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The Old Summer Palace is a treasure of Chinese garden art. It is known as the "Garden of Ten Thousand Gardens", which means that there are various types of gardens here. Indeed, if it were still the same today as it was 140 years ago, this super giant garden would be the well-deserved "King of Gardens in the World." It was originally an unparalleled royal garden in the Qing Dynasty.

Construction began in 1709 and was basically completed in 1809, lasting a century. Since then, the three generations of Jiaqing, Daoguang and Xianfeng have restored and expanded it for more than 150 years. People used to call it the Old Summer Palace, but it was actually the Old Summer Palace, Changchun and Hchun (three rounds), with a total area of ??347 hectares. The land construction area is 10,000 square meters more than the Forbidden City, and the surrounding circumference is about 10 kilometers.

Water area The area is equivalent to the Summer Palace. The three gardens are separated by walls; the former is the Wanchun Garden, and the two parks are juxtaposed with the Old Summer Palace on the left and the Changchun Garden on the right. The Old Summer Palace is a water garden that accounts for more than half of the entire park. Named after water.

Surrounded by mountains and rivers, there are more than 140 scenic spots, which bring together the characteristics of several famous gardens in the south of the Yangtze River at that time, integrate the essence of ancient Chinese gardening art, and create a garden within a garden. The artistic technique blends poetry and painting into the ever-changing scenery. There are more than 50 scenic spots that directly imitate famous gardens in other places.

There is also a model of Venice City in Fanghe River, with the emperor sitting on the bank. From the edge of the mountain, you can enjoy the "water city scenery" thousands of miles away. The Old Summer Palace not only has extremely exquisite furnishings and decorations, but also collects and displays rare treasures, cultural relics, famous calligraphy and paintings, secret books, bells and tripods, gold and silver jewelry and so on. Rare cultural relics gather the essence of ancient culture

Extended information:

Development

1. Site selection and gardening

17th century. In the middle period, the Manchus seized power in the Central Plains and established the Qing Dynasty. Since the Qing rulers lived a nomadic life in the Northeast before entering the customs, the climate was cool. After entering the customs, they were not accustomed to the dry and hot climate in Beijing, especially in the early years of Kangxi. After the fire, high palace walls were built in order to prevent fire. Therefore, the construction of gardens began in the early years of Kangxi, and this construction project lasted for more than 200 years.

2. Construction period.

The name "Old Summer Palace" was named after Emperor Kangxi. In the second year of Yongzheng's reign, the expansion project of the Old Summer Palace was officially launched. In the first month of this year, Emperor Yongzheng was dispatched to the tree by the Ministry of Internal Affairs. Arrive at Rehe Paddock. From then on, most of the wood used in the construction of Da Nei, Xiyuan and Sanshan Five Gardens came from Paddock.

The expansion project of the Old Summer Palace during the Yongzheng period generally included the extension of the central axis to the south. The palace area is built on the south side of the garden. It strictly follows the axial symmetry of the Forbidden City, including the newly opened Grand Palace Gate, as well as the left and right outer rooms and cabinets, which will become the main building complex of the Old Summer Palace. >

The original garden will be expanded to the north, east and west, Qushui Island will be built, and pavilions will be added. This part forms the main body of Emperor Qianlong's "Ten Scenes". After the expansion, the Old Summer Palace covered an area of ??about 3,000 acres.

3. The heyday

After Emperor Qianlong took over, the garden landscape was adjusted. Building complexes were added. Changchun Garden and H Spring Garden were built in the east and southeast of the Old Summer Palace. These three gardens belonged to the Yuanmingyuan administration minister and were called Yuanming Sanyuan.

In the middle of the Qing Dynasty, there were also three gardens in the park. Some additional buildings and modifications. The main garden landscapes of the park are the famous "Four Scenes of the Old Summer Palace", as well as Zibi Villa, Algae Garden, Ruofan Pavilion, Wenyuan Pavilion, etc. At that time, there were about 600 major garden buildings with hanging plaques, which were the crown of ancient and modern Chinese and foreign royal gardens.

4. Burning of the Old Summer Palace

In October 1856, Britain and France jointly launched the Second Opium War with the support of Tsarist Russia and the United States. By 7 p.m., the French invading army captured the Old Summer Palace. Wen Feng, the minister in charge of the garden, threw himself into Fuhai and died. Concubine Chang who lived in the garden was frightened and died. From the next day onwards, officers and soldiers went on a rampage of looting and destruction.

After the British and French invaders entered the Old Summer Palace on October 7, 1860, they were given by the emperor the rarest thing in France, which they hid in a French museum. On the second day of the French and British invasion forces, the lure of these items could no longer be resisted.

Officers and soldiers gathered together to rob the garden of gold and silver treasures and cultural and artistic treasures.

The British and French invaders stole the treasures of the Old Summer Palace. It could never be clarified because the park's furniture and accounts had been looted. The following information or permissions can be used to manage Leopard. According to historical data from the Qing Dynasty, there were only 441 European-style clocks in the Old Summer Palace, which were only displayed and stocked at that time. Only one large clock survived the robbery.

Afterwards, some of the lost items taken away by bandits and invading forces who "abandoned the road" reached 1,197, which is only one thousandth of the objects in the garden. In fact, most of the items stolen and destroyed by the British and French invaders were extremely valuable.

5. Renovation

After the founding of the People's Republic of China, the Chinese government attached great importance to the protection of the Old Summer Palace ruins, and successively listed it as park land and a key cultural relics protection unit. The dry land in the park was cleared and large-scale tree planting and greening was carried out.

Baidu Encyclopedia - Old Summer Palace