The Historical Origin of Manchu in Kuancheng

The Origin and Evolution of Manchu Surnames in Chengde

Pan-Gong Zheng: data collation

China is a multi-ethnic country, and each ethnic group has its own distinctive cultural characteristics of surnames. The origin and evolution of Manchu surname in Chengde is an example of its unique form.

Chengde is a minority area dominated by Manchu. According to the results of the fourth national census in 1990, the Manchu population in Chengde was 165438+ 10,000, accounting for about one tenth of the total Manchu population in China at that time.

First, the origin of Manchu surnames in Chengde

Manchu called the surname "Hala", and most Manchu surnames were handed down from their predecessor, the Jurchen nationality in the Jin Dynasty. The surname of Jin Jie includes the surname of Jin Yuan 3 1, that is, the author's jurchen surname at that time. The Eight Banners Family, two works handed down from ancient times and attended by Zheng Tianting, an expert in Qing history, is listed as a short list. During the Qianlong period of the Qing Dynasty, when compiling the book Three Historical Annotations of Liao, Jin and Yuan Dynasties, all the old surnames in Jin and Yuan Dynasties were pronounced in Manchu, while the translated Chinese surnames were deleted. The Manchu Clan Genealogy of Qin Baqi written by Gan Long114 Manchu surnames except Qing royal family Aixinjue Roche. According to "A Brief History of Imperial Clans in Past Dynasties", there are 646 Manchu surnames, 33 surnames outside the spectrum and 679 surnames. These surnames can be traced back to the source: ① "taking the land as the surname". That is, take the original place of residence as the surname, such as Tong Jia, Zhangjia, Zhao Jia, Dong 'e (Dong 'e), Wusuli, Ningguta and Yuhu Road; (2) "Take Bu as the surname", that is, take the original tribe as the surname, such as Hong Yan, Guarga, Nala, Hershey, Urad and Naiman; (3) "Taking surname as surname", such as Niuhulu, Shumulu and Nandulu, are all old surnames of Jinyuan. Manchu surnames in Liaoning and Shenyang are Tongjia, Guaerjia, Majia, Suochuluo, Qijia, Fu Cha, Nala, Niuhulu and 1644 after entering the customs.

Manchu surnames are gradually produced with the development of society, and some surnames are named after totem-worshiped animals and plants. Niu, for example, originally meant wolf in Manchu, and took the wolf as the totem symbol of this tribe. Later, it took the wolf as its surname, and Yahua changed it to the word "wolf". Sakda, which originally meant wild boar, took wild boar as a totem and evolved into the surname of this tribe; Another layer means that the old man is old and then takes Lao (or Luo) as his surname. Nimaha, originally meaning fish, was changed to "fish" in Yahua. Wu Yashi, whose original meaning is pig, was changed to "Zhu" in Yahua. Chuo Roche, whose original meaning is peach, is changed to "Tao" in Yahua.

Manchu people stationed in Jehol and Mulan paddock are all "Buddha Manchuria" (old Manchuria), and the origin and characteristics of surnames are not much different from those in Beijing and Liaoshen.

Second, the evolution of Manchu surnames in Chengde

Manchu ancestors had the old custom of translating the surname of Nuzhen into that of Han nationality, for example, translating Han nationality into "Wang" or "Wang". Niu Zhilu, translated into Chinese as "Lang"; Shu Mulu, Chinese translation is "Shu" or "Xu". Xu, who was praised as "the first Manchu translator" by Emperor Kangxi, was originally named Shu Mulu, but from the name, he was obviously influenced by the Han nationality. Emperor Qianlong severely criticized Manchuria in his imperial edict on July 18th, 12th year of Qianlong: "Manchu people, whose surnames are pronounced correctly, have been translated into Chinese surnames. Can we ignore their absurdity now?" (Donghua Record, Qianlong 26th).

Manchu people have always had the habit of being famous and not taking their surnames. In social communication, people often call them by their first names, so they think that Manchu people have different surnames, or "one surname for each generation" or "several surnames for each family" and so on. During the Qianlong period, the Manchu painter and the author of "Autumn Rice Map of Mulan" wrote that "the old flag bearer of Changbai Mountain is thriving in Jehol", so that people only know his name, but they can't find out his full surname. Another example is the Beijing Banner garrison officers Jehol, Morning Post, Shangshu of the Ministry of Punishment, Shangshu Yuan,. His surname is Ningguta and Huang Qi. He lives at No.22 Wenjiagou Road, Rehe, North of Ganyuan Ensi, Beijing. His father is Yong, and his sons are Shuangtai, Sun Jingxian and great-grandson Hengqi. In social interaction, he is called his eternal home, soap house, double house and so on. Another example is that during the reign of Emperor Kangxi of the Qing Dynasty, who was born in Chengde, he served as Shanxi Governor, Minister of Parliament and Minister of War, assisted Emperor Kangxi in holding multi-party alliances and personally expedition to galdan affairs. After Ma Qi, he was hereditary, and his surname was Fu Chashi, and his son was rich and his daughter was rich. Later, due to secularization, that is, taking Zong Hua's initials as his surname, he was named Zongming Festival and Historical Records.

Third, the crown surname of Chengde Manchu people

After the Revolution of 1911, the government of the Republic of China ordered the flags to change their names, titles and naturalization. Under the historical conditions at that time, many Manchu people had to change their names and surnames and naturalize their provinces and counties. According to the archives kept in Chengde District Archives, on March 27th, the third year of the Republic of China (19 14), Bai Weiwen, head of the 1st Regiment of Jehol Infantry, made a list of the names of officers of the 1st Regiment of Jehol Army, including rank, original name, official surname, name change, native place and naturalization. Jin Tuo's original name was changed to Bingjin, Fokker Jintai to Guo Yi, Naohai to the sea, Bogui to Chonghan and Shuangzhi to Zhichao. Their surnames are Bai, Guo, Zhao, Guan, Fu, Zhao, Zhang, Wu, Su, Hai, Xiu and Shangguan. They were naturalized in Chengde, Luanping and other counties in Zhili, and some of them were naturalized in Hulan County, Heilongjiang Province, led by Manchu banners. According to the battalion headquarters and the 1st to 4th companies listed in the List of the 1st Battalion of Rehe Army Cavalry made by the battalion commander Song Bao on March 22nd, 2003, Song Bao was renamed as the employer, Xing was renamed as Zhenxing, Duolun was renamed as Yonglun, Sheng En was renamed as, Ensheng was renamed as. They were given the surnames of Tong, Luo, Na, Zhao, Bi, Zhao, Hu, Guan, Bai, Zhang and Fu, respectively, and were added to Chengde and Luanping counties. It can be seen that in the early years of the Republic of China, with the disintegration of the Eight Banners system, under the pressure of the government at that time, it was a general trend to change the name of the flag bearer and naturalize the crown surname.

Fourthly, the distribution of Manchu surnames in Chengde

The descendants of Manchuria who were stationed in the Eight Banners of Rehe mainly lived in Chengde City and Luanhe Town. Their surnames are Guan, Zhao, Na, Lang, Fu, Wang, Tong, Luo, Yu, Bu, Ma, Geng, Shu, Tang, He, Hu, Wu, Cai, Bi, Lao, Liu and Zhang.

There is a Manchu named Fu Cha in Chagou Township, Chengde County; The surname of Suo in Manzhangzi Township is Sasaki; Two families, full of people, eight townships famous children Jiashi; The surname of Gushan Village in Sangou Town is on the Richter scale; Zhao surnamed Ilgen Jue Roche; Liu Gou Zhen Nan Fang Shen Gou Huang surname, Wu Yashi; Wang Xing of Taiping Township and Shidaohe Township is Hong Yan.

Weichang Manchu and Mongolian Autonomous County, the hometown of Mulan Weichang in Qing Dynasty, is the descendant of the Eight Banners Manchu soldiers who guarded the Weichang that year. Their surnames are: Tong, Bai, Na, An, Zhang, Zhao, Fu and Guan. There are rich surnames in the camp with yellow flags. Zhengbaiqi military camp has 18 surnames such as Wu, Bao, Tong, Na, Guan, Shu, Cui, Yu, Fu, Ao, Wang, Xu, Wang, Ren, Chen, Liu, Li and Song.

In Fengning Manchu Autonomous County, from the collected Manchu genealogy, there are surnames such as Jin, Xu, Zhang, Zhao, Liu, Ma and Huang. Manchu people stationed in Huang Qi include Tong, Chen, Shi, Pan, Meng, Bao, Qi, Leap, Fu, Ye, Na, Su, Ke, He, Zhang, Lan, Zhao, Qian, Liu, Li, Zhou, Wu, Zheng, Wang, Guo, Xu, Du, Yang and Miao.

The Manchu people in Longhua Town, Longhua County have three surnames, such as "three Xu", "Wu Li", Gao, Wei, Pei, Ma and Zhao 13. Shipian Village in Daba Manchu Township is the military camp of Zhenglan Banner in Mulan paddock in Qing Dynasty. Manchu people have surnames such as Guo, Gong, Fu, Na, Shi, Cao, Liu, Qi, Su and Dong. 1l。 Sanying in Tang Dynasty was the residence of yamen, the general manager of Mulan paddock in Qing Dynasty. Manchu people have surnames such as Wuliu, Erdong, Yikouguo, Su, Chen, Li, Zhou and Men. Manchu in Zhang Sanying Town has surnames of Sanzhou, Wuli, Yitanghe, Qiu, Fu, Shen, Men, Liu, Chen and Song.

In Hongqi Manchu Township, Luanping County, Manchu has ten surnames, including Zhou, Wang, Zhao, Bai, Li, Pan, Yang, Yu, Fu and Shi. There are 10 surnames in Xiaoying Manchu Township, including Xin, Lin, Tian, Gao, Jiang, Liu, Lang, Li, Cui and Tang. Manchu in Jingoutun Township has eight surnames: Jiao (Zhao), Niu, Ao, Bai, Feng, Tong, Bao and Wei. There are 13 surnames of Manchu in Huhhaha Town, including Miao, Xiang, Yue, Fan, Wu, Deng, Sun, Wang, Chu, Lin, Kong and Zhang.

There are Ai Xinjue Roche in Kuancheng Manchu Autonomous County, Dashizhu Township and Tangdaohe Town, Ye Nala in Huajian Township, Dashizhu Township, Zhang Jiashi in Shanjiawanzi, Bancheng, Gangyaogou Township and Kuancheng Town.

The Manchu in Guozhangzi Manchu Township in Pingquan County has the surname of Lin and Yao, the courtyard of Cangzi Village in Heishankou Township has the surname of Yao, and Qigou and Dongliugou have the surname of Jin.

Verb (abbreviation of verb) The characteristics of the evolution of Manchu surnames in Chengde

As a new nation, Manchu began to rise in Liaoning and Shenyang in the 6th century, and then moved to Beijing, Central Plains provinces and border areas. Over the past 300 years, with the development of history and society, their surnames have changed in the process of absorbing advanced national culture. The general trend is from complex to complex, from multi-syllable and multi-word surnames to monosyllabic and single-word surnames, which is different from Han nationality.

The evolution of the surname of Buddha Manchuria (old Manchuria) in Chengde also has its own laws and characteristics, mainly as follows:

① Use the old surname of Jurchen. Rujia, Guarga and Hersairihala were named Wang, Guan and Gao respectively.

(2) Manchu's elegant translation of Chinese and common words. As mentioned above, Niu Zhilu originally meant wolf, and the Chinese translation was changed to lang. Wu Yashi, whose original meaning is pig, translated Chinese into Zhu, or changed his initials to Wu. The original meaning of Ningguta is six, which is translated into Liu in Chinese.

③ Take the first word (the first syllable) of the surname as the single-word surname. Such as: Shu Mulu, Shu Jue Luo Shi changed their surnames to Shu or Xu, Fu or Fu, Dong (Dong) E changed their surnames to Dong, Buyi changed their surnames to Bu or Bu, and Yuhulu changed their surnames to Yu.

(4) Take the names of ancestors and fathers as surnames. For example, Qian Shuxin of Chengde City, whose real name was Niu Kulu, was generally changed to the single-word surname Lang, but because his grandfather's surname was Qian Er, he was called "Qian Ye", and after 1911, he took "Qian" as his surname.

⑤ Keep the last word (syllable) of the surname as the surname. Those who love Xinjue Roche generally change their surnames to Jin or Zhao, but there are also some individuals who change their surnames to Luo, such as Luo Jigang, Luo Jihe and Luo in Chengde City.

Although the surname of Buddha Manchuria has changed a lot, its characteristics are still remarkable. In addition to the eight Manchu surnames mentioned above, the more common surnames are Jin, Zhao, Shu, Wu, Bi, Wang and Ao. You can tell at a glance that it is Manchu. As for Manchu surnames, they came from Mongolia, Korea (North Korea), Han nationality and other nationalities. Although they were incorporated into the Manchu Eight Banners three or four hundred years ago, they still kept their original surnames, such as Bao, Guo, Zhang, Wang, Li and Zhao. When people see their surnames, they will ask their native place. They are descendants of Manchu in Che Yi.

The development trend of Manchu people from the traditional habit of never giving surnames to being crowned with single surnames strongly illustrates the historical development process of mutual influence and integration of Manchu and Chinese cultures, and is also the inevitable result of the closer and narrower differences between Manchu and Chinese cultural customs.

(Contributed by Chengde CPPCC Literature and History Office)

Source:

1, the origin of Manchu surnames in Chengde, quoted from Hebei Literature and History Collection, Ethnic and Religious Volumes, by Bunia Alin, editor of Hebei Provincial Political Consultative Conference Literature and History Information Committee, published by Hebei People's Publishing House, 1 991August,1printing.