Scientific and Technological Inventions in Song and Yuan Dynasties

In the early years of Northern Song Dynasty, it was used to make rockets and fireballs. Then there was an explosive thunderbolt. During the Southern Song Dynasty, new weapons such as iron cannon, musket and ware appeared. These weapons are so powerful that they were widely used in the war against Mongolia? .

Gunpowder is one of the four great inventions in China. It is a substance that can burn quickly and regularly under the action of appropriate external energy, and at the same time produce a large number of high-temperature gases. Militarily, it is mainly used as the propellant of bullets and shells, the propellant of rockets and missiles and the energy source of other driving devices, which is an important part of ammunition. Outstanding achievements in the history of human civilization.

Second, movable type printing.

The invention of movable type printing is a great technological revolution in the history of printing. Clay movable type invented by China in the Northern Song Dynasty (1048) and Bi Sheng (970- 105 1) marked the birth of movable type printing. He was the first inventor in the world, about 400 years before Johannes Gutenberg invented movable type printing. In Yuan Dynasty, Wang Zhen successfully created wooden movable type and invented wheel typesetting. In the middle of Ming Dynasty, copper movable type was widely used in Nanjing, Wuxi, Suzhou and other places in Jiangsu.

Three. Astronomy and calendar

Yuan Shizu has successively set up observatories in Shangdu, Dadu and Dengfeng, and returned to the fourth rooftop, as far away as the North South China Sea, and set up 27 observatories, which have made outstanding achievements in measuring ecliptic and observing stars. Famous astronomers in Yuan Dynasty included Guo Shoujing, Wang Xun, Yeluchucai, Jamalidin and others. Lu Yechu compiled the Yuan Calendar of the Western Expedition, Zamaru Ding Yu 1267 wrote it into the perpetual calendar, and Guo Shoujing and others revised the calendar and compiled the chronograph calendar by the method of modern yuan-cutting.

Fourth, mathematics.

The famous achievement is Yang Hui Triangle, and the mathematical works are Shu Shu Jiu Zhang and Yang Hui Algorithm. A number of outstanding mathematicians and their works appeared in Yuan Dynasty. For example, ye Li and his "round sea mirror" and "an ancient interpretation"; Zhu Shijie and His Arithmetic Enlightenment and Meet with Siyuan; The celestial sphere technique proposed by Ye Li (that is, the method of establishing equations) and the quaternary technique proposed by Zhu Shijie (that is, solving multiple simultaneous equations of higher order).

Verb (abbreviation of verb) medicine

In terms of materia medica, the Song government compiled Kaibao Materia Medica, Jiayou Materia Medica and Illustrated Materia Medica. In addition, according to the private edition of Zheng Ben Cao at that time, it was rebuilt for three times, and then Zhao's standby materia medica of Daguan Classic and Historical Evidence, the standby materia medica of rebuilding political and historical evidence and Shaoxing's emergency book of serious historical evidence were published, which became the best herbal works before Li Shizhen's Compendium of Materia Medica in Ming Dynasty.

In the medical field, it has compiled and compiled the General Rescue Prescription of Imperial Doctors 1000, Taiping Shenghui Prescription 100, and the General Record of Health and Economy, which has become the most popular works.