To understand ancient poetry, we must know how to be good and talk about the world.

Don't forget to meet people and discuss the world when reading ancient poems.

In the morning, I realized that I had failed in Yinghuan class. Although the teacher quoted classics, quoted classics, rambled, and had good intentions, the students were just dull and not driven by you. What is the reason? Engaged in the introduction of teachers after class, she wants to let students understand the importance of accumulation through a large number of extracurricular poems.

But why is it not effective? I think it's because the teacher forgot the most important way to appreciate ancient poetry, that is to meet people and discuss the world.

"Knowing people and discussing the world" is a concept of China's ancient literary theory and a principle of criticizing literary works. Language "Mencius? Zhang Wan II: "Ode to his poems and read his books, but you don't know who he is, do you?" "? It is based on its world, but it still exists. ""Shang "ditto, Shang You is the best friend. The ancient people are friends in the world. Literary creation sometimes needs to learn from the ancients. To criticize and appreciate the works of the ancients, we need to understand them more. People can't live without the times. It also needs to know his time. Mastering the principle of "knowing people and discussing the world" is helpful to understand ancient literary works.

For example, Zhu Qingyu, a poet in the Tang Dynasty, wrote "Sacrifice to Zhang Shui Department in the Boudoir": "The bridal chamber stopped burning red candles last night to pay homage to the former aunt of Xiaotang. After putting on makeup, I whispered to my husband: Is thrush deep and fashionable? " Judging from the title and content of the poem, the content of the poem is by no means as simple as it seems literally. Only by connecting with the times at that time can we understand the poem correctly and profoundly. The imperial examinations in the Tang Dynasty were not sealed. In addition to examining the examinee's papers, the examiner should also consider the person's reputation, conduct, social status, and more importantly, whether he is recommended by dignitaries. Therefore, before the examination, scholars in the Tang Dynasty often used their own poems to "pay homage" to celebrities in the DPRK, hoping to be appreciated and promoted in society. Once they are famous, they will definitely win the first place. The poem My Boudoir Presents a Water Department is a typical poem. There is no substantial connection between the external meaning and the real intention of this poem, but the poet skillfully unifies the two through novel metaphors with a pen, which is "a scene that is difficult to write, such as the present; Beyond the words, endless meanings can be found (Ouyang Xiu's words), which makes people stunned and impressed by the poet's brushwork. The fate of the examiner is in the hands of the examiner, and whether it can beno. 1 depends on whether your exam-oriented article suits the examiner's taste. Zhu Qingyu asked Zhang Ji modestly, which shows that he has a deep heart. The seriousness and anxiety of the bride in the poem are used to express the poet's urgent concern for the future. Knowing this feature of the Tang Dynasty, we can further understand Meng Haoran's "A Letter to Premier Zhang from Dongting Lake", where the August lake and heaven are an air. Ozawa's water vapor transpiration on the cloud soil is white, and the waves seem to shake the whole Yueyang. I want to cross the river, but I can't find a boat. How ashamed I am that I am lazier than you politicians. When I sit here and watch a fisherman casting, I only feel like a "fairy fish".

What kind of theme a writer chooses, what kind of thoughts he expresses and what kind of feelings he expresses are all determined by his outlook on life and life experience, which is closely related to his times. Therefore, when we appreciate poetry, we must first understand the author's life and thoughts and the creative background at that time.

Let's briefly talk about the role of "knowing people and discussing the world" in poetry appreciation:

(A) "Knowing people and discussing the world" helps to understand the feelings conveyed by poetry.

The poet's life experience, personality characteristics and the times he encountered will be deeply imprinted in his poems. Du Fu, who loves the country and the people, can write the heroic and tragic feelings of "a peaceful house, and all the poor people in the world are happy", and Li Qingzhao, who is restrained and gentle, has "yellow flowers piled all over the ground and withered, who can pick them now?" It's dense. Cao Cao wrote poems, and Looking at the Sea was generous and sad. Cao Pi's arrogance is full, and Yan Ge's line is deep and long; Cao Zhi is a brilliant young man, and his white horse is heroic. As an idyllic poet in the prosperous Tang Dynasty, Wang Wei pursues seclusion and has pictures in his poems. Meng Haoran's pursuit of joining the WTO is faint and meaningful. Along this imprint, we can understand the feelings expressed in the poet's poems more clearly.

For example, Du Fu's Down the River and Qi Wangfu, which Cui has heard several times. It is the beautiful scenery in the south of the Yangtze River, and the flower season is good in autumn. And Wang Wei's acacia, when those red berries come in spring, they flush on your southern branches? Take home a hug, for me, as a symbol of our love "two quatrains, such as understanding the background material:" (An Shi Rebellion) Emperor Ming of the Tang Dynasty was lucky in Minshan, and all the officials were humiliated, and the bodies were lying across the Central Plains, and the gentry drove with the car. Li Guinian rushed to Jiangtan, and Du Fu gave him a poem, saying,' We often see him in Qi Wang's house ...' In the Year of the Tortoise, he met an envoy in Hunan and sang,' When those red berries come in spring ...'' The breeze and the bright moon are bitter and lovesick ...', all of which were written by Wang Youcheng and have been sung in the pear garden ever since. Singing and sitting together are lucky and sad. " We can understand when and why Du Fu wrote this poem and the profound meaning of Li Guinian's singing Red Bean. Therefore, we can accurately interpret the meaning of "falling flower season": the poet met Li Guinian in late spring, which shows the specific season. The ancients often had feelings of cherishing and hurting spring in late spring, so the falling flower in late spring was only a symbol of their life experience and fate. At that time, after the Anshi Rebellion, the social situation flourished and declined, and the "falling flower season" also contained the meaning of national mourning. Expressed the poet's deep yearning and pain for his homeland.

(2) "Knowing people and discussing the world" is helpful to understand the artistic conception of poetry.

Poets convey their emotions through the image world, allowing readers to perceive and ponder in imagination. Or chanting things, or writing scenes, or describing characters' modality, or describing life scenes, and so on. The artistic conception in poetry is a surreal realm formed by using images and forgetting things and things on the basis of the blending of subject and object. The author's feelings and life experiences often permeate the artistic conception of his works. As the saying goes, "Poetry expresses ambition." As for "speech" and "ambition", it is necessary to understand the author's life and life background in order to make it clear.

For example, Wang Wei's "Ji Xiang Temple", "I don't know how to build incense temples, and I wander in the mountains and clouds for several miles. Ancient trees are towering, but there are no pedestrian paths, and there are bells in the mountains in the temple. The spring water in the mountains hits the dangerous rocks, and the sun in the pine forest is cold. At dusk, close to an empty pool, thoughts can conquer the dragon of passion. " The question is: what do you think is the word "poetic eye" in the third part of this poem? Why? Please analyze the whole poem briefly.

Wang Wei is a poet familiar to the students. His poem "There is a picture in the poem and a poem in the picture". Wang Wei is committed to Buddhism, and Zen emphasizes "not cherishing the environment" and "not taking it as a cover". In other words, I don't care about all the situations, I don't care, I don't care, I can't afford it. Wang Wei treats everything in the world society with Zen attitude, which makes him have a quiet mind, which has a great influence on his poetry. Poets especially like to describe quiet and ethereal landscapes and pastoral areas, and describe a quiet and peaceful state of mind. This poem depicts the secluded environment of the ancient mountain temple with his quiet state of mind of indulging in Buddhism, thus creating a lofty and secluded artistic conception. Another example is "Bamboo House": "I am leaning alone in the dense bamboo, playing the pipa and humming a song. The voice is so low that no one can hear it except my partner Mingyue. " This is a famous landscape work in Wangchuan Collection. The whole poem gives people a feeling of "being quiet but not vulgar", which is in line with the Zen thought of "knowing one's nature, becoming a Buddha and becoming a Taoist, and being religious without thinking"

Another example is Wang Zhihuan's Liangzhou Ci, "The Yellow River is far above the white clouds, with Gu City and Wan Ren Mountain. Why bother to complain about the willow, the spring breeze is only Yumenguan. " It is required to summarize the artistic conception of this poem. The answer is "broad artistic conception, desolate and tragic". This artistic conception was also the characteristic of almost all frontier poems at that time. During the Kaiyuan and Tianbao periods in the prosperous Tang Dynasty, the border war had a far-reaching impact on the people of China. During the Kaiyuan and Tianbao periods, especially during the 30 years from the mid-Kaiyuan to the Anshi Rebellion, border wars were very frequent. There is not a year when there is no armed conflict on the border, and sometimes several fronts often fight at the same time. These conditions have a great influence on the creation of frontier fortress poems. The creation of frontier poems is in its heyday, and many poets have personal experience of frontier life. Due to the special customs and habits of Alakazam, poets often describe the boundless frontier customs with rough brushwork and strong colors as the background. For example, Cen Can, who we are familiar with, "watched him go eastbound through the wheel tower gate and enter the snow drift on Tianding Road". Then he disappeared around the corner, leaving only hoofprint. " The poet hopes to make contributions to the frontier fortress, which not only affects the artistic conception of poetry, but also directly affects the feelings of poetry.

(3) "Knowing people and discussing the world" is helpful to analyze the image created by poetry in a deeper level.

Image is one of the main features of poetry. Poets always combine their thoughts and feelings with objective images through various means to form vivid images and express certain thoughts. Generally speaking, images in ancient poems include object images and subject images. The so-called images refer to the objects deliberately depicted by the author in his poems, such as beautiful scenery, thought-provoking monuments and intriguing things. , that is, the object that leaves a deep impression on the author or causes the author to think deeply or feel deeply; The subject image refers to the author's self-image with strong subjective color hidden under the object image.

For example, Du Xunhe's "Widow in the Mountain" "My husband clung to Mao Peng because he was a soldier, and his clothes were burned. Mulberry and philosopher still pay taxes, but they still want seedlings after rural famine. When picking wild vegetables and roots for cooking, spin raw wood and burn leaves. If you are in the mountains, you should also avoid the levy. " This poem vividly depicts an old and haggard woman whose husband was killed by the war, and her life is very difficult. The shaping of this female image is deeply related to the background of the times at that time. At the end of the Tang Dynasty, the imperial court and warlords fought for years, which caused the tragic situation of "killing all over the world for ten years" ("Crying for Northern Pottery") and "Birds in the mountains are worried about the people" ("Snow in the mountains"), which brought great disasters to the people. Widows lead a miserable life. Even so, the ruling class did not let her go, even if she hid in the mountains, she could not escape the levy. The tax revenue of the ruling class is like a big net, and the people can't escape. This cruelty has pushed the people who are already in dire straits to a greater abyss. Du Xunhe's image of "widow in the mountains" exposes the cannibalism of the ruling class to the fullest, exaggerates the rich tragic atmosphere, and makes readers feel sympathy for the people at that time and have great dissatisfaction with the rulers.

It can be seen that "knowing people and discussing the world" plays an important role in poetry appreciation. In the morning, the teacher pays too much attention to the language of poetry, expression skills and so on, and puts "knowing others and discussing the world" in a very light position, so it is not surprising that it is difficult for students to deeply understand Li Houzhu's feelings.

Poetry is the most primitive and authentic art, which engraves human reason and emotion, wisdom and thinking, imagination and shouting, bumps and smooth roads. Or magnificent, or heartbroken, or romantic, or strong and brave, or diluted and peaceful, or colorful, or cheerful and excited, or tender, or wise and understanding, or plain, or subtle and euphemistic ... war, political rise and fall, people meeting, parting feelings, mountains and rivers, folk evolution, etc. , also rushed to the eyes. This is a real ocean, but it is not only as vast as the ocean, but also as long as time and imagination. I hope everyone can grasp the correct method and really understand it.

Knowing people and discussing the world: the starting point of interpreting ancient poems

(Xu Fang 3 12400, Teaching and Research Section, Shengzhou City, Zhejiang Province)

In China's ancient poetry, the image of the lyric hero is mostly the poet's self-image, or indirectly, more or less with the poet's shadow. "Mencius Zhang Wan" said, "It is ok to praise his poems and read his books, but I don't know him." ? It is based on its world. Shang You, too. "Visible, if you can understand the poet's life experience and writing background, you can stand on the poet's position, be friends with the poet, understand the poet's thoughts and feelings, and accurately grasp the poet's writing intention and ideological connotation. Therefore, in the teaching process of classical poetry in middle schools, we should interpret ancient poetry from the perspective of knowing people and discussing the world, so as to guide students to accurately understand and grasp the situation of poetry.

First of all, understand the living environment of the poet.

Passing the Old Village is an idyll written by Meng Haoran when he lived in seclusion in Lumen Mountain, Xiangyang. This poem has a common theme, simple narrative scenery and simple language. However, "flowers are more colorful only when they are light." When we read this poem, we can feel its inner charm, that is, the idyllic scenery full of interest, the simple and simple family life, and the frank and pure friendship between host and guest. Because of political frustration, the poet temporarily forgets farming, forgets the world and revels in pastoral joy. However, if we can understand the natural landscape and humanistic environment of Xiangyang at that time, we will have a more cordial and in-depth understanding of this poem. Hu Zhang once said that "Xiangyang belongs to Haoran", because Meng Haoran spent most of his life in Xiangyang, and most of his poems were written here, for this place and for this place. No other Xiangyang people are more loyal and love Xiangyang than Meng Haoran. In his later years, he wandered north and south and saw many places of interest. Finally, "beauty lies in Xiangyang". Knowing this layer, we can know Meng Haoran and his poems, and we can really understand the poet in the poem Passing through the Old Village, and really find the joy of life in the countryside. Therefore, while praising the beautiful rural scenery and simple family life, there is a real feeling of loving rural life, cherishing human friendship and pursuing the beauty of an ideal society between the lines, which contains feelings of forgetting fame and fortune. Therefore, after reading this poem, we will feel natural, meaningful, cordial and touching, and get an unforgettable impression.

Second, understand the poet's life experience.

Understanding the poet's life experience can often make readers feel the taste of his poems. Reading Du Fu's poems, we should understand that Du Fu lived in a period when the Tang Dynasty gradually turned from prosperity to decline. The poet was trapped in Chang 'an, which was trampled by the rebels in the Anshi Rebellion. He witnessed the rebels' various perversions and suffered the pain of the country's disintegration. Therefore, he has a deep sigh that "the country is divided, the mountains and rivers last forever, and the vegetation is green in spring", and there is a feeling that "the flowers are like tears, and the lonely bird sings a sad song". Reading Su Ci, we should know that Su Dongpo's life has been hit by fate and political storm, and his optimistic and tenacious temperament has been influenced by Zen thought. Only in this way can we fully appreciate his temperament and knowledge, understand his broad-minded mind and free and easy life, truly understand his wish for a long life, read Meng Jiao's Ode to a Wanderer, and introduce Meng Jiao to students that he was poor all his life, and didn't get the humble position of Liyang county commandant until he was fifty years old. The author was over half a year old, and finally received his old mother who had been silently supporting him from Liyang, and wrote this poem with mixed feelings. In this way, it is easier for students to understand the author's deep remorse for his inability to repay his mother's affectionate kindness behind the poem "How much affection there is only an inch of grass, enjoying three rays of spring".

Third, understand the poet's character cultivation.

When reading poetry, if you know the poet's temperament and even his life friends, you can sometimes achieve the effect of being close at hand, seeing his people and listening to his voice, and experience many different interests. For example, Li Bai's poem "To Wang Lun" vividly depicts two unconventional people, which requires a good understanding of Li Bai and Wang Lun directly related to this poem. Wang Lun wrote an invitation: "Sir, swimming is easy. There are ten miles of peach blossoms here; Sir, it's very good. There are ten thousand hotels here. " Li Bai readily arrived, saying, "Peach blossoms are also called pools, but there are no peach blossoms; Wanjia, the owner's surname is Ye Wan, there is no Wanjia Hotel. " Li Bai laughed and stayed for several days. This story reflects the character and friendship between Li Bai and Wang Lun. There are no unnecessary farewell scenes in the poem. Li Bai was natural and graceful, and did not say goodbye. He sang farewell to Wang Lun, which was both warm and not sad. "Li Bai was about to go by boat when he suddenly heard someone singing on the shore." In just fourteen words, he wrote two optimists and one forgetful.

If we have a good grasp of the poet's spiritual character, it will help readers to associate and feel the emotions and theories of poetry when interpreting poetry. Lu You, for example, has no ambition to serve the country. He was recommended as the first in the exam in his early years, but he was jealous of Qin Gui. A year later, the palace exam was abandoned. Later, because of the Northern Expedition, with the failure of the Northern Expedition, Zhang Jun was dismissed from the village. At the age of 48, he helped Fu Xuan send Yan Wang to the front. As a result, less than a year later, with the transfer of Rebecca, he was unable to display his ambition. Since then, Guanhai has experienced ups and downs and has been repeatedly excluded. The road of life is very bumpy, but the poet's strong fighting spirit has always been the same, and his deep patriotic thoughts have never disappeared. "A few bits and pieces of military exploits, one inch sad to serve the country", in his vast poems of more than 9,300, shines with dazzling patriotism. Therefore, from his "The Storm of November 4th", we can see that Lu You, who is 60 years old, lives alone in a remote village, but he is full of ambition, has not yet mourned himself, and even has a dream. "Sleeping at night listening to the wind and rain, iron horse glacier dream"; From his "ShiZi", I saw 85-year-old Lu You write before his death that "Julian Waghann decided to celebrate the Central Plains Day in the north, and it was a great honor not to forget the family sacrifice", earnestly teaching future generations not to forget the great events in the North Central Plains. If we reread his poem "Poem on Plum in Buji", we can see from the sentence "Only the fragrance remains unchanged" that the plum blossom written in the poem is the embodiment of the poet's indomitable spirit of struggle and noble character.

Fourth, understand the poet's creative background.

When reading poetry, we should also understand the background of the poet's creation in a broader sense, including the atmosphere of the times, social customs and even the origin of writing at that time.

When studying frontier poems in Tang Dynasty, we might as well introduce the era flavor of "prosperous Tang Dynasty" to students. With the vigorous development of economy and convenient transportation, scholars have visited many places, thus broadening their horizons and minds. As a result, many literati advocated making meritorious military service, or joining the army or staying in the shogunate, resulting in a large number of works with the theme of border wars, which showed the desire of these literati students to make contributions. Therefore, it is not difficult for us to understand the high-spirited spirit of "Better to be a centurion than a scholar" in Yang Jiong's "Joining the Army", and it is not difficult to understand the heroic feelings and the courage to die in Wang Zhihuan's "Liangzhou Ci".

To read Wang Wei's "Mountain Holiday Thinking of Shandong Brothers", we must understand ancient customs. On the Double Ninth Festival, people will go out with their families to climb mountains, wear dogwood and drink chrysanthemum wine to avoid disasters and epidemics. "If we know where my brother climbed from a distance, Cornus officinalis is short of one person", which is the poet's idea. My brothers climbed in their hometown this day and inserted Cornus officinalis into their relatives, but they were disappointed to find that I disappeared from the scene. This is written from the other side, saying that I miss my relatives far away. After reading Meng Jiao's After Graduation, we should also know the scientific research system in the Tang Dynasty. I will take the Jinshi exam in autumn and come out next spring. The new Jinshi has the title of Wild Goose Pagoda and the honor of hosting a banquet in Qujiang. At this time, peonies are in full bloom. According to Zhao's poem, the new Jinshi "spring scenery is full of people, covering Lu Yu Mahong". Therefore, the phrase "Spring breeze is proud of horseshoe disease, and Chang 'an flowers can be seen in one day" is not groundless. If we know that Meng Jiao has two histories, we can better understand the ecstasy in the poem.

When reading some poems, you should also know the writing source of the poems. For example, Zhu Qingyu's Boudoir in the Tang Dynasty (originally titled "To Secretary Zhang on the Eve of Jinshi") said: "The bridal chamber stopped burning candles last night and was waiting to visit me in menstruation. After putting on makeup, I whispered to my husband: Is thrush deep and fashionable? " This poem is full of life breath, which vividly describes the newly married woman's uneasy psychology before meeting her in-laws for the first time after marriage, and vividly depicts her people. However, the original question implies the ability to write this poem-this is a dedication before the imperial examination. "Red candle stopped in the bridal chamber last night" and happily raised Jinshi. "I'm going to visit my aunt in front of Xiaotang." I'm going to see the examiner. "Ask the gentleman in a low voice after makeup" and ask celebrities to write poems. Whether "the depth of thrush is out of place" can be appreciated by experts. If you read Zhang Shui's reply again, "Yue Nv's new clothes show his heart in the mirror. When he knows that he is beautiful, he is more thoughtful. Wan Qi is not expensive in the world, but it can beat Wanjin with a diamond song. " It will be more interesting.

5. Understand the poet's other works.

When studying poetry, we should consider the author as much as possible. In addition to the works and related materials appearing in the textbook, we should also know the rest of the author's works for textual research, comparison and complementarity, otherwise it is easy to generalize and it is impossible to achieve true knowledge. If we discuss the poetic style, we can describe it as white and elegant, Du Fu's melancholy, Bai Juyi's simplicity and Li Qingzhao's gracefulness, but at the same time, we should have a complete concept so as not to have a one-sided understanding of the poet. As far as Du Fu's poems are concerned, those "poetry history" works that describe the chaos of war, the concern for the country and the people, and the gloomy and frustrated style certainly occupy an extremely important position, but there are also many poems that express lofty sentiments and ambitions, such as "Looking at Yue", and there are also many chapters that are affectionate and full of human feelings, such as "Moonlight", which are affectionate and slightly romantic. It is not enough to ignore these. Another example is learning Tao Yuanming's poems. If we only look at the poet from the textbooks Drinking (building a house on earth) and Returning to the Garden (planting beans at the foot of Nanshan Mountain), is he really a drinker? Seeing Shan Ai Ju, he was silent. He is a complete hermit? In fact, he is a man who cares about politics, has a strong view of right and wrong, and has a clear distinction between likes and dislikes. He also has the works of "Glare at King Kong". The poem Ode to Jing Ke warmly eulogizes Jing Ke's feat of stabbing the king of Qin, and expresses his indignation at the dark politics while regretting his failure to make achievements. It is written with great pen and ink, generous and tragic. Zhu once commented: "Everyone says that Tao Yuanming's poems are unremarkable. According to some people, he is proud of it, but he is uninhibited. What reveals its true colors is an article in Jing Ke Fu. " In addition, Tao Yuanming is a loving father to several children. "Responsibility Poetry" says "Asu is twenty-eight, so he is lazy. A Xing Xuan knows learning, but he doesn't like literature and art. Duan Yong is thirteen years old, but I don't know if he is six or seven years old. Tung Tzu is nine years old, but he is looking for pears and chestnuts. " Although the title of the poem is "Children of Responsibility", it actually reflects the love between parents and children, and it is a kind of love when I feel that my five sons are far from my expectations. Tao Yuanming is even a lover who is not bored. In his poem Leisure Fu, he described a stunning beauty that the author thinks about day and night, fantasizing about getting along with her day and night, being inseparable, and even becoming various objects attached to this beauty, showing his enthusiastic pursuit of love.

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