Traditional Culture Encyclopedia - Photography major - Bai Jin's life
Bai Jin's life
Bai Jin joined the Jesuits on 167810.9 and123.787, and was one of the first six Jesuits sent to China by Louis XIV. Before they set out, they were awarded academicians of the French Academy of Sciences and given the task of measuring the geographical location of the areas they passed and spreading science. Headed by Father Hong Ruohan, these missionaries marched eastward from Brest, France on March 3, 1985, passing through Siam (present-day Thailand), and arrived in Ningbo, Zhejiang Province on July 23, 1987, requesting permanent residence in China. One of the priests was detained by the King of Siam, and no one came to China since then. The other five finally arrived in Beijing on February 7th. 1688. These five people are Hong Rehan, Li Ming, Bai Jin, Mr. Zhang and Liu Ying. At that time, Jin Hong, the governor of Zhejiang Province, took these people without passports into China and addressed the Ministry of Rites, intending to send them back to China. Because ferdinand verbiest, the Belgian priest who served as Qin at that time, was old, Kangxi wanted to find someone to replace him, so he approved them to enter Beijing. Two priests, Bai Jin and J.F.Gerbillon, were immediately sent to Beijing by Emperor Kangxi, while the other three were allowed to travel to various provinces to spread the gospel freely.
1688, Rizo and others entered the palace and presented the advanced astronomical instruments in Europe at that time, including quadrant with altimeter telescope, level meter, astronomical clock and some mathematical instruments. Kangxi liked it very much, ordered it to be placed in the Imperial Palace, and ordered Bai Jin and Rizo to learn Manchu, and they learned it nine months later. Bai Jin and Zhang Cheng explained some astronomical phenomena to Kangxi while explaining the use of their instruments, and introduced French and Italian astronomer Jean Dominique Cassini (1625 ~ 17 12) and French mathematician astronomer Philippe de Rachiele (1640). Bai Jin also presented Emperor Kangxi with an altimeter telescope given to him by Duke Mayne, the son of King Louis XIV of France.
1690, Rizo and Bai Jin systematically taught geometry and arithmetic to Kangxi. Zhang Cheng and Bai Jin compiled the Outline of Manchu Practical Geometry. Later, Bai Jin and Rizo's Manchu speeches were compiled and translated into Chinese, and Kangxi personally examined and approved the preface. This is the text "Elements of Geometry", which is now collected in the Palace Museum, while the Chinese text is included in "Essence of Mathematics".
169 1 year, according to the requirements of Emperor Kangxi, Bai Jin and Rizo had planned to talk about the history of European philosophy, but because Kangxi was ill, they could not study hard and failed to proceed as planned. They saw that the emperor wanted to know about human tissues and their functional motives, as well as the principles of those beneficial effects that occurred in these tissues, so he decided to teach human anatomy.
1693 (thirty-two years of Kangxi) On July 4th, the quinine of Bai Jin and Zhang Chengxian cured the malaria of Emperor Kangxi. In order to reward their contributions, Emperor Kangxi ordered to build a residence for missionaries on the land of xi 'anmen, the imperial city. At the same time, in order to attract more French Jesuits, Emperor Kangxi appointed Bai Jin as his special envoy to France, brought 49 precious books to the French king, and returned to China to recruit more missionaries to China. Bai Jin went hand in hand by land and water, 1697 arrived in Brest in March and returned to Paris in May. At that time, there were only 23 Chinese books in France, so this set of Chinese books brought back by Bai Jin made Louis XIV feel very happy and surprised. At that time, Bai Jin published two books, The Present Situation of China and Emperor Kangxi, which were dedicated to Madame duke of burgundy and Louis XIV respectively. Bai Jin molded Emperor Kangxi into another sun king, so as to win Louis XIV's good opinion of Kangxi and get further financial and human support for the mission area, that is, to send more Jesuits to China and pay their annual salary. Louis XIV generously agreed to this request and authorized Bai Jinhua to prepare a gift of 10,000 francs for Emperor Kangxi.
After everything was ready, in March of 1698, the "Anfeite Park Yung Su" carried a group of nine Jesuits from Roscher to Guangzhou, except Bai Jin. The remaining eight people are Jean-Baptiste Regis, Jean-Charles Etienne de Brosia, Charles Dolzer, Louis Pe? on, Joseph de Prémare, Dominique Dominique Parrenin, Filiber JaNeikes and Charles de belleville.
Prior to this, Bai Jin had arranged for several other Jesuits to leave early. Jean Francois Foucquet and Gabriel Barborier left "Lazeland" in Brest on June 5438+0698+ 10, and changed "Labang" in Port Louis, together with three other Jesuits already on board. In addition, when they were in India, two French missionaries came to China together. In this way, Bai Jin brought back 15 Jesuits, many of whom made outstanding contributions to Sinology. They returned to Beijing on 1699, and brought a batch of precious sculptures returned by the French king.
The great success of Bai Jin's mission won the praise of Emperor Kangxi. The emperor appointed him as the tutor of the Crown Prince. Bai Jin and Emperor Kangxi held the same view. They hope to find common ground between Confucianism and Catholicism, so that the people of China can accept and convert to Catholicism. It is said that Emperor Kangxi himself declared that he wanted to believe in Catholicism, and all the people in China were converted to this religion. Missionaries in China tried their best to realize this ideal, but ultimately failed. At that time, Bai Jin tried to find traces of Catholic legends from the "Four Books and Five Classics". Through research, he thought that he had found a record of the early spread of Catholicism from China's classical books, so he co-wrote a book "Respecting Heaven in Ancient and Modern Times" with two fellow travelers.
1705, the Pope's special envoy Doro came to China to promulgate the Pope's "etiquette" ban. Emperor Kangxi was furious and ordered him to be expelled from Beijing. But the emperor believed that the Pope's wrong decision was due to his ignorance of China and his listening to bad people's slanders. So he planned to send Bai Jin to Rome to explain to the Pope. Later, due to serious differences with Doro, Kangxi ordered the recall of Bai Jin, which failed to take place.
After contact with western missionaries, Emperor Kangxi became interested in measuring the earth while learning to use astronomical and mathematical instruments. However, Kangxi's idea of mapping the national map first sprouted when the San Francisco rebellion was put down. Maps played an important role in the war, but they also exposed many defects. Some maps are rough and fuzzy, and some are even full of mistakes. According to Rizo's diary, after the signing of the Sino-Russian Treaty of Nebuchadnezzar Chu, on June 26th, 1690, Kangxi asked Rizo to introduce the route of the Russian delegation to China. Zhang Cheng told him according to the map drawn by the West. He found that the part of the map about China, especially the northeast of China, was too rough, so he decided to rely on missionaries to draw a national map with western measurement technology.
At the end of 1708 (in the forty-seventh year of Kangxi), Bai Jin was ordered to lead a team with Jean Baptiste Regis (1663 ~ 1738), Du Demei (1668 ~ 1720) and others to survey the gates, fortresses and nearby castles of the Great Wall. 1709 65438+ 10, they returned to Beijing and brought back a map about 15 feet long. Later, Yin Fei and others joined in. This time, Bai Jin and others led a team to survey the west of the Great Wall, that is, Shanxi, Shaanxi, Gansu and other provinces until Hami, Xinjiang. The rest of the missionaries were also sent to the provinces to measure and draw a "panoramic map of the imperial land", and Bai Jin and others also participated in the final summary work, which took nine years to finally complete. After the examination and approval by Kangxi, it was drawn into the Panorama of the Forbidden City and the sub-maps of the provinces at 17 18. This is the first time in the world to complete geodesy on such a vast land. This survey unified the unit of length, found that the longitude length is different, and confirmed that the earth is oblate.
1730 (the eighth year of Yongzheng) On June 28th, Bai Jin died of illness in Beijing at the age of 74. Later, the body was also buried in Shaofu Temple Cemetery. The deeds of his life have fully proved his firm belief and sincere missionary spirit, as well as the political talent that Jesuits generally have. As far as his personal character is concerned, he is a gentle, honest, loyal and reliable person. Even if he is dissatisfied with others sometimes, he will never slander others. He is very kind to others, so he can always get along well with the people around him, so he can always realize his wishes and requirements well.
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