How did Song people consume, appreciate and buy Chinese paintings?

The Song Dynasty was the first time that the Chinese painting market flourished in the history of China. Song Dynasty is also a peak period of China painting art, and it is a mature era of landscape painting and flower-and-bird painting. Scholars in Song Dynasty were keen on Chinese painting, and a large number of literati paintings appeared. According to "Hua Bao Shu", among all kinds of historical materials, there were more than 800 famous painters in Song Dynasty. Fan Kuan 1, a famous painter in the Northern Song Dynasty, and Song people's consumption demand and motivation for Chinese painting reflect the lack of some physical or psychological experience of consumers, which is directly manifested as consumers' desire for goods or services. From the epistemological point of view, consumer demand is a desire to think about everything, just want to consume, which has not yet led to action. When it comes to consumption motivation, it is already a desire to think. Hope and motivation begin to talk and push actions to complete consumption. The Song people's consumption demand for traditional Chinese painting is directly manifested in the Song people's desire to obtain the consumption object of traditional Chinese painting. To put it simply, Song people like Chinese painting and want to buy one or several Chinese paintings to hang at home. The consumption demand of Chinese painting in Song Dynasty is diversified. An important change in Chinese painting in Song Dynasty was that landscape painting and flower-and-bird painting occupied a dominant position. Chinese painting, from Han dynasty to Tang dynasty, has always been dominated by figure painting, with mountains and rivers as the background of characters. For example, Gu Kaizhi's "Ode to Luoshen" in the Jin Dynasty depicts the content of Cao Zhi's "Ode to Luoshen" in the Three Kingdoms period. There are innocent mountains and trees in the map of Luoshen, which are completely out of proportion. The mountains are shorter than people, and the trees are taller than people. Mountains and trees are just to set off the story of the characters or to separate the pictures. The prosperity of figure painting in the copy of Luo Shen Tu is closely related to Confucianism. Confucian people-oriented concept, reflected in painting, is to educate people's ethics and emotions through pictures. Confucius, the founder of Confucianism, was very popular in ancient Europe. In ancient Greece and Rome, gods were the main content of painting, in the Middle Ages, religious figure painting was the main content, and in China and Tang Dynasty, Confucian society was the leading factor of figure painting. These two reasons are interrelated. From Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty to the Tang Dynasty, the mainstream of Confucianism was Confucian classics. Confucian classics is a kind of rigid and stubborn knowledge, which is satisfied with every explanation in the classics. In the Tang Dynasty, the Five Classics reached its peak. However, there are contradictions and changes in the study of Confucian classics, including the study of ancient classics in China and the study of modern classics in China. The study of ancient classics in China regards classics as historical classics, while the study of modern classics in China regards classics as quotations from saints, constantly exerting their own creative interpretations. The spirit of "Six Classics" in the study of modern literature was impacted by metaphysics in Wei and Jin Dynasties and Buddhism in Sui and Tang Dynasties. After reflection and response, Confucianism finally formed schools such as Zhu Cheng Neo-Confucianism and Wang Anshi's New Learning in the Song Dynasty. Metaphysics in Wei and Jin Dynasties highly praised Laozi, Zhuangzi and Zhouyi, hoping to return to simplicity. Literati tend to metaphysics and admire Tao Yuanming's seclusion in the mountains. Coupled with the sinister political environment at that time, landscape painting gradually sprouted in the Southern and Northern Dynasties. Tao Yuanming said that China's landscape painting was influenced by Taoism. During the Tang and Song Dynasties, the exchange and collision of Confucianism, Buddhism and Taoism made people's thoughts rich and colorful, formed a variety of spiritual outlook, and showed diversified characteristics in painting. There has even been a trend of thought of integration and integration of the three religions. Fan Kuan's The Journey to the West is the pinnacle of China's landscape painting, and its painter Fan Kuan said in the Northern Song Dynasty: The method of predecessors is not close to taking things, and I have never learned from others, but I have never studied things, and I have never studied things. Fan Kuan's mental journey is the product of the integration of the three religions. His teacher is Confucian, his teacher is Taoist and his teacher is Buddhist. Learn from others and take people as teachers; Further learn from things, take nature as a teacher and learn from nature; Finally, take the lofty heart as a teacher. Song people generally have symbolic consumption demand for Chinese painting. The symbol of consumption, with the help of consumption Chinese painting, expresses and conveys its social significance and information, including its status, identity, personality, taste, interest and identity, mainly to express itself. Symbolic consumption not only consumes the goods of Chinese painting itself, but also enjoys the social and cultural significance symbolized by these goods, including aesthetic feeling, taste, status, atmosphere, style and mood. , mainly to appreciate the artistic beauty and atmosphere of Chinese painting. 1857, German statistician Engel put forward Engel's coefficient, arguing that with the increase of family or individual income, the proportion of income spent on food will gradually decrease. It is generally believed that 40%-50% of Engel coefficient is a well-off family, and 50%-60% is a well-fed family. In the Song Dynasty, there were a large number of well-off families among wealthy citizens' families and families with more than second-class households in rural areas. In the artistic atmosphere of traditional Chinese painting at that time, they had some financial resources to consume artworks besides food expenses. This contributed to the great prosperity of China traditional painting in the Song Dynasty. 2. The price of traditional Chinese painting in Song Dynasty. Chinese painting in Song Dynasty is an artistic commodity, and the most important feature of the commodity is its price. Modern auctions are mostly speculative, and several collectors speculate with each other to raise prices. At present, the highest auction price of Chinese painting is Qi Baishi's Song and Li Tu Si Yan Lian, with a transaction price of 20 1 1 425.5 million yuan. Qi Baishi's Four-Word Couplet of Song and Li Tu and Li Keran's The Edge of Wan Shanhong were sold at the auction of 20 12 for 293.25 million yuan. Li Keran's paintings deliberately imitate The Journey to the West of Fan Kuan in the Northern Song Dynasty. The abrupt peaks in the composition are like waterfalls flowing down. Li Keran's "Wan Shanhong Ban" and the anonymous "Zi Mu Monkey" in the Northern Song Dynasty fetched a high price of 362 million yuan at the auction of 20 1 1. The price of Chinese painting in Song Dynasty was generally higher than that in Tang Dynasty. Zhang Yanyuan's On Name, Price and Quality recorded the painting price in the Tang Dynasty: Dong Boren, Zhan Ziqian, Zheng Fashi, Sun Shangzi, Yan and Wu Daozi painted a painting worth 20,000 yuan, and the second painting sold for 15,000 yuan. The gold here is not one or two ounces of gold, but a copper coin. A painting by a top painter in the Tang Dynasty costs only 20 copper coins. There was always 1000 in the Tang Dynasty, and the purchasing power of a copper coin is equivalent to one yuan now. A painting by a top painter in the Tang Dynasty is equivalent to 20,000 RMB. Today is only equivalent to the price of a second-rate painter's work. The price of traditional Chinese painting in Song Dynasty is considerable. During Renzong's reign, Yan's Map of Emperor Taizong was handed down to 700 copies. This is an antique from the previous dynasty, which doesn't explain the problem yet. Huang Quan, a master of flower and bird painting in the Five Dynasties, once had a market price of several hundred yuan. Huang Quan's Bird Map on Pingpo Mountain Xu Xi was another master of flower and bird painting from the Southern Tang Dynasty to the early Northern Song Dynasty. Zhao Mingcheng and Li Qingzhao saw a picture of Xu Xi's Peony Map, asking 200 yuan for money, but they were cash-strapped and disappointed. Xu Xi's peony painting reached the Southern Song Dynasty, and Xu Xi's "wild" flower-and-bird painting was more sought after. One of his lotus paintings sold 65,438+0,750 copies. Considering the inflation in the Southern Song Dynasty, the price in the middle and late Southern Song Dynasty was about three times that in the middle and late Northern Song Dynasty. The price of Xu Xi's Lotus Map in the middle and late Northern Song Dynasty is equivalent to 600 penetration, which is equivalent to about 600,000 RMB today. Generally speaking, in their respective times, the paintings of top painters in Song Dynasty are several times or even ten times more expensive than those of top painters in Tang Dynasty. The rise in the price of Chinese painting illustrates two problems: First, the improvement of the artistic status of Chinese painting in the Song Dynasty. Scholar-bureaucrats mentioned Chinese painting more frequently in Song Dynasty than in Tang Dynasty. Second, the social status of painters in Song Dynasty was higher than that in Tang Dynasty. Because of the high painting price, painters earn more money and their earning ability is improved accordingly. They can get rid of their dependence on dignitaries and religions, observe landscape flowers and birds more freely, and their creative level is greatly improved. Buddhism in Sui and Tang Dynasties was highly respected by the royal family, and it changed from aristocratic to folk in the late Tang and Five Dynasties. Buddhism continued to develop to the people in the Song Dynasty, and Zen Buddhism and Pure Land Buddhism flourished. The reaction in painting is the low-cost popularization of some religious paintings. During the period of Song Renzong, there was a famous painting monk who was good at painting Cixi and Guanyin Bodhisattva, and each painting required 500 words. It is equivalent to hundreds of dollars to buy a painting today, which many ordinary citizens can afford. 3. Who liked to buy paintings in Song Dynasty? The royal family in Song Dynasty was the first buyer of famous paintings. The Emperor of Song Dynasty was a famous lover of calligraphy and painting in history, and the first one was Song Huizong, a young artist. Song Huizong himself is good at calligraphy and painting. Song Huizong Song Huizong's Painting Spectrum of Xuanhe has 23 1 artist and 6396 scrolls, which is an unprecedented artistic masterpiece of China at that time. When Song Huizong was a prince, he kept collecting famous paintings. When he became an emperor, he became even more powerful, so he traveled around the world indifferently with calligraphy books and pictures. The famous paintings collected by Song Huizong were destroyed in the Jingkang Rebellion at the end of the Northern Song Dynasty. After Song Gaozong and Zhao Gou crossed the south, with the stability of the situation, his pursuit of famous paintings was no less than that of his father Song Huizong. "Therefore, the collection of Shaoxing Neifu did not reduce publicity." Collectors of Mi Fei Song Dynasty were also important buyers of famous paintings. Mi Fei, a famous painter and calligrapher at the end of Northern Song Dynasty, said in History of Painting: A busybody and a connoisseur are second-class. Appreciators call it good. They read the records again from the beginning, gain new experiences, or paint their own pictures, so what they receive is fine. Near the world, there may be great forces. Yuan is not cool but good, and his meaning and rhyme are false, so he is called a busybody. Zhao Mingcheng and Li Qingzhao, two famous connoisseurs of epigraphy and calligraphy, once came across a peony picture of Xu Xi and asked 200 yuan for a price. Unfortunately, Zhao Mingcheng didn't have much money, so they had to be relatively disappointed for several days. After the death of Li Qingzhao's famous painting collector, the paintings collected at home were often sold by unscrupulous descendants. When Wang Zude died in Chengdu, his family took away his anthology "Yellow Death, Guo Shanshui, Li Cheng Han Lin", and I heard that it had been settled. In the Song Dynasty, the market economy was developed, and many commercial places bought famous paintings to increase elegance and attract customers. Hotels, delicatessens, pharmacies, teahouses, etc. It is the place to buy the most famous paintings. "Liang Lumeng" records: Bianjing deli is famous for painting, so it attracts visitors and keeps diners. "Jingshi Jisheng" records that celebrities hang paintings in big teahouses and delicatessens in Shi Jing, so they stay for a long time. Teahouses nowadays are all natural. Jin Guo Yuan Haowen also recorded that Liu Shouzhi bought an ink painting barrier in Zhongshan South with the words Zhu Wen, Hui and Chen Jia Zhongchun on it, which was obtained from Taiyuan Restaurant. 4. How did people in Song Dynasty buy paintings? In addition to ordering famous paintings directly from painters and trading privately, professional and semi-professional calligraphy and painting trading places also appeared in the Song Dynasty. After the curfew was lifted and the market system was broken in the Song Dynasty, the store trade was extremely prosperous. During the period of Song Huizong, Tokyo was very prosperous in the Northern Song Dynasty, and people could set up shops on the street at will. The streets near some areas of the Riverside Scene at Qingming Festival, as well as the main streets in the northeast, southeast and west of the inner city, are all shops gathering areas, and there are shops specializing in selling paintings. "Dream of Tokyo" records: North of the street is the Tang Tie, opposite to Liang Jia's Zhudian, and the rest are selling paper paintings. (Dongjiaolou Street Lane) Panlou Hotel is located in the north East Street, and the next day it trades clothes, paintings, antiques and rhinoceros jade in Wugengcheng. In the Southern Song Dynasty, there were 4 14 shops in Lin 'an, and there were shops specializing in selling screen paintings. In the Song Dynasty, there were also regular temple fairs to buy and sell paintings and calligraphy. Dasuoguo Temple Fair in Tokyo in Northern Song Dynasty was the largest formal temple fair in Northern Song Dynasty. Sokokuji's Dream in Tokyo records that Sokokuji is open five times a month, and all surnames are traded. There are books, games and pictures in front of the temple. Li Qingzhao recalled the happy life with her new husband Zhao Mingcheng in the Preface to the Story of the Stone held by Suoguo Temple Association Taobao: Xin had returned to Zhao, when the prime minister was an assistant minister in the official department, and his family was poor and lived frugally. Telford was in imperial academy, and every time he reported it, he took half a thousand dollars as clothes and entered the Suoguo Temple. The city was still famous, and it was relatively exhibited and chewed. The past two years. In terms of official career, he has the ambition to exhaust the world's ancient figures, spread books, buy famous paintings and treasures. Zhao Mingcheng, who is still studying in imperial academy, is a poor student. Before visiting the temple fair of Suoguo Temple, he went to the pawnshop to change clothes. Jokhang Temple Fair is also mentioned many times in Water Margin. Lin Chong's wife, Zhang, was attracted by Gao Qiu's adopted son when she visited the Jokhang Temple Fair. Gao Qiu framed Lin Chong as his adopted son, and finally forced Lin Chong to rebel. During the reign of the king, the grandson of Li Cheng, a famous landscape painter, became Yin of Kaifeng Prefecture. He asked Huiming, a monk from Suoguo Temple, to help him buy paintings by his grandfather Li Cheng, and Huiming was also a connoisseur of calligraphy and painting. For all Li Cheng's paintings, Li You's bid is twice as high as the market price, and some people sell Li Cheng's paintings to Li You. So that in the end, it is difficult to sell Cheng's original works in the painting and calligraphy market. References: Li Huarui's A Probe into the History of Song-style Countries People's Publishing House 20 18. 12 Mi Fei's History of Painting, Painting of Xuanhe, Meng Yuanlao's Dream of China in Tokyo, Wu Mengqixia's Economic History of Song Dynasty Shanghai People's Publishing House 1988. This article is original. If you find it interesting, please pay attention and like it.