hair. After Qin Li was killed, heaven and earth were inseparable, the sun and the moon were unknown, and chickens and dogs didn't bark. When the emperor knew that he had made a mistake, he didn't wear a dragon robe or ascend to the throne, so he made Qin Li's ghost wear a dragon robe and sit on the throne for a day to be emperor.

Tujia people drying clothes on this day is also called drying dragon robes, which is a legend that Tan Li became emperor for a day. On this day, a woman washes her hair because of the story left by the blood and oil in her sister-in-law's hair. At present, there is a story circulating in Tujia areas that "I have waited for three years, but I can't afford to wait for half a year".

Niuwang Festival

Tujia ancestors engaged in farming earlier, and have developed the tradition of caring for and respecting cattle since ancient times. April 18 every year is designated as the birthday of cattle. On this day, Tujia people will celebrate the birthday of cattle. Even if spring ploughing is very busy, all cows will be given a day off on April 18 to cook porridge for them, and the owner will respectfully read a poem "Zhu Niu Wang Ci". It is said that when he read this, the old cow burst into tears and felt that his master had said something to his heart.

According to legend, the ox king is a member of the gods. One day, he accompanied the Jade Emperor to see the earthly scenery in the worse heaven. When he saw that mortals had no food to eat, and one by one they were sallow and emaciated, he begged the Jade Emperor to give them food seeds to eat. The Jade Emperor agreed to Niu Wang's request, but told him, "Tell mortals to have a meal every three days." Niu Wang came to the world with joy and sent many seeds to the mortals, and taught them how to farm, but in a panic, he misinformed the Jade Emperor that he wanted three meals a day. Ordinary people have food, three meals a day, stomachache and a good life. They are all fat and have nothing to do, knocking on the lid of the tripod and singing, which makes the jade emperor restless. One day, the jade emperor said to the ox king, "mortals have nothing to do when they are full." You should sow some grass seeds in the grain field, and the grain field will be covered with grass and grass. " This time, Niu Wang misunderstood the jade emperor's words and planted three kinds of grass seeds step by step. Later, the grain fields were covered with grass and could not be shoveled. People accused him of killing mortals, which made him impatient. One day, the jade emperor called Niu Wang and said, "It's all your fault. If mortals can't finish kung fu, they can help them pull plows and rakes to make spring, and when they are hungry, they can eat grass on the ground. " On April 18, Niu Wang went down to earth. Since then, the late king has worked honestly for ordinary people, helping them pull plows and rakes, and never stopped breathing after a year of hard work. If you are hungry, eat your stomach. In order to repay Niu Wang, people set April 18 as his birthday. "Cattle stop driving on April 18th", until now, this quaint custom has been firmly maintained.

Five, Tujia costume culture

Comparatively speaking, Tujia costumes are not wearing gold and silver like Miao people, and are closer to life and practical. Since the Republic of China, Tujia men and women have worn headscarves all year round. Men are mainly made of blue, blue, white or striped cloth, which is two or three meters long and turns around their heads. Most women are green silk handkerchiefs or white printed headscarves. Silk handkerchief is as thin as cicada's wings and as long as seven or eight meters. She is a woman's lifelong companion and will be buried with a handkerchief wrapped around her head after her death. The clothes are mainly blue, white and printed cloth. Men wear a pair of corsets, with seven to eleven buttons in two rows, commonly known as centipede buttons, and lace at the cuffs, neckline and ends of trouser legs. Women, on the other hand, have right lapels, big sleeves and short sleeves, lace ornaments and silver and copper ornaments, commonly known as "full lapels", which have the legacy of Manchu dynasty; Unmarried girls wear fancy clothes and pay attention to red and green; Children like to wear bodhisattva hats and tiger hats; Men's shoes are mostly blue cloth, and women's shoes wear embroidered shoes; When a girl gets married, she must wear a "revealing skirt", a bright embroidered skirt and a eight-Luo skirt, which is similar to that of Tu Laosi. According to the textual research of Shen Congwen, a great writer, the eight-Luo skirt is an authentic home decoration. Tujia men and women used to wear leggings without socks. In particular, men wrap their pants in herringbone patterns and wear them with cloth shoes or sandals, which is very smart. Ethnic experts say that this is the combat uniform of Tujia soldiers, with traces of the traditional "integration of soldiers and farmers" toast system. Folk craftsmen have different professional clothes, such as blacksmiths wearing long and wide cowhide Chinese-style chest covers to prevent burns; Orion hanging embroidered bullet belly pocket is a practical need; It is necessary for farmers to wear hemp fiber in rainy days. For those children with poor "fate", they should wear "100 locks" and 100 clothes according to the instructions of Figure 4, that is, they should ask 100 rags from 100 households to make clothes, otherwise it will be difficult to train people and so on. Therefore, outsiders say that Tujia people wear "exquisite" clothes.