Knowledge of photography theory?

Basic composition and setting of camera: The difference between digital camera and traditional camera is that it can directly preview photos, and if the photos are not satisfactory, it can delete the reshoot. Composition of digital camera; It consists of lens, viewfinder, CCD, LCD shutter and so on. The zoom lens changes the focal length, that is, the size of the image. The viewfinder is used for framing. CCD is an electronic imaging element. The area of CCD determines the size of pixels, which is what we usually call pixels. The LCD screen is used to display images or composition, the shutter is used to take pictures, and the memory card is used to store images. The larger the memory card, the more images are stored. 1, aperture and shutter: the aperture is used to adjust the luminous flux. The smaller the aperture value, the more luminous flux. Conversely, the larger the aperture value, the smaller the luminous flux. The main function of the aperture is to adjust the exposure, and the adjusted luminous flux reaches the standard. If the image is dark under the condition of equal light, the luminous flux of the aperture is small. At this time, open the aperture and increase the luminous flux. If the image is too bright, it is overexposed and needs to be reduced to achieve exposure. Only images with standard exposure can take the best photos. Be sure to master the exposure. 2. Zooming and focusing: Zooming refers to changing the size of the image. Zoom can be divided into automatic and manual, push-pull and rotation. Generally, it is manual zoom. By changing the zoom, the required imaging size can be obtained, and the focal length is the distance of the focal point. Usually we make it clear that digital cameras are autofocus. Press the shutter button for half a minute to start autofocus, and then press the shutter to take pictures. 3. White balance setting. White balance refers to the color setting of photos. If the white balance settings do not match, the captured image will appear color cast, which is usually called incorrect color. Color temperature is divided into sunlight, incandescent lamp, fluorescent lamp and flash lamp, which are generally used indoors. White Balance Automatic white balance is set in user-defined settings. When shooting large scenes with more colors, automatic white balance is more accurate, and user-defined white balance is generally used. 4. Memory card settings: The imaging size of digital cameras is determined by pixel settings, and digital cameras are generally represented by large, medium, small or high, medium and low. The larger the pixels of the same memory card, the less the number of photos, the more the number of photos, and the fewer the pixels. Accordingly, the larger the magnification of a photo with large pixels, the smaller it is. 5. Shadow is the flash synchronization setting: professional digital cameras all have the flash synchronization function. We must choose the flash synchronization block when taking pictures under movie and television lights, otherwise we can't get satisfactory exposure. The synchronization setting should be set according to the camera's instructions.

Basic knowledge of photography II. The use of light: photography is inseparable from light. In photography, light can be divided into three types: forward light, side light and backward light. Smoothing refers to the light from the front of the subject, the side light from the side of the subject, and the backlight from the back of the subject. Generally speaking, portrait shooting mostly uses front light or side light, rarely uses back light, and front light is the most used. In the studio, it is usually divided into main light and auxiliary light. As the name implies, the main light is the main effect of the whole light, and the auxiliary light plays the role of connecting and supplementing the light. Generally, the illumination angle of the main light is slightly higher than the photographer's 45-degree angle, and the angle of the auxiliary light is equal to that of the photographer. The measurement of the main light exceeds the brightness of the auxiliary light. The distance of light depends on the isocratic index, and the distance requires a large flash to have a larger index in the distant view. Soft boxes must be used to obtain smooth, delicate and soft effects.

The use of light, the current photographic light mostly uses flat light, and flat light is suitable for most.

1, composition; What is the measure of whether a photo looks pleasing to the eye? First, for writing. Composition methods can be roughly divided into golden section method, diagonal method and nine-square grid method. Only when these points are reached can it be pleasing to the eye, otherwise it will not be pleasing to the eye. The golden section is to divide a rectangle vertically and horizontally into two halves, the intersection of four points is the golden section point, and the diagonal method is that the subject is on the diagonal. Portraits are divided into close-ups, headshots, busts, six-in-one portraits, full-length portraits and group photos.

2. color matching; When you send a portrait, the background and the main color of the character should be coordinated as much as possible, so as to look good. Generally, many people will use the front clothes to match the consistency, which also reflects the unity. Color matching is more resistant to elegant colors, which are mostly used for wedding photos. Third, posture modeling:

The role of posture in photos can not be ignored. The most basic thing is that the space facing the face of the character is larger than the space facing the face, and the space in front of the feet is smaller than the space behind the head. Straight line, curve, triangle, inward, etc.

The aesthetic modeling of portrait photography is unique to commercial portrait photography. The audience of commercial portrait photography is customers. Because most customers want to take good-looking photos, photographers need to make full use of shooting angles, props environment, lighting modeling and other means to beautify customers. In commercial portrait photography, the beauty modeling of characters should be determined according to the following aspects: 1, the temperament type of customers.

A person's temperament is a comprehensive reflection of experience, cultivation and living conditions. After seeing and contacting customers, photographers should have a general classification of customers' temperament, such as some customers are lively and cheerful, some customers are quiet and dignified, and some customers are noble and elegant. When designing for a quiet and dignified guest, the facial expression should be implicit, the shape of limbs and body should not change much, and the posture of the characters should be static. 2, the external characteristics of customers In portrait photography, we generally pay attention to the five senses and body characteristics. Different facial features make customers have different beautiful postures. Generally, the customers we shoot have more or less the lack of facial features and the imperfection of body shape. Therefore, the beautiful posture should be different. 1), protruding forehead: When shooting, please ask the subject's chin to bend upward. Or design the hands, hair, etc. of the subject. Cover his forehead. 2) Fat face: When shooting, let the subject face the camera half way. Take a frontal portrait and avoid using flat light. 3) Face-lifting type: When shooting, make the subject's face face the lens, the plane is bright and the light level is low. Don't let the cheekbones or cheeks of the characters stand out in the frame. 4) Wrong nose shape: When shooting, let the subject face the camera half or side. Face-to-face shooting 5), high nose: When shooting, let the subject face the camera, flat and soft. 6), concave nose: When shooting, let the subject face the camera, use the front position, and it is best to produce highlights on the bridge of the nose. 7) Baldness: When shooting, let the subject wear a hat or wig, and don't let the customer bend over and face the camera. 8) Double chin: This is a common phenomenon regardless of fat or thin. When shooting, please stretch the subject's chin forward and lengthen the chin muscles to avoid crowding together. You can also shoot at high altitude. 9) Eyes of different sizes: When there are obviously eyes of different sizes, it can be solved by the stylist sticking fake double eyelids. When taking pictures, customers can also open their eyes wide or turn their eyes to different places. You can also make the subject's small eyes close to the lens and decorate the subject too far with small perspective changes. 10), convex eyes: when shooting, you can shoot a frontal portrait and project it on the subject with flat and soft light. 1 1), there are spots on one side of the face: let the marked side of the subject turn his back to the camera or cover it with hair, hands and accessories. 12), Fan ears: Cover with hair, hands and headdress, so that the ears close to the camera are in the shadow. It is not appropriate to take a positive portrait. 13), cross-eyed: Try not to shoot head-up, let the customer turn up, down, left and right to find the most suitable angle to shoot. 14), stout: let the subject wear dark clothes and shoot with dark background and props. 15), the legs are slightly shorter: when shooting, let the subject wear uniform color clothes and shoot low. 16), the arm is too thick: improve by dressing. When taking pictures, keep your arms away from your body. Don't squeeze your arm. Cover your fingers with ornaments to reduce the area occupied by your arms in the picture. 17), abdomen protruding: when shooting, let the customer hold his chest and abdomen, and make improvements with gestures or flowers. 18) The distance between two people is too large: put the thinner one near the camera, block part of the other one or turn the angle to make the fatter one look thinner. 19), the legs are too rented: let the subject wear a long skirt or cover it with props and ornaments. 20), the hand shape is not beautiful: turn the angle of the hand and choose a beautiful angle to shoot. If there is no ideal angle, you can shoot by wearing gloves and covering it with ornaments. Fourth, the posture and demeanor of the subject 1, standing portrait: Standing portrait is one of the most common postures in portrait photography, which can fully display the lines of people, with great aesthetic freedom and many postures. When posing for a standing portrait, we should pay attention to the following points: a. One leg of the subject stands straight, and the other leg is freely crossed or slightly lifted. The straight leg should not be bent, and the lifted leg should keep the body straight. The laying of legs and feet is the premise of laying upper body parts. B, the subject's head, chest and buttocks are generally not in a straight line. Let the main line of the body form a curve or S line. C, head, chest, buttocks formed by the plane block should not be in a plane. For example, when the chest lump is forward, the face should be sideways. For example, when the chest is sideways, the ass should be turned forward. D. general standing posture requires swinging from the feet. 2, sitting portrait: sitting portrait is more limited than standing portrait, but sitting posture can form a beautiful curve, which is also conducive to eliminating the tension of the subject. Sitting posture is based on sitting posture inclined to the camera at 45 degrees, which can be divided into three types: oblique sitting posture, back sitting posture and side back sitting posture. The angles formed by the upper and lower torso can be divided into right-angle sitting posture, obtuse sitting posture and acute sitting posture. If the legs are crossed, they can be divided into thigh crossing and calf crossing. When shooting sitting portraits, we should pay attention to the following aspects: a. Sitting portraits are suitable for expressing static expressions, and the expressions of the subjects should be restrained, including animals. B, the treatment of subjects' joints is the key part. On the whole. It's rare to take pictures in a sitting position, because then your knees will rush to the camera and your thighs will look thick and clumsy. C. The spine treatment of sitting portraits is also very important, because the emotions of sitting portraits are written on the back, especially when the side is facing the sitting posture and sitting posture. When the mood is high and the spirit is full, the spine is always straight. When in a bad mood, the spine will be greatly curled, while the spine in a normal state of mind is only slightly bent. Therefore, when the subject sits down, the photographer should remind him not to sit too firmly, to sit in vain, and not to lean back on the chair. Pay attention to supporting the upper body with his spine. D, sitting portrait is not easy to show the figure, generally do not choose loose and fat clothing, in order to better reflect the figure curve and the lines of limbs, it is best to let customers wear tight clothing. E. When you are sitting, you should first look for the most suitable body proportion from the lens. Only when the proportion is normal will the visual experience be comfortable. The smoothness and integrity of lines is a problem that can not be ignored in sitting posture modeling. Sitting posture often interrupts the extended figure curve, and the lines in sitting posture are often locked and appear messy. Sitting posture can more calmly show the modeling advantages of the upper body, and can make full use of the characteristic curve of the outer contour of the upper body to show the figure. Coupled with the coordination of limbs, a relatively complete and smooth body curve can be formed. When dealing with exposed parts of the body, such as arms, waist, abdomen and thighs. 3. Double-person modeling: Double-person photos are often encountered in wedding photography. Compared with single photos, double photos are more diverse in beauty modeling. There are not only changes in the body, lines and expressions of a single character, but also exchanges between roles. When posing a pair of beautiful postures, we must not forget the echo and change between the two. When shooting two people's wedding dresses, we should pay attention to the following aspects: A. The beauty of two people should pay attention to the changes of each other's bodies when modeling, from the perspective of human body structure. The human body is divided into three parts: head, chest and buttocks. When we study the beauty modeling of the duo, we divide them into two groups to study. Generally, the subject has six basic structural combinations relative to the lens: female body, male body, female body, female body, male body and female body, female body and female body. On the basis of these six basic combinations, further fine-tuning and subdivision can produce endless beautiful shapes. B, double beauty modeling should pay attention to the changes of lines in the picture. The lines in the picture have different meanings. For example, straight lines give people a feeling of being tall and vigorous, which is suitable for expressing the beauty of men. Curves give people a gentle and quiet charm, which is suitable for expressing beautiful environment or gentle female beauty. Charts are dynamic, if the number of diagonals is small in the picture. If there is less movement and more diagonal lines, the sense of movement of the whole picture will become very strong. When the diagonal inclination is not too great, the sense of movement becomes moderate. Five, beautiful posture modeling should be consistent with the expression of the characters and the environmental atmosphere. In portrait photography, the attitude expression of the subject and the artistic space of the characters are interrelated. The different environments of shooting characters have different styles of beauty. For example, when the subject is in a warm environment, the posture of the subject should be softer. When the figure is in a warm environment, the beautiful shape of the figure should be unrestrained. In portrait photography, the pose modeling of the subject and other modeling elements in the picture are a complete whole, and the change of any modeling element in the picture will affect the beauty modeling of the subject. Photographers must not study beauty modeling from the actual situation of the subject and its environment. Landscape photography Landscape photography is the most changeable, dramatic and challenging subject in all kinds of photography. You must find and blend in with nature yourself. Sometimes in order to take a successful photo, it is necessary to walk back and forth several times or even dozens of times, which is difficult for ordinary people to understand. Here, I would like to give some suggestions to movie lovers who like landscape photography:

As far as landscape photography is concerned, the better the photographic equipment, the better the Qi Yue, but this is not something that beginners can do, and there is no need to blindly pursue sophisticated and complete equipment. Some photographers focus on the equipment and forget the photography itself. This kind of putting the cart before the horse is a dangerous tendency that should be paid attention to in photography. To creatively play the role of existing equipment, we can also shoot good photographs from the most interesting themes and forms.

"If you want to do a good job, you must sharpen your tools first." It is best to use a camera with a medium frame or above to shoot landscape themes. This does not mean that the greater the negative, the better the work. 135 film can still make a good film. However, if you take landscape photography with a big camera, the unique resolution and texture of the big negative are good, which has a unique visual effect on expressing subtle things in the landscape. However, this kind of camera is bulky, poor mobility and difficult to operate. 35 mm SLR camera, but its negative area is too small. When the photo is enlarged to more than 20 inches, the particles of the image are rough and the details will be greatly lost. However, it is difficult for any camera to cover the representation of the scene. 135 camera is small in size, high in maneuverability, easy to operate and measure light, which is incomparable to the host computer. You need to know your camera and be good at taking advantage of it to shoot.

Lens: There are many kinds of lenses, and the lenses used in 35mm cameras can be summarized as zoom and fixed focus. Zoom lenses don't need to change lenses, so they are multi-purpose and flexible. They can quickly grasp the climax and beauty of dynamic pictures, which is cheaper than buying multiple fixed-focus lenses at the same time. If a novice chooses this zoom lens, he can carry 35-70mm and 70-2 10mm and use it freely. The disadvantage is that the resolution is far different from that of a fixed-focus lens, and the texture of the photo is poor when it is enlarged to a large size, which is also a disadvantage that must be considered.

When shooting scenery, you'd better use a professional reverse film. Its advantage is that it can vividly represent the subject and obtain very satisfactory quality and effect. The exposure latitude of the professional reverse film is much smaller than the negative film, so accurately grasping the exposure has become the most important issue in landscape photography.

When shooting landscape photography, it is often necessary to use a small aperture to obtain a large depth of field, or use a slow shutter to express motion. In order to prevent the vibration when holding the camera from affecting the quality of photo enlargement, a solid tripod with good performance is also essential. Sometimes even with a tripod, after careful focusing, the photos are still not clear enough, which is mostly caused by the poor stability of the tripod. In particular, a long lens of about 200mm is often used, and a tripod of about 2 kg is needed for stability.

Cable arrangement is also an essential tool to prevent the camera from shaking due to slow shutter shooting or long exposure during dawn and night shooting.

The hood is used to block the sunlight and prevent the halo from invading the lens and damaging the brightness and color of the image, which is quite beneficial to improve the image quality. However, when taking pictures with a wide-angle lens, the hood should be removed to prevent the camera from capturing the edge of the hood and producing black shadows at the four corners of the work.

Filters are indispensable equipment in landscape photography, which can enhance the artistic effect of the picture. Commonly used filters are sky mirror (SL), polarizer (PL) and subtractor (nd).

When the close-up scene is in a dark state, the flash can be used to fill the light appropriately to shoot clear images and bright colors; Landscape photography encounters various bad weather such as wind, snow, rain and fog, which seriously damages the camera and lens. You should take a rubber blower with you. In winter, when the camera is transferred from outdoor to indoor, it will take a while to take it out of the camera bag. Prevent the lens from generating water vapor.