Quanzhou Hotel is artificial.

In Song Dynasty, Quanzhou, Guangzhou and Mingzhou (the ancient name of Ningbo) were the three major ports in China. In the Yuan Dynasty, Quanzhou was even called? The largest port in the east? . Traveler Kyle? Poirot mentioned in his travels:? If a ship carries pepper to Alexandria in Egypt or other ports in the Mediterranean, then one hundred ships will come to Erythrina (Quanzhou). ? Now the gap between Mingzhou Port and Quanzhou Port is getting bigger and bigger.

Above _ Maritime Silk Road

First of all, as two important strongholds of the Maritime Silk Road, Mingzhou and Quanzhou have many similarities. Climatically, Mingzhou Port and Quanzhou Port are located in the subtropical monsoon climate zone, with long summers and no snow in winter, and may encounter typhoons and thunderstorms.

Geographically, both of them are adjacent to the ocean and located in the lower reaches of the river. Mingzhou Port is close to the East China Sea, and Quanzhou Port is located at the intersection of the East China Sea and the South China Sea. Mingzhou Port is located in the lower reaches of the Yangtze River, and Quanzhou Port is located in the lower reaches of Jinjiang and Luoyang Rivers.

From the characteristics of the port, both of them are located on the winding coastline, which can block the wind and waves and ensure the safety of ships. Moreover, they have a large sea area and excellent environmental carrying capacity, and can discharge pollutants in time.

Above _ An Shi Rebellion

In addition to these characteristics, their similarities also have twists and turns. Mingzhou Port and Quanzhou Port developed rapidly for the first time in the Tang Dynasty. In the early years of the Tang Dynasty, there was a dispute between Tang Jun and Turks, and the relationship deteriorated, blocking the Silk Road. So the Tang people began to focus on developing the Maritime Silk Road. After the Anshi Rebellion, the economic center of gravity moved south, and Mingzhou and Quanzhou, which are located along the coast, rose rapidly.

Mingzhou is the preferred landing point for envoys from Japan and other places, which is very prosperous. For example, New Tang Book? The biography of dongyi:? Silla originated from the sea and is famous for paying tribute to Ming and Yuezhou. ?

The Tang government has certain preferential policies for Quanzhou's trade development. "All Tang Wen" records that Ke Fan in Lingnan, Fujian, Yangzhou and other places should be appointed by our special envoy to keep asking questions and allow them to travel to and from other places except on their boats. ?

Therefore, people from Ryukyu and Arabia are happy to land in Quanzhou for trading. At the end of the Tang Dynasty, Xue Neng called Li, a doctor from Quanzhou Port in Fujian. There are geese in the Sea of Qiu Lai, and foreigners come to this city by boat. You should laugh when you walk past small fans, but you only know how to boast and not know how to be poor. ? The prosperity of Quanzhou can be seen.

Above _ A trade ship that paid tribute from Ryukyu to Ming Dynasty.

In the Song Dynasty, Mingzhou and Quanzhou were one of the few places where the imperial court set up trade offices, and the trade volume was large and very international. In the Northern Song Dynasty, Xu Jing described in The Path to Korea that Shenzhou in Mingzhou sailed to Korea, a Korean? Pour the whole country, like to sigh. ? Song Shi? Du Chunchuan said: Springs were let go by foreign ships, and groceries piled up like mountains. ?

During the Yuan Dynasty, Mingzhou developed trade with countries in the South China Sea. Quanzhou pu shougeng? Thirty years of profiteering? Because of the promotion of economic status, it was promoted to the southern administrative center in Jiangsu and Zhejiang provinces.

The implementation of the maritime ban policy in Ming Dynasty greatly hindered the development of Mingzhou and Quanzhou.

In the second year of Jiajing, Mingzhou occurred in Japan? Tribute struggle? The situation in these two ports is even worse. "Ming history? Official 4 "Give things a name:? Did the disaster start in the market? During Jiajing period, Quanzhou Trading Company was temporarily stationed in Mingzhou. Coupled with the rise of the enemy, the rulers are more inclined to lock the country, and Mingzhou and Quanzhou are declining faster and faster. Quanzhou, in particular, has been reduced from an international port to a local port.

It was not until modern times that these two famous ports slowly ushered in vitality.

Above _ The Rise of Japanese Pirates in Ming Dynasty

Of course, there are great differences between Mingzhou and Quanzhou because of their own characteristics.

I. Natural conditions: sediment concentration and forest coverage rate

Mingzhou and Quanzhou are also located in the lower reaches of the river, which provides conditions for sediment deposition, but the degree of sedimentation between them is obviously different.

Mingzhou evergreen broad-leaved forest has high density and high coverage. Although it was cut down artificially later, the greening foundation was good, which had a certain blocking effect on sediment deposition.

Mingzhou is also facing a lot of sediment deposition in Hangzhou Bay. However, the strong tidal current near Mingzhou closely follows the fluctuation of Mingzhou coastline, and the traffic flows in the deep water area, which keeps Mingzhou waterway at a certain depth.

The sediment concentration in Quanzhou Bay ranges from 55% to 95%.

This is because the forest coverage rate in Jinjiang area is low, which leads to Jinjiang and Luoyang rivers carrying a lot of sand to Quanzhou Bay for deposition.

1982, when the archaeological team excavated the ancient stone boat in Quanzhou Bay, it indicated that the Fashiyuan harbor was deep. Later, due to sediment deposition, the riverbed rose and gradually changed from shoal to land.

Jinjiang City Records also recorded a sentence:? Planting vines is 23 thousand, and harvesting is a burden? . It is said that due to the low forest coverage in Jinjiang, sandstorms are very harmful and the harvest is very low, which seriously damages the work and labor of local people.

The low forest coverage in Jinjiang not only makes the waterway of Quanzhou Port shallow, but also affects agricultural activities.

From the comparison between Mingzhou and Quanzhou, the forest coverage rate, as an important indicator of ecology and development, deserves attention.

Above _ Zheng Chenggong (1624- 1662), whose real name is Sen.

Second, the humanistic and social conditions

1. Population Loss During the Shunzhi period of the Qing Dynasty, in order to cut off the connection between Zheng Chenggong and the mainland, the Qing government promulgated? An expulsion order at sea? . What does Charlene Marilynn Dangelo's Reading the Sea contain? Will people from Shandong, Jiangsu, Zhejiang, Fujian and Guangzhou all move to the mainland? Both Mingzhou and Quanzhou lost their populations.

Later, Emperor Kangxi re-established Ningbo (Mingzhou) and Xiamen as foreign trade ports, excluding Quanzhou. Mingzhou, which continued foreign trade, slowly gathered a lot of people. Fujian's foreign trade center has been transferred from Quanzhou to Xiamen, so people were more inclined to move to Xiamen at that time. When Quanzhou moved out of the population, the fire burned in February Damage to facilities and environment. Later, due to the loss of population, it was ignored and missed many development opportunities.

Above _ Emperor Kangxi, Aisingiorro? Michelle Ye (65438+May 4th, 0654-1722 65438+February 20th)

2. Is it the center of the shipping department? During the Ming and Qing dynasties, the government imposed a sea ban, but still set up a department in charge of overseas trade, allowing some ports to open to trade.

Mingzhou and Quanzhou are both places where the government set up the municipal shipping department, but the situation is not the same.

At the beginning of the Ming Dynasty, the government set up a trading company in Mingzhou to trade with Japan. Later, the Japanese rebels made an insurrection, infected the trade and even killed the border guards. Jiajing temporarily suspended the trading company and did not reopen until Wanli. This also hindered the development of Mingzhou.

"Yun Colin's Home Ride" says: Is it just a question of tribute from its (Quanzhou) company? . In the early Ming Dynasty, Quanzhou Shipping Company was only responsible for receiving foreign guests and was deprived of the right to trade overseas. Is it convenient to Ryukyu with foreign guests? Arrive at Fuzhou estuary? . This has promoted the development of Fuzhou Port. During the Chenghua period, Zhang Xuan, the deputy governor, invited the city shipping company to move to Fuzhou and let it play. At that time, people thought it was wise. Fuzhou is the land of the Bamin General Association, and its clothing and cultural relics are ten times that of spring. . Since then, Quanzhou has never set up a trading company, which has accelerated the decline of Quanzhou.

Above _ Ningbo, specializing in the reception of Japanese companies resident.

The establishment of the city shipping company played an important role in the development of ancient ports. During the Ming and Qing Dynasties, Mingzhou, though tortuous, was still in charge of the Trade Department and was a trade center. Quanzhou has long lost the opportunity to take charge of the shipping company, and all resources tend to Fuzhou, which can only gradually decline.

Now, Mingzhou (Ningbo) Port will make persistent efforts to create another miracle. Quanzhou Port is also struggling to develop. I hope that the two ports will develop better and better.

Text: Xia Zhen

References:

[1] Kyle? Kyle of Poirot? Polo's travels

[2] Ouyang Xiu and other' New Tang Book'

[3] Gao Dong et al. Complete Tang poetry

[4] Tuotuo and other "Song History"

[5] Zhang et al. Ming History

The text was created by the team of History University Hall, and the pictures originated from the Internet and belonged to the original author.