Behind-the-scenes Production of Bureaucratic Summer

The first episode (1955): During the eighteen years from 1955 to the outbreak of the oil crisis, Japan's economy grew at a high speed, and its gross national product maintained an annual growth rate of 10%, which was called the "Oriental Miracle". In May this year, the Ministry of International Trade and Industry announced the "National Automobile Concept", that is, through state subsidies, assisting enterprises to develop a four-seater car with a top speed of 65,438+000 km/h and a price of 250,000 yen without major repairs. This plan was not officially released at first, but was revealed to reporters by cadres of the Ministry of International Trade and Industry without the consent of provincial organizations. That premeditated "leak" made a splash in public opinion and promoted the realization of the concept of national car. The cadres of the Ministry of International Trade and Industry took such actions because of the social environment at that time. After World War II, Japan was once banned from producing passenger cars. After the lifting of the ban, in order to develop the economy, the automobile industry also gives priority to the production of functional vehicles such as trucks, and passenger cars mainly rely on imports. At that time, the governor of the Bank of Japan even published "The Useless Theory of Domestic Passenger Cars". In this case, the concept of national car met with great resistance. Not only does the financial sector disagree, but even the automobile industry lacks self-confidence. It is believed that the localization of passenger cars is difficult to achieve due to the loss of Japanese technical talents after the war.

The second episode (1956 ~1958):1In June, 957, the construction of the Tokyo Tower began, and it was completed in June the following year, and Japan officially ushered in the era of television broadcasting. However, at that time, a TV set of 250,000 yen was still an unattainable luxury for most ordinary income families. Some TV sets installed on busy streets attracted many passers-by. In order to enable ordinary families to own televisions, officials from the Ministry of International Trade and Industry began to guide and plan with enterprises to carry out mass production and reduce prices. At that time, Japanese TV production technology was low, so some people thought that TV products should be imported from Europe and America. In order to cultivate Japanese domestic TV enterprises, the Ministry of International Trade and Industry explicitly prohibits the import of foreign TV sets. Moreover, in order to facilitate large-scale production of 14 inch TV sets suitable for Japanese families, the Ministry of International Trade and Industry has implemented measures to break the boundaries of enterprises and integrate manufacturers. The TV production enterprises have been integrated from 70 to 80 to 30, which has improved the R&D ability of enterprises and laid the foundation for providing integrated services of production, sales and repair.

The third episode (1959): 1959, the Japanese crown prince got married, and the bride from a civilian background made people feel that a new era was coming. With the rapid development of economy, more and more labors are pouring into the metropolis from the local area. Young people who have just graduated from junior high school take a special train to the metropolis for collective employment. This is the so-called "golden generation". The so-called "gold" not only means that young people have a better future, but also means that enterprises have got a lot of cheap and hardworking labor. In this context, Japan's export industry has recovered rapidly, especially the textile industry. In recent years, Japan's cheap textiles have swept the American market and been snapped up by consumers, which is called "one-dollar shirt commotion". Japan's shirt exports to the United States are 20 times higher than before, which has caused great dissatisfaction among the American textile industry and labor organizations. The US government requires Japan to impose export restrictions on textiles. At the same time, this matter also has the background of American domestic politics. In the American general election of 1960, both Kennedy of the Democratic Party and Nixon of the Party fought for votes in the southern states, and the textile industry was an important industry in these areas.

The fourth episode (1959 ~1960):1960 65438+10, Premier Kishi Nobusuke visited the United States to discuss the new security treaty between Japan and the United States. In order to get the parliament to approve the new treaty, the Liberal Democratic Party forcibly voted in the House of Representatives in May, and 300,000 demonstrators who opposed the security treaty surrounded the parliament building, causing riots. On June 15, 2005, Dong University student Hua died in front of the Justice Hall of the National Assembly, and the anti-regime movement reached another climax. However, in three days, the treaty will automatically enter into force. Soon, Kishore resigned and the anti-security movement ended. In fact, during this period, there is still an important problem that plagues the Japanese government. 1959 10, the fifth meeting of GATT aimed at promoting trade liberalization was held in Japan, and the participating countries criticized Japan for implementing trade protectionism at home while seizing other countries' markets with textiles. "Trade liberalization" has become a subject that the Japanese government has to face. At that time, some economists called "trade liberalization" the "second black ship", fearing that Japan's hard-won industries would be dominated by powerful countries such as Europe and America. In their view, Japan is a baby in the cold wind. Although he looks strong, a cold may kill him. Another school thinks that Japan is a resource-poor country, and to achieve economic growth, it is necessary to expand trade and enterprises in international competition; Overprotection will only make "children" weak forever.

Episode 5 (1960): Just as the anti-security movement in front of the National Assembly Hall reached its climax, in a nearby hotel, officials from the Electronic Industry Department of the Ministry of International Trade and Industry were negotiating with the vice president of the American computer company. At that time, the United States occupied a leading position in the computer industry and had an overwhelming advantage in research and development capabilities and capital reserves. The growth gap between American and Japanese companies is called "elephant versus mosquito". If "Colossus" officially enters the Japanese market, it will undoubtedly make Japanese enterprises that have just come into contact with computer production face extinction. On the other hand, American enterprises have a large number of electronic computer patents, and Japanese computer manufacturers must obtain their patent authorization to sell their products. The negotiation of 1960 is very difficult. According to the memories of the participants at that time, in the end, the negotiations became a one-on-one contest. Because of the language barrier, the two sides completed the negotiation by consulting the dictionary and writing.

Episode 6 (1961~1962): In the second half of 1930s, when Keisuke Sakamoto's song "Hold Your Head Forward" was popular in Japan, various serious problems in Japanese society surfaced, one of which was the public nuisance. With the rapid development of industry, the sky and rivers in metropolis are polluted, and people finally begin to face up to the pollution problem. Minamata disease and "pain" have been proved to be not strange diseases with unknown reasons, but caused by harmful wastewater discharged from factories. Edogawa's "Blackwater Incident" became the pioneer of "public nuisance struggle". Taking this as an opportunity, the second Water Quality Law was promulgated, which became the earliest pollution legislation in China. 1962, the first law against air pollution, Smoke Control Law, came into effect. The original law was established to ensure the healthy and harmonious development of the industry, trying to achieve a balance with the environment on the premise of ensuring production efficiency, so it was not thorough. At that time, the industrial policy of the Ministry of International Trade and Industry focused on improving international competitiveness and paid insufficient attention to public hazards, which aroused public resentment.

The seventh episode (1962 ~ 1963): The center of the novel's original description is the game between the provincial, political and financial circles around the draft of the Interim Measures for the Revitalization of Specific Industries (commonly known as the Special Vibration Law). 1962, the Enterprise Bureau of the Ministry of International Trade and Industry formulated this bill called "the largest economic legislation after the war". At that time, it has been two years since the Japanese government proposed "90% trade liberalization in three years". Import liberalization was implemented in various industries in turn, and Japanese manufacturing industry experienced a life-and-death test. After Coca-Cola lifted the import restrictions, the sales of Japanese drinks dropped sharply. The liberalization of oil import not only affects Japanese oil mining enterprises, but also affects the coal industry. Under the impact of the wave of liberalization, the Ministry of International Trade and Industry delayed the liberalization of automobile manufacturing and computer manufacturing as much as possible, and at the same time cultivated the competitiveness of enterprises. The means to protect the industry is legislation, that is, special vibration law (called domestic industrial protection law in the play). The content of the bill is to promote equipment investment, make enterprises bigger and stronger, and improve international competitiveness through mergers and acquisitions of specific industries designated by the government. Automobile manufacturing ranks first in specific industries. However, this bill was opposed by all parties and eventually became a waste case.

Episode 8 (1963 ~1964):196410 Nine days before the opening of the Tokyo Olympic Games, the "one light" train of the Tokaido Shinkansen, which is called "the dream is extremely urgent", departed from Tokyo Station. Not only the Shinkansen, but also the Capital Expressway, Hibiya Line of Metro, Haneda Airport and other projects to catch up with the opening of the Tokyo Olympic Games were completed this year. The modern street pattern in Tokyo, which was greatly changed by the Great Kanto Earthquake and the post-war revival, also began to take shape at that time. This year is called "Tokyo Olympic Year". Another great event that attracts worldwide attention is that Japan uses domestic passenger planes to transport the Olympic flame. After World War II, GHQ banned Japanese aviation industry from manufacturing and R&D, and after lifting the ban, it was limited to repairing American aircraft. Because the civil airliner industry plays an important role in Japan's future development, under the impetus of the Ministry of International Trade and Industry, major manufacturers have trained talents and established the National Policy Institute "Japan Aviation Manufacturing". From 65438 to 0959, all the passenger airliners produced in Japan were developed. 1962, 1 made a test flight, but it was criticized for its safety and failed the safety inspection of the Federal Aviation Administration of the United States. 1in may, 964, the improved Japanese passenger plane was tested again. At the same time, the Japanese government plans to transport the Olympic flame from Greece to Okinawa occupied by the United States by a domestic passenger plane, and named the passenger plane "Flame". The eighth episode of bureaucratic summer revolves around this incident.

Episode 9 (1965): 1965 After the Tokyo Olympic Games, the Japanese economy turned from prosperity brought by the Olympic Games to recession, and large enterprises such as "Yangshan Special Steel" closed down, and Yi Shan Securities broke out in business crisis. However, in the autumn of this year, the economy recovered, and the "Xie Yi Nagi fever" began for five consecutive years, and consumer culture blossomed everywhere in this city. However, the coal industry, which supported Japan's post-war economic recovery, frequently experienced major safety accidents. 1February, 965, 62 people were killed in the accident in Beitan Xizhang; In April, 30 people died in the Nitiiwashima accident in Nagasaki; In June, 237 people died in the Shan Ye accident in Fukuoka. This year, there were only 14 fatal accidents. The energy revolution triggered by oil development led to the depression of the coal industry. In order to reduce labor costs and ignore safety production, coal mines are considered to be the main reason for frequent accidents at this stage. For example, the Sanchi coal mine accident in 1963 was an explosion accident that killed 238 people because the mine laid off a large number of employees in the name of rationalizing "safety officers" and did not take sprinkler measures that could simply and effectively prevent dust explosion.

Episode 10 (1965 ~1969):1965, Eisaku Satō becomes the first Japanese prime minister to visit Okinawa after the war. In his speech, he expressed his will to resolutely recover Okinawa's sovereignty. However, this year, the US military directly intervened in the Vietnam War, and the importance of the Okinawa base to the US military increased. It is very difficult for Japan to recover Okinawa. At the same time, Japan and the United States have once again had textile trade frictions. Although the export of cotton products is restricted, Japan's chemical fiber manufacturing industry is growing rapidly, posing a threat to the textile industry in the United States again. The United States asked Japan to re-discuss textile export restrictions. This requirement, which violates the spirit of free trade, has met with strong opposition from Japanese officials and people. However, in the US presidential election of 1968, * * and party candidate Nixon promised that "import restrictions will not only be imposed on cotton textiles, but all textile products including wool textiles and chemical fiber products". After taking office as president, Nixon set about fulfilling his campaign promise. After difficult negotiations, the Japanese side finally accepted the US request. At that time, some people suspected that the initial official support for textile enterprises was finally broken because Japan and the United States reached a secret agreement, and Japan recovered Okinawa at the expense of the textile industry. However, the Japanese government has always denied this.