What nationality are the "Khitans"?

nuzhen (or "Ligustrum lucidum"), also known as "nuzhen nationality", originated from "Sushen" more than 3, years ago, which was called "Koulou" in the Han-Jin period, "Buji" (pronounced "Moji") in the Southern and Northern Dynasties, and "Kou" in the Sui-Tang Dynasty.

in the early Ming dynasty, "nuzhen" was divided into three parts: Jianzhou nuzhen, Haixi nuzhen and savage nuzhen. Later, it was divided into four parts by region: Jianzhou, Changbai, Donghai and Hulun.

The History of the Golden Century records: "Before gold, a surname of Hong was born. Don't be lucky. Don't be Jicoo. During the Yuan and Wei Dynasties, there were seven departments in Buji: the millet department, the Bo Duh department, the Anche bone department, the Fu Nie department, theNo. Room department, the Heishui department and the Baishan department. Sui is called cymbals, and the seven parts are the same. At the beginning of the Tang Dynasty, there were black water cymbals and millet cymbals, and five of them were unknown. "

The regime established by "Nuzhen" in the history of China

In p>1115, Akuta unified the ministries of Nuzhen and established the Jin Dynasty;

In the 43rd year of Wanli in Ming Dynasty (1615), Nuerhachi, the leader of Jurchen, was named as "Daikin" in Hetuala City beside Erdaohezi in Xinbin County, which was called "Houjin" in history.

In p>1644, Jurchen (Manchu) entered the Central Plains and established the last feudal dynasty in China's history. Qing Dynasty

Page classification: China ancient nation and country | Jin Dynasty | Qing Dynasty

Author: lzlin posted in the forum of iron and blood in the history

Jurchen nationality first appeared in the early 1th century, which can be roughly divided into development (Liao Dynasty) and prosperity (. In this process, through tenacious struggle, Jurchen made a nation divided and ruled by the Khitan develop into a unified nation. At the end of Liao Dynasty, the ministries of Jurchen in Liao Dynasty were gradually unified with Wanyan Department as the core, and all ethnic groups of Jurchen gradually merged into a unified nation. However, in the Liao Dynasty, Jurchen had not formally formed a nation, and it was only a race at that time. The Jurchen race and the Jurchen nationality formed in Liao Dynasty only included some tribes in this area, and other tribes did not join the Jurchen nationality until Jin Dynasty or Ming Dynasty.

The Jurchen nationality in Liao Dynasty is a * * * isomorphism including many ethnic groups. They all have their own names, their own regions, their own economic lives and their own folk customs. Koreans divide jurchen into eastern jurchen and western jurchen, which is only a regional division. The Song people divided jurchen into: mature jurchen, reply postscript, born jurchen, Donghai jurchen and Huangtou jurchen. Among them, the virgin daughter is the * * * isomorphism of many ethnic groups. The mature nuzhen mentioned by Song people also includes the southern nuzhen, the northern nuzhen, and the Nuzhen in the Nisu Pavilion. Only the Khitan people's division of jurchen is close to the division of jurchen ethnic groups. The Khitan people divide jurchen into: Southern Jurchen, Northern Jurchen, Nuzhen in the Diesu Pavilion, Huanglongfu Jurchen, Hue National Jurchen, Yalu River Jurchen, Changbai Mountain Jurchen, Shengjurchen, Binhai Jurchen, Yidian Jurchen, Aoyan Jurchen and so on. Among them, the northern women are really a tribal alliance composed of four departments, and the women in the Tusu Pavilion are really a tribal alliance composed of seven departments, all of which are exactly the same forms of expression of the Nuzhen nationality in Liao Dynasty.

The Jurchen themselves are not very clear about the Jurchen people. They all use the same concept-the Ministry-for many different organizations. And there are two concepts of department at the same time. The concept of a department refers to the Wanyan Department, the Ugulun Department, the Puppet Department, etc. This department is actually the original phratry organization, but it no longer exists, only showing the same surname as * * *. The other kind of department is the "fourteen departments", "seven departments" and "twelve departments" mentioned above. Generally speaking, the Jurchen nationality in Liao Dynasty is a national isomorphism composed of many ethnic groups.

After Jurchen was conquered by Bao Ji, the emperor of Liao Dynasty, he was afraid that Jurchen would become a future trouble, so he moved thousands of families with rapid social development and political influence to the south of Liaoyang City, Liaoning Province, and incorporated them into the household registration of Liao, which was called "Cougar Zhen" or "Li Su Guan" (meaning "fence" in Jurchen language). For those jurchens who haven't moved away, the Khitan people manage them separately, and they will live in the north of Sumujiang River (now the second Songhua River) and the northeast of Ningjiangzhou (now Dongshichengzi, Fuyu County, Jilin Province), where there are more than 5 kilometers and more than 1, registered households, and they are at a lower stage of social development, so they will be called "born jurchen". The jurchen, who lives in the northeast of Kaiyuan County in Liaoning Province to the middle of the second Songhua River, is distributed between the born and the mature jurchen. Although they are registered in the Liao household registration, they are allowed to associate with the born jurchen (the mature jurchen is not allowed to associate with the born jurchen), which is called "Huiba Jurchen" (Huiba Yizuo is named after its center is in Huiba River, that is, the present Huifa River basin). Those who live near the Sea of Japan to the east of the Sikhet Mountains in the far east of Russia today are called "Nuzhen in the East China Sea". A branch that lives near Taoer River today is called "Yellow-headed Nuzhen" because of its "yellow hair and yellow mane". The above titles show that none of them are the names of Nuzhen tribes, or they are named according to their social development, such as the birth and maturity of Nuzhen; Or according to their living areas, such as Huiba and Donghai Jurchen; Or according to its appearance, such as the yellow-headed Jurchen. Five jurchen, * * * has 72 tribes. It was transferred from the tribal organization of Iron Blood/

Jurchen, and it still existed until Akuta, Jin Taizu, determined Meng 'an Moke, who was marching under the original clan system, as a fixed organization in 1114. Since then, with the military victory of the State of Jin, all jurchen quickly joined Akuta, all of which were compiled as Meng 'an Moke, and other tribal organizations were gradually replaced by Meng 'an Moke. Jin's first nicknames for Nuzhen in the history books are: Mature Nuzhen, Born Nuzhen, Li Su Guan, Hui Afri, Liao Nuzhen, Non-Liao Nuzhen, A Dian Bu, Bei Nuzhen, Dalugu and so on. Many of the above nicknames refer to repetition: Cougar Zhen, Li Su Guan and Liao Nuzhen are three different titles of Cougar Zhen; Giving birth to a straight girl and not being a Liao-born jurchen all refer to giving birth to a jurchen, while the department of A Dian of the case jurchen and Dalugu are the names of the departments within the jurchen; Back to fear means back to bully Nuzhen, and Beinuzhen is one of its tribes.

There were many names of Nuzhen in Jin Dynasty, most of which were tribal titles of Nuzhen, and they gradually disappeared after the establishment of Jin State. However, due to the fact that Jurchen "takes the department as the surname", many of their names exist in the surnames of the four branches of Jurchen. Among them: Wanyanbu-one of the main tribes that gave birth to Nuzhen, the main part of Nuzhen in Jin Dynasty, and the imperial clan of Jin Dynasty came from this department. It is divided into 3 branches and 12 parts. The apprentice department-one of the main tribes that gave birth to Nuzhen, was the queen of Jin Zhaozu Weishun. It is divided into 14 parts. Wu (Wu) Ancient Theory Department —— One of the main tribes that gave birth to Nuzhen, and Empress Jin Muzong Zhenhui came from this department. ***14. Pucha department-one of the main tribes that gave birth to Nuzhen, and Jin Su Zong Jing Xuan was a member of the department. ***7. Transferred from Iron Blood/

In the 192s, the Tang Dynasty set up the viceroy of Heishui Prefecture in Heishui, the ancestor of Nuzhen, with its largest tribe as the viceroy and the chiefs of various ministries as the secretariat. At the end of the 9th century and the beginning of the 1th century, Blackwater took advantage of its weak neighboring Bohai Sea to emigrate to the south, and a tribe moved to several places. On the other hand, at that time, it was the time when another neighbor, the Khitan nationality, became stubborn, which led to the conquest of some tribes moving south by the Khitan. In order to divide and rule, the Khitan nobles moved thousands of their families to the south of Liaoyang. These two new changes have hindered the normal development of Jurchen society.

Among them, the Nuzhen nationality has the slowest social development, and the Daikin Dynasty was founded by this Nuzhen nationality with Wanyanbu as its core. Before Sui Ke was the leader, Yan Hong Department lived a life of hunting and herding. At the beginning of the 11th century, under Sui Ke's leadership, we settled down and settled down, cultivated land and built houses, but it was still in the stage of "I don't know the fate of the years, but I don't know what to do with the years." By the middle of the 11th century, due to the purchase of a large number of ironware from "neighboring countries", ironworkers specializing in forging iron appeared in the departments of Wendu and Jiagu, which enabled the rapid development of social productive forces. Agriculture plays an important role in social life. As for animal husbandry production, it had developed quite well before the rise of agriculture.

with the development of social productive forces, the class differentiation in society is becoming more and more fierce. Ll After the middle of the century, the war became a means for Nuzhen ministries to plunder wealth and slaves. The appearance of a large number of slaves indicates that the Jurchen nationality will enter the class society. Frequent wars have made all ministries feel that forming alliances to resist foreign invasion is the condition for survival, so tribal alliances have emerged in time. It can be seen from the development process of Shengnuzhen Tribal Alliance that Jin Zhaozu and Shilu are the alliance leaders, which was previously a temporary alliance formed by some close relatives due to urgent needs. Since then, a number of military tribal alliances have been gradually formed by region, among which the alliance with Wanyan Department as the core is the most powerful, and its development and growth is also the process of Wanyan Department unifying the various departments of Jurchen. After Shi Lu became the leader of the alliance, he established a huge military tribal alliance with the region as the unit. When Jin Jingzu was in Wugu, the alliance was further expanded. From Baishan, Yeregrets, Tongmen, Yelazy, and Tugulun to the length of the five countries, they all took orders from Wugu. Liao therefore appointed Wuguyou as our ambassador for the Nuzhen tribe. However, at that time, the major league was still not consolidated, so after the death of Ugu, when his sons sai-jo illegally took over Libo, Su Zong was a thorn Shu and Mu Zong Yingge successively served as leaders, civil strife broke out. Mu Zong finally relied on its own strength to quell the civil strife. Then, he accepted Akuta's suggestion, and first abolished the ministers (regional alliance leaders) of all ministries, such as Tongmen, Hunstupid, Yeregrets, Xingxian 4th Road and Lingdong, and then banned all ministries from making credit cards, and everything was done by Yan Hong Ministry, thus centralizing their rights. The Jurchen nationality has also become strong. Transfer from Iron Blood/

The establishment of Jin Guo was completed by Akuta. Akuta is the second son of Jin Shizu. When Sai-jo was alive, he had shown outstanding talent. Before he died, Sai-jo said to Mu Zong, "Only this son (Akuta) has done enough for the Khitan". Later, Akuta assisted Su Zong, Mu Zong, and Kang Zong Wu Ya Shu, who made outstanding achievements and was strict in managing the world.

in October of p>1113 (the third year of Liao Tianqing), after Kang Zong's death, A Gu hit the throne. In June of the following year, Liao sent a mission to attack Nuzhen. At this time, on the one hand, the nobles of Jurchen society demanded further development; On the other hand, Emperor Tianzuo was in power in Liao Dynasty. For pleasure, he sent a silver angel to the territory of Jurchen every year to blackmail the famous eagle Haidongqing, which caused great public anger and intertwined sharp class contradictions and ethnic contradictions. Agu played in lll4, and sent people to spy on the strength of Liao. While actively preparing for the war against Liao.

In September of p>1114 (the fourth year of Liao Tianqing), Aguda led 2,5 Nuzhen soldiers and marched into Ningjiangzhou (now Shichengzi, Fuyu County, Jilin Province), a strategic place to control Nuzhen in Liao. On the way to March, he swore an oath in Liaohui City, listed the crimes of Liao, and conquered Ningjiang could in October.

After the fall of Jiangzhou, Liaoning Province, in November, the commander of Emperor Tianzuo, Xiao Jiali and others, rode 1, troops to Duck River Hebei. At that time, there were only more than 3, Jurchen soldiers, and only one third of them crossed Duck River, and the two armies met in Chuhedian (now the west of Zhaoyuan County, Heilongjiang Province). Akuta took advantage of the windy and dusty days and decisively led his troops to attack. The Liao army retreated without knowing the actual situation and was defeated. Aguda pursued the victory until the model theory (neighboring) was reached, and numerous Liao soldiers were captured. By this time, the Nuzhen soldiers were close to ten thousand. Turn from Iron Blood/

The above are the two decisive battles of dispatch troops against Liao. It shocked the Liao court and depressed the soldiers; The Jurchen soldiers, on the other hand, won twice under the condition of great disparity in strength, and their fighting spirit was even stronger. Next, the three states of Keliaobin, Xiang and Xian were connected. Neighbouring tribes such as Wuya and Tieli have left Liao and joined Jurchen. Persuaded by his younger brother Wu Qimai and others to "tie the heart of the world", Aguda was proclaimed emperor in the first month of 1115, with the title of Daikin, and the capital was Huining (now Baicheng, a city in Heilongjiang Province). This indicates that the social development of the Jurchen nationality has entered a new era. After the establishment of the Jin State, it marched into Huanglongfu, an important town in northeast Liaoning, and quickly occupied it. Then it successively captured Tokyo, Shangjing and Zhongjing, and in l125 it joined forces with the Northern Song Army to destroy Liao, and in l127 it sent troops south to destroy the Northern Song Dynasty. Since then, it and the Southern Song Dynasty, Xixia divided control of China for more than 1 years, becoming a dynasty in the history of China. In 1153, he moved the capital to Yanjing (now Beijing). Ruling area: Xing 'anling in the north, Huaihe River in the south, Linhai in the east, Xixia in the west and Mongolia in the border.

qidan

the qidan nationality is a nationality with far-reaching influence in the history of China. "Khitan" originally meant wrought iron, indicating firmness. However, since the end of Yuan Dynasty and the beginning of Ming Dynasty, the Khitan nationality has suddenly disappeared from the historical records. Fuxin, a state county, started from Liao, and Fuxin is called the "hometown" and "cradle" of the Khitans by historians. During the Liao Dynasty, there were 9 Touxiazhou in Fuxin with a population of 2,. It can be said that Fuxin and Qidan are inextricably linked.

recently, after the news that experts identified Daur nationality and Yunnan A, Mang and Jiang surname "I" as descendants of Qidan nationality by DNA technology was made public, Fuxin became the "important place" to solve the problem of Qidan origin. Yesterday, the reporter made a further follow-up investigation on the origin of the Khitan nationality.

using DNA technology to solve the mystery of the disappearance of qidan nationality

the qidan nationality, which founded the Liao dynasty for 219 years, suddenly disappeared from the historical records since the end of the yuan dynasty and the beginning of the Ming dynasty. In real life, does this nation no longer exist like the lost time?

A few days ago, some experts from China Academy of Medical Sciences and China Academy of Social Sciences used DNA technology to solve the mystery of the disappearance of the Khitan nationality: the Daur nationality has a recent genetic relationship with the Khitan nationality and is a descendant of the Khitan nationality. A, Mang and Jiang's "I" in Yunnan have similar paternal origin to Daur nationality and are also descendants of Qidan nationality.

In fact, about 1, people in Baoshan, Yunnan Province belong to the "I" surnames of A, Mang and Jiang of more than a dozen nationalities. In recent years, they have claimed to be descendants of the Khitan nationality and asked the relevant departments to clarify their origins. However, due to the obstacles in archaeological technology, the academic community has never been able to "correct the name" of this group claiming to be descendants of the Qidan nationality. Similarly, once upon a time, there was always a debate in academic circles about the ethnic origin of the Daur nationality. Some people said that it originated from the Dahe family in Qidan, while others said that it had developed independently from other ethnic groups since ancient times, and each held its own word.

Now, this historical mystery that has always puzzled historians has finally been solved, and DNA technology has solved the origin problem of Daur nationality and Yunnan A, Mang and Jiang surnames. This cracking process is like this: in five small villages in Baoshan, Yunnan, experts have taken blood samples of A, Mang, Jiang's surname "I" and other nationalities; In Leshan, Sichuan, the wrist bone of the female corpse of Qidan was taken, and the teeth and skulls of Qidan people with epitaphs were taken from Chifeng, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region. Blood samples of Daur, Ewenki, Mongolian and Han nationalities were collected from Molidawa Banner and other counties in Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region. By comparing the variable regions of mitochondrial DNA extracted by silicon method from dental pulp and bone marrow of ancient specimens, it shows an accurate conclusion that Daur, A, Mang and Jiang are all descendants of Qidan.

So far, experts have come to such a conclusion and metaphor: When Mongols established the Mongolian Empire across Eurasia in the Yuan Dynasty, they fought for years, and the Khitans who frequently used troops were conquered and scattered all over the country. Some ethnic groups, such as Daur, remained as a nation, while others were assimilated by the local people. The latter is the hardest to find,