Ask the great gods to see what these three flowers are.

Scientific name: Chinese rose

English name: ChineseRose

Alias: Catharanthus roseus, Moon Red, Bean Snow Red, Thin Guest.

Family and Genus: Rose of Rosaceae

Morphological description

Rose is a thorny shrub, or it is tendril-like and climbing. Evergreen or deciduous shrubs, erect, with spiny or spiny stems, some almost spineless. Branchlets are green, with 3-5(7) leaflets, most of which are pinnately compound leaves, broadly ovoid or ovoid oblong, 2.5-6 cm long, sharp tips, serrated leaves, hairless and smooth on both sides; Stipules and petioles are connate, entire or glandular toothed, and the tips are separated into spikes. Flowers are often clustered, rare and solitary, with many colors and colors, 4-5 cm in diameter, mostly double and single petals; Sepals caudate, long pointed, with pinnate lobes at the edge; Style separation, extending out of calyx tube mouth, equal to stamens; Each ovary 1 ovule. The fruit is ovoid or pear-shaped, with a length of 1-2 cm and sepals falling off. Flowering: April-June 5438+1October.

Place of production

Rosaceae plants are native to the northern hemisphere, almost all over Asia and Europe, and China is one of the origins of Chinese rose. As for the modern Chinese rose, the blood relationship is extremely complicated.

Roses are also found in Beijing, Tianjin, Dalian, Nanchang, Changzhou, Anqing, Yichang, Zhengzhou, Bengbu, Ji 'an, Wu Shang, Jiaozuo, Pingdingshan, Huaiyin, Taizhou, Fuyang, Zhumadian, Sanmenxia, Hengyang, yingtan, Huainan, Huaibei, Qingdao, Weifang, Jiaonan, Wuhu, Shijiazhuang, Handan, Xingtai and Cangzhou.

Traditional cultural status

Rose is in a weak position in the traditional culture of China. However, according to new archaeological discoveries, it is a totem plant of the northern lineage of Chinese ancestors-equivalent to the legendary Yellow Emperor tribe.

Today, the national flower is undecided. If there are suitable opportunities for cultural development, it is not impossible for Chinese rose to be selected as the national flower.

Variety evolution

Breeding and variety evolution: The process of seasonal breeding and variety evolution is divided into three independent periods. The breeding methods in these three periods are relatively different, but the theme of breeding is gene change, which is the same. These three periods are divided as follows:

1, early (prehistoric-1875)

2. Modern (1875- 1967)

3. Modern (1967-)

In the first period, which lasted about 5000 years, by 1875, Mendel published his famous law of hybrid inheritance, and people's breeding of rose also developed into directional hybrid breeding. Since then, most rose breeders have considered the breeding problem from the perspective of Mendel's genetic law or quality inheritance, while quantitative inheritance or weighted genetic behavior was rarely known or used in breeding at that time.

The outline of the first rose breeding is as follows:

1. People collected many varieties of roses and planted them all together.

2. In the second period, only a few species contributed to the propagation of roses.

3. Intraspecific hybridization is a natural process.

4. New varieties only come from natural pollination.

5. Rose breeding is concentrated in Western Europe and America.

6. The natural evolution trend is from diploid to tetraploid.

7. Form an original huge gene pool.

8. Domestication reduces genetic resources.

9. Infer the rose varieties before 1875.

The second phase begins with the application of directional technology and ends with 1967. Since 1967, molecular biology technology has been applied to Chinese rose. This period lasted for 90 years.

The third phase began at 1967 and lasted for more than 30 years.

The beginning of Chinese rose breeding: Early gardeners chose fine varieties from wild Chinese roses and planted them together. In very early prehistoric times, China, Persia, the two river basins, Egypt, Greece and Italy planted several or several domesticated Chinese roses, which was much earlier than the first year of AD. In ancient gardening, it is not clear whether Chinese rose is propagated by seeds or asexually. However, in more than 5000 years, a large number of new varieties have appeared through sowing seeds obtained by natural pollination.

The domestication of varieties and the generation of intraspecific hybrids are a long process, some unsatisfactory primitive types are abandoned, asexual propagation technology is developed, and the progress of domestication is accelerated. Through the introduction of travelers and variety replacement, gardeners have gained new genetic resources (the genetic changes of any domesticated species are not great). Early breeders knew that planting a variety together with other varieties would have a great influence on future generations, and at the same time kept a lot of information produced by the female parent and new varieties, so that we could confirm the evolution process of some varieties. However, breeders at that time still didn't know that paternal characteristics would be passed on to the next generation through pollination. At that time, some diploid varieties evolved into tetraploid varieties. The main varieties of modern Chinese rose are almost tetraploid. It is worth noting that in some varieties that continue to bloom, the viability increases with the increase of ploidy. If we know this knowledge early, it may arouse the interest of early breeders in cultivating new tetraploid varieties from diploids.

Rose originated in China plays a greater role in the cultivation of new varieties of roses in western Europe than any other kind of roses. It has brought the phenomenon of continuous flowering and shrubs to new varieties, which is still unknown. There is also the wild rose, which is also an important parent, and it brings the characteristics of Umbelliferae to the rose.