The position and function of composition in the field of visual design

Plane composition is the arrangement and combination of visual elements on the two-dimensional plane according to the visual effect and mechanical principle of beauty. It is a method to create images and study the arrangement between images through rational and logical reasoning. It is the product of the combination of reason and sensibility.

brief introduction

The appearance of the word "plane composition" and its introduction as a basic course of art design is indeed a milestone of art design major in China Art College. Plane composition is a design language with * * *, which is applied by various art designs in today's society. Plane composition is a work (1).

Cheng, like other applied design disciplines, aims to improve and create design theories and expressions, giving people a more modern feeling. Plane composition injects fresh blood into art design class with a brand-new modeling concept. The integration of high technology has greatly expanded the visual aesthetic field of design art and enriched the thinking and expression means of design. Compared with the traditional basic model, it is not only a huge impact, but also a great potential to replace the traditional basic model. The traditional basic model is in jeopardy. Indeed, the appearance of graphic composition makes people have to reflect on the long-standing tradition. Plane composition is based on modern science and technology aesthetics. It combines the achievements of modern physics, optics, mathematics, psychology, aesthetics and many other fields, and brings fresh conceptual elements. In addition, it has been successfully applied in many fields of art design, and it has to become the only foundation of modern art design.

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New things always contain strong vitality, but traditional things also have their existence value. People's understanding and ideas have also experienced several twists and turns, from the basic model curriculum to the classroom, and after continuous reform and adjustment, it has gradually broken the traditional model of designing basic courses and changed the situation from relatively single and closed in the past to the present. On the basis of the coexistence of basic pattern course and plane composition, many colleges and universities have set up a series of courses such as black and white pattern, decorative pattern, decorative painting and graphic creativity, which are extended from the pattern course. The practice results show that the plane composition and the mode (the mode here covers the series of courses of non-plane composition mentioned above) have their own advantages and disadvantages, and they are different from each other. Because of the characteristics of their respective advantages, they cannot replace each other, so there is a basis for the existence of * * *. From the terminal of teaching results, that is, the educated, it is also very necessary to learn a series of courses such as experiential writing and mode. Through learning, we can gain different aesthetic experience and emotional experience, train a variety of ways of thinking, expand creative horizons and creative techniques, and better serve the society.

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Composition is a modern modeling concept, which refers to the recombination of several units with different or identical forms into a new unit, which constitutes the main forms of objects, including natural forms, geometric forms and abstract forms. Give it a visual and mechanical concept. Plane composition discusses the visual grammar of two-dimensional space. Its main forms are repetition, approximation, gradual change, variation, contrast, collection, emission, specificity, space and contradiction space, segmentation, texture and illusion. The understanding of plane composition originated from the development of natural science and philosophical epistemology. In the 20th century, based on the latest development of quantum mechanics, people paid more attention to the internal structure of things in micro-epistemology. This deepening from macro understanding to micro understanding also affects the development of the law of plastic arts. The concept of composition can be seen in western painting at the earliest. For example, cubist painting, Russian constructivism and Dutch new modelism all advocate abandoning traditional realism and expressing it in abstract form. Later, with the continuous improvement and development of Bauhaus School of Design in Germany, a complete modern design basic training teaching system was formed, which laid the foundation for the concept of composition design in modern design training and the composition of works (2) in one plane.

Location and function in use. Since 1970s, as the basis of design, graphic composition has been widely used in industrial design, architectural design, graphic design, fashion design, stage art, visual communication and other fields. Traditional pattern plastic arts, from its meaning and characteristics, quoted China arts and crafts artist Lei Guiyuan's explanation that "pattern is the pre-design of form, color and structure in practical art, decorative art, architectural art and arts and crafts, and it is the general name for making patterns, models and decorative patterns under the constraints of technology, materials, uses, economy, beauty and firmness". In a narrow sense, patterns can also be called decorative patterns. It can be seen that the biggest difference between pattern and plane composition is that plane composition completely abandons practical purposes, such as functions, materials, techniques and other factors, and the form is relatively far from concreteness, but creates a purely formal visual picture. And the pattern is initially associated with the actual function. Relatively limited in artistic expression. Plane composition is the product of high technology, and its knowledge structure, content and form are relatively open and diverse, especially in materials, involving a broad macro-world and micro-world. The traditional model is relatively closed, and its content and form are limited. Although it also pays attention to the sense of form and has certain abstract factors, it is built on a concrete basis. Its concrete, vivid and touching features make it unique.

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Based on the above understanding, from the perspective of visual psychology, plane composition and pattern also form the difference of aesthetic feeling and emotional experience of art forms. Psychologists believe that artists will always experience a special emotion-aesthetic feeling in the process of creative thinking. Plane composition gives people a special visual aesthetic feeling with its unique visual form and composition. The abstract characteristics of its form and the forms that produce different visual guidance functions constitute a rigorous and rhythmic picture, creating an orderly, rational and abstract beauty. For example, the repeated and approximate forms of plane composition show a kind of order, while the forms of gradual change, emission, contrast and space often show a dazzling visual illusion. The creative process of graphic composition is accompanied by a rational emotional experience from beginning to end. The phase plane of the pattern constitutes the work (3)

Limitation makes its subject matter relatively specific and formal, but this abstraction from life and nature shows a vivid perceptual beauty. It goes without saying that the emotional experience in the process of pattern creation has obvious perceptual characteristics.

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Plane composition is mainly composed of points, lines, planes and rhythms, which is rigorous in structure, abstract and formal. Compared with specific forms of expression, design works with various practical characteristics and creativity are more extensive. It is a visual art language that must be learned to use before the actual design and application, to carry out visual creation, to understand the concept of modeling, to train and cultivate all kinds of skilled composition skills and expression methods, to cultivate aesthetic and aesthetic cultivation and feelings, to improve creative activities and modeling ability, and to actively conceive. Plane skeleton: regular, semi-regular, irregular, single skeleton, composite skeleton, inactive skeleton, active skeleton type: repeated composition, variation, gradual change, emission, texture, approximate composition, dense composition, divided composition, specific composition, spatial composition, contradiction space, comparative composition and balanced composition.

picture

Image is a visual element that expresses a certain meaning in composition design. An image is a visual object with area, shape, color, size and texture. Midpoint, line and surface are the most basic images in modeling elements. Due to the combination and function of many different forms of points, lines and surfaces, many different forms of expression and images have been produced. Plane components: point component, line component and surface component.

Form of point formation

(1) The mixed arrangement of different sizes and densities makes it a dispersed form. 2) Arrange the points with the same size regularly in a certain direction, because the movement of the points leaves a linear feeling for people's vision. (3) according to a certain trajectory and direction, the point will be changed from large to small, thus creating a beautiful sense of rhythm. (4) Arranging dots with different sizes purposefully, which are dense and scattered, resulting in a sense of dots. (5) Points with the same size gradually overlap in opposite directions, resulting in subtle dynamic vision. (6) The visual effect of irregular points.

Form of line formation

(1) Faceted lines (equidistantly arranged) (2) Variable density lines (arranged at different distances) Perspective space visual effect (3) Variable thickness space, virtual and real space visual effect (4) Phantom lines (changing the original standard line arrangement) (5) Solid lines (6) Irregular lines.

Form of surface formation

(1) geometric surface shows regular, stable and reasonable visual effect. (2) Natural curved surfaces, when objects with different shapes appear in the form of curved surfaces, give people more vivid and heavy visual effects. (3) freehand surfaces. (4) Organic surface, which produces soft, natural and abstract surface shapes. (5) Accidental surfaces.

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Basic format

The basic format of plane composition (the basic format can be roughly divided into 90-degree arrangement format, 45-degree arrangement format, arc arrangement format and polyline arrangement format)

Reusable template

Repetitive composition form (a basic simplex as the main body is repeatedly arranged in the basic format, and the arrangement can be used as the direction and position plane to form the work (4)

Change, with a strong sense of formal beauty) Bone and basic form have the repetitive nature of form, which is called repetitive composition. In this structure, the horizontal and vertical lines that make up the skeleton must be repeated in equal proportion, and the skeleton lines can change their direction and width, but they must also be repeated in equal proportion. The requirements for the basic shape can be repeated in the skeleton, and the direction and position can also be changed. When coloring, the words "positive" and "negative" can also be interchanged, but the part of the basic shape that exceeds the skeleton must be removed.

Approximate form

Approximate form of composition (the composition between similar forms is characterized by "change" in "unity", and in design, the approximate basic form is generally obtained by addition and subtraction between basic forms). A formation with little change in skeleton and basic shape is called approximate formation. The approximate skeleton can be repeated or staggered, but the approximation is mainly reflected by the approximate change of the basic shape. Approximate changes in basic forms can be obtained by filling in tables or adding and subtracting two basic forms.

Progressive form

Gradual form (the form in which basic shapes are gradually arranged according to the relationship between size, direction, reality and color), and the form in which bones and basic shapes have gradual properties is called gradual form. There are two forms of gradual change: one is to obtain the gradual change effect by changing the density ratio of horizontal and vertical lines of bone lattice; First, through the orderly, regular and orderly infinite changes of the basic shape (such as changes in migration, direction, size, position, etc.), the gradient effect is obtained. In addition, the basic form of gradual change can also be independent of natural laws, from A to B and from B to C. For example, fish in the river will gradually become birds in the air, and triangles will gradually become circles.

grade

Gradient of shape, gradient of density, gradient of reality and color.

Start form

The form of emission (centered on one or more points, showing the visual effect of surrounding emission diffusion, with strong sense of movement and rhythm). Grid lines and basic shapes appear in the form of emission, which is called emission patterning. This kind of composition is composed of skeleton lines and basic shapes which are centrifugal, centripetal, concentric and superimposed by several emission forms. Among them, the emission skeleton can be composed of emission, not included in the basic shape; The basic shape of the launch can also be composed of larger units that do not contain the human launch skeleton; In addition, the emission skeleton can be composed of alternating colors according to certain rules. Point emission configuration multi-point emission configuration rotating emission grid

Spatial form

Spatial form (the spatial form on the plane obtained by using the principles of viewpoint, vanishing point and visual field in perspective)-three-dimensional space formed by the density of points-three-dimensional space formed by line changes-space formed by overlapping-space formed by perspective law (expressed by the relationship between near big and far small, near real and far imaginary in perspective)-composition of contradiction space (illusion space composition): By changing the viewpoint and vanishing point of three-dimensional space form,

Specific formation form

Specific composition form (a small number of variations are carried out in a more regular form to break through the more standardized and monotonous composition form, and the specific composition factors include shape, size, position, direction, color, etc. And the proportion of local changes should not change too much, otherwise it will affect the contrast effect of overall and local changes).

Dense composition

Dense composition refers to relatively free composition forms, including preset density and amorphous density. The preset shape density is to organize the density and diffusion of basic shapes by means of skeleton lines or central points arranged in advance on the screen, that is, a considerable number of basic shapes are concentrated in a certain place, and then gradually spread outward from dense. Amorphous density does not presuppose points and lines, but depends on the balance of the picture, that is, through the subtle contrast between the basic shape and space of density, virtual reality and so on. The basic form of density must have a certain number and direction of movement and change, often from concentration to disappearance. In addition, in order to enhance the visual effect of dense composition, we can also make overlapping, overlapping, overlapping and other changes between basic forms to enhance the spatial sense of basic forms in composition.

Contrastive composition

A composition that is freer than a dense composition is called a contrast composition. This composition does not depend on the skeleton line, but only on the comparison of the shape, size, direction, position, color and texture of the basic modeling, as well as the comparison of the relationship elements of the center of gravity, space, existence and non-existence, and reality, which gives people a strong and distinct feeling.

vein

The texture that can be visually distinguished on the surface of an object is called texture, and the pattern composed of texture is texture composition. This composition can be obtained by photographic plate-making technology, painting, spraying, sucking, scraping, collage, dyeing and printing. vein

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Visual characteristics

Texture is visually embodied as smoothness and roughness in plane form. In nature, texture refers to the texture and texture on the surface of an object. People, animals, plants and various objects all have different forms of textures, and the natural form of textures reflects the way everything exists in nature. The rough bark of pine trees, human skin and smooth skin of giant marine animal blue whale show different textures, lifestyles and their living environment. In addition to the visual beauty, the surface treatment of man-made articles also has an important aspect, that is, the texture has a function beyond aesthetics. On the arid surface, the texture formed by cracked soil reflects the natural phenomenon of serious water shortage; Streamlined modeling and its smooth surface are to improve speed; Second, the texture formed by rivets on the surface of aircraft, the texture on the surface of automobile tires and the texture formed by vegetation on the surface of the earth all have their own visual aesthetic attributes, and some of them have been artificially designed and processed, but they can't hide the use function of texture at all. Different from the actual texture of an object, in the plane composition, the study of texture focuses on the study of texture form itself, on the study of visual perception, and on the study of the formation and composition of visual texture. The study of texture is helpful to the expression of visual effect and design intention. Texture is a special form of beauty, which allows us to feel the texture and texture of the face at a glance. Studying and applying the characteristics and attributes of texture from the aesthetic point of view will make the plane composition have more visual languages and means of expression. In practical application, in addition to the relationship between light and shade, color and texture, surface treatment will also enrich graphic design in techniques and vision. The special visual feeling of texture is irreplaceable by other visual forms.

Constitutive form

Visual texture: Visual texture is a visual feeling caused by texture. In plane composition, visual texture refers to the visual form reflected by regular or irregular forms after being grouped or densified into plane forms on a small scale. Visual texture is visual texture, but has no tactile texture. For visual texture, the visual roughness does not mean that it is also rough to the touch. This is the difference between visual texture and tactile texture. Visual delicacy, roughness, texture and texture are all concrete manifestations of visual texture. There are several ways to express visual texture: 1. Visual texture is formed by showing the real tactile three-dimensional texture on the surface of an object as a visible form on the plane; 2. Plane visual texture can be formed by grouping or densifying smaller scale unit forms. Tactile texture: tactile texture is relative to visual texture. Tactile texture refers to the feeling of delicacy, roughness, texture or texture when touching. The tactile texture can be visible or invisible. In plane composition, the generation of tactile texture must deal with the texture above or below the design plane. For example, the impression of the printing plane during printing will cause the texture of the hand. The texture on the paper surface is also a plane tactile texture. In order to maintain planarity, the thickness of tactile texture should not be too large. If it is too big, it will have a strong sense of body and lose the essence and characteristics of the plane.

Production method and technology

(1) Concave-convex method carries out different treatments such as scraping, engraving, pressing and printing on the surface of paper with certain strength, and makes slight concave-convex undulations on the plane, thus forming a tactile sense. If different colors are applied to the tactile texture, a tactile visual texture can be formed. (2) The floating method uses paper with good water absorption to absorb colors, oil stains, ink and other substances that can float on the water surface, forming a visual texture with a sense of fluidity and strong contingency. (3) Tear-and-paste method uses the texture and elasticity of different papers to tear the papers into a certain shape according to a certain imagination, and forms a visual and tactile texture when collaging on the plane. (4) Stacking painting uses the thickness of color raw materials and groups the designed colors into certain textures according to the principle of unit shapes, forming the visual and tactile textures of stacking painting.