Is it feasible for a tall building to meet a fire?

The principle of high-rise building fire escape is to observe the fire and environment calmly, quickly analyze and judge the fire trend and the possibility of disaster development, seize the favorable opportunity, choose reasonable escape routes and methods, and race against time to escape from the fire site.

Specific to the fire scene, but also for different fires, find a good way to escape:

After learning that the room is on fire-touch the door handle lock with your hand before opening the door. Don't open the door rashly if the temperature is very high or there is smoke coming through the door. If the temperature is normal or there is no smoke, you can open a door and observe the situation of the outside passage before deciding whether to escape. If fire and smoke can't escape from the closed passage, they can only retreat indoors and take corresponding countermeasures: block the gap between doors and windows with wet cloth, pour water on the opposite doors and windows to reduce the temperature; If you can't get timely rescue, don't jump off a building blindly. You can tear sheets, curtains and other fabrics into load-bearing strips and connect them into ropes, and tie them to the components of windows or balconies to slide downstairs.

When the fire is on this floor-run to the known emergency exit as soon as possible and close the fire door in time. If the corridor is blocked or surrounded by smoke, you can bend over or crawl to escape from the fire. It is best to cover your nose and mouth with a wet towel or clothes to prevent toxic smoke. If you must pass through the flame area, remember to wet your clothes with water, wrap your whole body with a wet blanket or wrap your head with wet clothes. If your clothes catch fire, put out the fire by rolling, etc. It is not advisable to run with fire.

When the fire is not on this floor, you should still evacuate to the nearest emergency exit. If the fire started upstairs, you should flee downstairs. If the fire point is located in the lower floor, and the fire and smoke have blocked the downward escape passage, you should escape to the roof platform as soon as possible; If you find that the passage caught up by fire and smoke is blocked when you escape to the roof platform, you should resolutely change the escape route and escape from the safe passage on another floor.

When trapped on the floor-if you are on a floor surrounded by fire, all safe passages and external contacts are cut off, and there is no escape device or facility, it is best to retreat to a relatively safe bathroom for short-term refuge. After entering the bathroom, the doors and windows should be closed tightly, the gaps should be blocked tightly, and all faucets should be unscrewed and drained. In particular, the bathtub should always maintain a high water level, which is convenient for taking water and reversing doors and windows. In case of emergency, you can also lie in the bathtub for temporary shelter to improve the possibility of being rescued.

What needs special reminder is that you must never get under the bed, in the closet or in the attic to try to avoid the flames or smoke in the fire. These are the most dangerous places in the fire scene and are not easy to be found and rescued by firefighters. Never use ordinary elevators as evacuation routes, because elevator shafts are prone to stack effect or power failure, which will put people in a more dangerous situation.

According to the statistics of relevant departments, in recent years, fires in public gathering places account for about 30% of the total number of fires, and casualties account for more than 60% of the total. 199 1 By 2000, there were 264 major fires in public gathering places in China, resulting in 1750 deaths and direct economic losses of1009187,000 yuan, accounting for 27.2% and 57.2% of the total number of major fires in the same period respectively. Then, once a fire breaks out in a public gathering place, what effective measures and methods should be taken to maximize the hope of self-help and escape? Based on many years' practical work experience, the author makes a shallow analysis of self-help and escape from fire in public gathering places for readers' reference.

Subway fire

Case1:1987165438+1October 18 GMT 19: 30, a fire broke out at King's Cross subway station, the largest subway station in London, England. In a short time, the fire swallowed up the whole ticket hall, and hundreds of passengers were trapped in the fire. Suddenly, the lights went out, and everyone was pushing and hugging each other, scrambling for their lives, making a mess and calling for help. Despite the efforts of firefighters, 32 people were still buried in the fire, and 180 people were severely burned, which caused a tragedy that shocked the world.

Case 2: On February 8, 2003, a fire broke out at the Central Road Station of Daegu Metro in South Korea, causing 135 deaths, 137 injuries and 3 18 missing. The fire was started by a mental patient.

As an important facility of modern urban transportation, subway has the characteristics of large passenger capacity, high speed and accurate time. At the same time, from the fire point of view, the subway is a means of transportation through the tunnel. The tunnel is long, with poor ventilation and lighting conditions and complex environment. In case of fire, it is very difficult to evacuate and rescue safely. How to escape if you face a subway fire?

(1) Avoid. After entering the subway, passengers must observe its internal facilities and structural layout, and memorize the location of the safety exit of the evacuation passage.

(2) Call the police in time. You can use your mobile phone or press the emergency alarm button in the subway train compartment. At the junction of the two cars, there is an "alarm switch" sign with red background and yellow characters, and the arrow points to the position of the emergency alarm button.

(3) put out the fire and save yourself. After the fire is discovered, besides calling the police in time, we should also look for nearby fire-fighting equipment to put out the fire, strive to control the initial fire in the minimum range and take all possible measures to put out the fire. The fire extinguisher is located under the middle seat of the two inner doors of each car, and the "fire extinguisher" sign is affixed on it. Passengers can take out the fire extinguisher by turning the handle 90 degrees and opening the door.

(4) If the fire spreads, passengers cannot put out the fire and save themselves. At this time, they should protect themselves and escape in an orderly and safe way. First, evacuate the elderly, weak women and children to a safe carriage. If the initial fire fighting fails, the door should be closed in time to prevent the fire from spreading and win the escape time.

(5) Take a low profile when escaping (but don't crawl forward to avoid delaying the escape opportunity). Don't take a deep breath. If possible, cover your nose and mouth with wet clothes or towels to prevent smoke from entering the respiratory tract. Evacuate to safe areas such as ground, refuge room and smoke prevention room by self-help or mutual rescue. When the line of sight is unclear, touch the wall and slowly evacuate.

(6) Stay calm during the escape, don't crowd and run around blindly, and follow the instructions and guidance of the subway staff to evacuate. If a fire causes a power outage, you can escape in an orderly manner according to the directions indicated by emergency lights and evacuation signs. In case the evacuation passage is blocked by the fire, try to prolong the survival time and wait for the firefighters to come to the rescue.

Hotel fire

Case 1, 1 991February 25th, Yunhua Hotel, Lianyungang, Jiangsu Province, resulting in 14 deaths, 165438 injuries and direct property losses110,000 yuan.

Case 2:1991On May 28th, polyurethane board suspended ceiling was ignited by concentrated heat of downlight in Dalian Hotel, Liaoning Province, resulting in 6 deaths, 18 injuries and direct property losses of 6.27 million yuan.

There are nearly 400 hotel fires all over the world every year, with more than 50 people killed at one time and more than 30,000 people killed. The main reason for a large number of deaths is that people know almost nothing about the concept of fire escape. Therefore, the ratio of people who were really killed by fire and suffocated by smoke to those who fled blindly because of panic is 1: 4.5, which shows that the possibility of escaping from the fire is quite large. Here are some simple escape methods for hotels and restaurants:

First, be familiar with the environment. When you feel tired after staying in a hotel or entering a hotel, you should first find out the location of evacuation passages, stairs, safety exits, alarms and fire extinguishers.

The second is smoke prevention. Once you find a fire, don't open the door and wait and see, because it is easy to form cold and hot main wind convection during the fire, so that fireworks can blow on your face. At this time, the best way is to quickly soak the sheets and towels with water to block the crack of the door to prevent smoke from entering, and then cover your nose and mouth with wet towels and wait for rescue.

The third is evacuation. This is mainly to listen to the oral guidance and broadcast guidance of hotel staff, and must not be self-righteous and blindly evacuate without listening to advice. Because modern hotels and restaurants have waiters and firefighters who have received good fire fighting and psychological education.

The fourth is self-help. Now many hotels and restaurants are equipped with self-rescue descending devices and self-rescue ropes, which can escape quickly in case of fire. At the same time, the general high-rise hotel's own fire hardware facilities are also relatively perfect. For example, the stairwell is smoke-proof or closed, not far from your room. As long as you quickly enter the stairwell, you can survive. Once out of danger, remember not to return to the fire.

The fifth is waiting for rescue. In cities, the time from the alarm to the fire brigade arriving at the scene of the fire is generally less than 5 minutes, and its primary task is to save people. So, if you are surrounded by smoke and fire, don't panic and don't jump off the building blindly. Be sure to keep quiet and wait for the firemen to come to the rescue.

Fire in entertainment places

Case 1, 1999 12.26, a fire broke out in the bath center of Hawaii Hotel in Changchun, killing 20 people and causing a direct economic loss of 220,000 yuan.

Case 2: On February 25th, 2000, 65438 Du Dong Commercial Building (ballroom) in Luoyang City, Henan Province was ignited by illegal welding, resulting in 309 deaths, 7 injuries and direct economic losses of 2.753 million yuan.

Once a fire breaks out in a public entertainment place where people gather, it is difficult to evacuate people in the fire development stage. Even a small fire accident will cause people to panic, scramble to escape, crowd each other, and delay in evacuation will cause heavy casualties. Entertainment places such as song and dance halls and karaoke halls are different from theaters. Customers are more casual, sometimes people are more concentrated and the density is higher. Besides, the lights are dim. In the event of a fire, the crowd is crowded and the order is chaotic. If the traffic is not smooth, it is easy to cause heavy casualties. So, what safety precautions should you pay attention to when patronizing entertainment places?

(1) Master some knowledge of self-help and escape. We should actively participate in the fire observation, escape drills and fire fighting knowledge training organized by the unit, and learn more escape knowledge by ourselves at ordinary times. In this way, when disaster comes, there will be no bottomless heart.

(2) When entering an entertainment place, you should consciously understand its internal terrain, be familiar with the direction of all the passages, and be aware of it. Don't just play and ignore these things, so in the event of a fire, you will panic and have no way out.

(3) In case of distress, we should deal with it calmly and act decisively. Most people are always confused and at a loss when they encounter emergencies such as fire. Because of this, some tragedies will happen. Once you encounter an emergency such as a fire, you must calmly think about the fire-fighting knowledge you have learned before, carefully observe the scene of the accident, make full use of all available escape tools, and escape nervously and orderly.

(4) Evacuees should obey the command of the staff and avoid crowding and running around. When evacuating, walk as close as possible to the load-bearing wall or load-bearing components to prevent falling objects from hurting people.

Commercial (urban) fire

Case 1. On March 29th, 2000, a fire broke out in the Paradise Audiovisual Club in Jiaozuo City, Henan Province, which caused 74 deaths and 2 injuries, resulting in a direct economic loss of 200,000 yuan.

Case 2: At 9 o'clock on February 65438+May 2004, Yu, an employee of Jilin Commercial Building Electric Company, accidentally dropped the cigarette butts left on the ground of the warehouse and left the warehouse without confirming whether the cigarette butts were trampled out. Cigarette butts ignited combustible materials in the warehouse and caused a fire, which killed 54 people, injured 70 people and caused direct economic losses of more than 4 million yuan.

The commercial (urban) market has the characteristics of large business area, flammability, many combustible substances (such as building decoration materials of shopping malls and many commodities themselves are flammable), and high personnel mobility. If a fire breaks out carelessly, it will spread rapidly, causing chaos, making it difficult to evacuate people and seriously threatening people's lives and property. Then, how to escape from a fire in the commercial (urban) market?

(1) Use the evacuation passage to escape. Every shopping mall is equipped with indoor stairs and outdoor stairs according to regulations, and some are also equipped with escalators and fire elevators. After the fire, especially in the early stage, these are good escape routes.

(2) Self-made escape equipment. Shopping malls (bazaars) are places where materials are highly concentrated and there are many kinds of goods. After the fire, you can

There are many materials to escape. For example, "cover your nose and mouth after soaking towels and masks, and you can make smoke-proof tools;" Use rope, cloth, sheets, carpets and curtains to open up escape routes; If shopping malls (bazaars) also deal in hardware and other commodities, they can also use various machine belts, fire hoses and cables to open up escape routes; Wear all kinds of labor protection articles operated by shopping malls (markets), such as helmets, motorcycle helmets, work clothes, etc. To avoid burns and injuries caused by falling materials.

(3) Use buildings to escape. In case of fire, if the above two methods can't escape, you can use the downpipe, protruding parts inside and outside the house, various doors and windows and lightning protection nets (wires) of buildings to escape or move to a safe area to find escape opportunities. When using this escape method, we should be bold and careful, especially the old, weak, sick and disabled women and children. We can't act blindly, otherwise casualties will easily occur.

(4) find a shelter to escape. In the case of nowhere to escape, we should actively seek refuge. If you go to the outdoor balcony and the flat roof of the floor, wait for rescue; Choose a room where fire and smoke are difficult to spread, close doors and windows and block gaps. If there is water in the room, immediately wet doors, windows and all kinds of combustible materials to prevent or slow down the spread of fire and smoke. People trapped during the day or at night should shout for help, and constantly send out various distress signals to attract the attention of rescuers and help themselves out.

(5) The trapped personnel should overcome the blind herd mentality, obey the command of the staff, evacuate in an orderly manner, and avoid crowding and running around.

(6) Enhance fire awareness. When entering the shopping mall, you should first know the locations of safety exits, evacuation passages and stairwells and whether they are closed or locked, and check the locations of fire fighting and refuge chess cards such as fire hydrants and elevators.

University fire

Case 1, 2003165438+1On the morning of October 24th, a fire broke out in a dormitory building of the People's Friendship University of all nationalities in Lumumba, Moscow, killing at least 32 foreign students and injuring 139 others.

Case 2: 65438 At 3: 34 on February 7, 2004, a fire broke out in the third student canteen of Beijing Jiaotong University, located at No.3 Shangyuan Village, Haidian District, Beijing, causing the west area of the third student canteen to collapse, and an employee who cooked breakfast was slightly burned on his hand, resulting in a direct economic loss of 95838 yuan.

Colleges and universities are the cradle of cultivating scientific and technological talents for the society, which has attracted much attention from all walks of life and is a sensitive place. At present, colleges and universities have "expanded enrollment" and the popularization of education has further increased, but many related supporting facilities have not kept up in time, resulting in overcrowding and poor management in colleges and universities, which has increased the difficulty of preventing fires and various accidents. In the event of fire in dormitories, classrooms, laboratories, auditoriums, canteens, baths and other places, what methods should be used to escape?

(1) When evacuating, cover your nose and mouth with a wet towel or handkerchief (but the thickness of the towel and handkerchief should not exceed six layers). Note: Don't evacuate with the wind, but quickly flee to the windward to avoid the fireworks. Due to the characteristics of excessive smoke gathering in the upper space during fire, the upward spread speed is fast and the lateral spread speed is slow, so don't walk upright when you escape, you should bend over or crawl forward, but when there is a fire of liquefied petroleum gas or city gas, you should not crawl forward.

(2) Cover the soaked cotton-padded clothes, quilts, curtains, blankets and sacks. On the body, and after determining the escape route, rush out of the fire directly to a safe place at the fastest speed, and cover your nose to protect your mouth to prevent carbon monoxide poisoning.

(3) If the fire in the corridor or across the hall or next door is too strong to evacuate, you can retreat to a room and seal the door with towels, blankets, quilts, mattresses or other fabrics to prevent fever, and you can constantly add water to cool down. Prevent the invasion of external flames and smoke, so as to achieve the purpose of restraining the spread speed of fire and prolonging the time.

(4) In case of fire and no escape, you can take refuge in the bathroom. Because of the high humidity and low temperature in the bathroom, water can be splashed on the door and the ground to cool down, and water can also be sprayed outside the door from the crack of the door to achieve the purpose of cooling down or controlling the spread of fire.

(5) If there is a fire in a multi-storey building, when the fire is particularly fierce due to the smoke of the stairs, you can use the balcony, water valve and awning of the building to escape, or you can use a rope, fire hose, or tear sheets into strips instead, but one end should be tightly tied to the pipes of the solid heating system or the hooks of radiators, doors and windows or other heavy objects, and then slide down the rope.

(6) If the above-mentioned self-rescue measures are taken unconditionally, and the time is very tight, and the threat of fireworks is serious, this method can be used to escape when the low-rise building is forced to jump off the building. However, first throw some back quilts and sofa cushions on the ground to increase the buffer, then press the windowsill to reduce the jumping height and ensure that the feet land first.

(7) In case of fire, you can shout for help at the window, balcony, roof, roof or refuge floor, knock metal objects, throw soft objects, light flashlights, lighters and other items at night, and send out distress signals. Get the attention of rescuers.