News homework: design how to state the purpose of the interview to the interviewee and break the deadlock. How to deal with the situation that the interviewee breaks the reservation theme.

Curiosity is the source of obtaining news clues

Curiosity is the driving force to collect more news facts and go deep into the essence of facts

Doubt is the need to obtain news clues and in-depth reports

Doubt is the need to ensure the accuracy and objectivity of news

2. How to choose sources (interviewees)

Determine sources according to topics

Fact interviews < Witnesses

secondary sources: investigators, investigation reports, authoritative organizations, government organizations and officials

critical interviews

primary sources: officials

secondary sources: experts and scholars

tertiary sources: ordinary people

analytical sources

sources: experts, scholars and people in the media < Or ignore the important details

being interviewed for a certain cause or interest

for personal limelight

One-sided words

Third, persuading and getting an interview opportunity

Interviewing is like learning to drive, which is a little scary and difficult at first. However, after contact, it becomes natural to start smoothly, signal lights, shift gears, control the steering wheel and check the instrument.

if you are afraid to get close to strangers, they will probably refuse to answer. What you throw out, you get a response.

what kind of people are easy for you to interview? -Idle people

How to convince:

1. Organizational arrangements are the biggest! !

2. Find a middleman to introduce you

3. Hint to him by phone, letter or other means that "it's your loss that you don't accept my interview" (pay attention to your attitude). Do your homework, look at the original interview records and find out if there are any topics he has never said; (What's his interest?)

Fourth, how to ask questions

Classification of questions:

1. Open-ended questions

-refers to asking questions that are relatively general, extensive and wide-ranging, with no strict restrictions on the content of answers, giving the other party room to fully play freely. Such questions are more relaxed, not abrupt, and often appropriate. Features: It is often used at the beginning of interviews, which can shorten the psychological and emotional distance between the two sides, but it is difficult to dig deep because of looseness and freedom.

2. Closed question

-refers to a more specific, clear and narrow question, which requires the other party to answer only the specific content of the question. Features: Closed-ended questions are easy to break through, often used for in-depth questioning or verification, verification, and changing topics, and are often sensitive. Pay attention to the angle and tone of questions.

don't just ask questions that can only be answered with "Yes" or "No". The reporter's question should strive to get fresh direct quotations and details from the interviewee; Get the interviewee's description of the event or explain "what's going on" and "how did it happen"

The best question should be a good combination of "closed" and "open":

(1) The touchstone of the reporter's interview level.

(2) Only by asking questions can you get newsworthy materials.

(3) Being good at asking questions can improve the interview efficiency

The way of asking questions

Asking questions correctly. That is, asking questions head-on, straight to the point, clean and neat, generally applicable to people familiar to reporters; Second, cadres and scholars with high cultural level and rich social experience; The third is a friend with something.

ask sideways. Also known as circuitous method. The reporter asked questions from the side, went through circuitous and roundabout ways, and then returned to the topic. It is more suitable for interviewees who are not good at talking. For example, let's start with the weather, interests, etc. (set sail on an icebreaker P13)

rhetorical question. Also known as provocation. For some reason, the interviewee is unwilling to answer, while the reporter asks questions from the opposite side, prompting the other party to think, and it is no good not to answer. This form is commonly used by interviewees who are too modest to talk about it, too worried to talk about it, or too proud to talk about it because of their high status. The reporter followed the clues of the other party's conversation and pressed on, asking "get to the bottom of the matter" and "ask what comes next".

Don't make the source nervous by asking questions, and persuade the other party to chat with you;

ask relevant questions and pertinent and meaningful questions; Ask readers and public concerns

Ask smart questions (most interviewees prefer to talk to a smart and knowledgeable reporter rather than a smart-ass or a fool);

Ask questions to make the interviewee feel that you are fair

Ask questions to try to trigger the interviewee's sense of honor and pride; Let the source feel that he is an expert in this field, with social influence and prestige, and that he was interviewed as an expert; Let the source feel that he is serving the public;

Make the interviewee feel that his failure to answer your questions will damage his public image; Let the interviewee feel that justice is being done; Let the interviewee feel that his opinion is very important to the public;

Find new problems in the interview: find newer, more important or controversial issues; Find mistakes or problems that the interviewee is trying to hide.

Journalists should be fully prepared, and only good questions will attract surprising information. The interviewee is unwilling to discuss abstruse problems with unfamiliar or stupid people, or to make witty remarks that can be used as direct quotations.

Order of questions:

Write down a list of questions first and arrange them logically in case you forget the questions in the interview;

arrange the questions in order of importance, in case the interview time is up and the most important questions have not been asked yet;

The personal embarrassment of the interviewer is placed at the end of the interview, because by this stage, the reporter and the interviewee have established a certain relationship of mutual trust. Even at this time, the interviewee decided to terminate the interview, and the reporter had obtained the basic and important information he needed.

Design of interview questions:

What questions will your readers ask? Rather than what questions the interviewee is willing to answer;

the latest facts, the most important facts, and the facts that the public is most interested in? Questions should be short, straightforward and specific;

don't ask vague, abstract and conceptual questions. The more specific the question, the more specific figures and facts can be obtained;

don't ask meaningless questions that waste time; Don't ask questions that everyone knows the answer to;

don't ask questions that embarrass the interviewee or show his stupidity

don't ask preconceived or biased questions

In order to win the trust and respect of the interviewee, dress appropriately. For example, a male reporter should wear a suit and tie in a formal interview (not as casually dressed as a TV cameraman or photojournalist). Your clothes show that you value and respect the interviewee. You respect him, and he will respect you. Otherwise, he won't give you a lot of interview time;

the interview must be punctual;

At the beginning of an important interview, you might as well talk with the interviewee easily to make the interviewee relax his vigilance.

The reporter should control the whole process of the interview. If the interviewee answers questions in general, the reporter must ask specific questions to get him back to the topic;

During the interview, reporters should not quarrel with the interviewee. If the interviewee finds that the reporter doesn't agree with his point of view, he won't talk to the interviewee with confidence and relaxation < P > V. How to take notes and record < P > Without strong purpose and intention and selective memory, memory materials will be lost. The solution is: learn to record. Several main ways of recording:

1. Memorizing: When reporters interview on the spot, they will memorize the materials of real people and stories they have seen and heard. Psychology is called "conscious memory".

it's best to remember with your heart in the following situations: interviewing ordinary people, that is, chatting; The facts encountered are fleeting; Limited by objective conditions, it is inconvenient to record with pen and paper; (Hidden interview) The interviewee is unwilling to accept the interview or is not allowed to make a written record.

what are the benefits of memorizing? First, it is not easy to affect the mood of the interviewee; Second, it is not easy to distract reporters from observing and thinking; Third, in some cases, remembering is the only choice.

defects of mental memory: easy to forget, difficult to master

2. Notes:

When a reporter interviews, he records the real things he saw, heard and felt in the interview book through the pen in his hand.

Form of note-taking:

Detailed note-taking: "What you hear must be recorded";

notes: write down some key, meaningful and main facts and contents or some unforgettable materials in the interview book, such as numbers, names of people, places, things, wonderful languages, etc.

Abbreviation: You can use some simple symbols created by yourself instead of complicated words. Such as socialism-society ~; Adhere to the four cardinal principles-be firm in the contents of your notes

Remember the distinctive things you see with your eyes (see)

People: appearance, clothes and manners

Things: shape, color and characteristics

Scenery: the characteristics of the environment, layout and furnishings of the interview site

Days. The influence of conditions on news events

record the language stated by the interviewee (hear)

remember the key materials: the important points, key points and connection points in the development process of the event

remember the thoughts and opinions of the characters: remember the facts without remembering the brain. It is equivalent to losing a treasure

Remember the vivid and individual language of the characters

Write down all important speeches (leaders' speeches, press conference speeches)

Write down the easy-to-forget points: numbers, names of people, places and things

Write down the background materials

Write down your own thoughts and doubts (think of them)

Review the record materials at the end of the interview.

3. Description:

It includes news photos, news videos and pictures made on the spot.

usually refers to drawing. Requirements: one speed, two accuracy and three images. (Like sketching in painting, drawing a rough outline of a thing with thick lines) Drawing plays a significant role in enriching the form of news reports.

4. Recording:

It means recording interviews with a tape recorder or a recording pen. Some important events and people, especially interviews with people, are commonly recorded.

Benefits: The record is true and accurate, and can be used as information and evidence; It is also convenient for reporters to make room for listening, observing and thinking, and it is also convenient for hidden interviews.

defects: the interviewee may not adapt; Late finishing is time-consuming; The recording effect is not necessarily good; The equipment itself needs to be well prepared.

Although we have many forms of records, the most fundamental form is notes and mental notes. In the choice of mental notes and notes, we can choose, emphasize and complement each other according to the reporter's personal habits and the actual interview. Painting and recording are important forms and beneficial supplements of recording. Generally speaking, audio recordings can be used less, and technical means are best used to solve technical problems.

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