Introduction to homosexuality

Directory 1 Pinyin 2 English Reference 3 Definition of Homosexuality 4 Reasons for the Formation of Homosexuality 5 Contemporary Gay Social Situation in China 1 Pinyin Tó ng Li Xing à n

2 English reference dictionary

Homosexuality * * *

homosexuality

Reverse sexual desire

3 Definition of homosexuality 1948, Dr. Kinsey, a famous sexologist in modern times, defined homosexuality as "a person who has had physical contact with a same-sex partner and achieved sexual behavior". He listed the actual occurrence of sexual behavior as an inevitable factor and formulated a set of classifications, that is, from heterosexual behavior to homosexual behavior, a person was divided into seven grades according to 0 to 6***: 0 was absolutely heterosexual, 6 was absolutely homosexual, and the rest were gradually distributed. Dr Kinsey thinks that everyone is more or less gay, except level 0. This "behavior theory" has been the basis of public understanding of homosexuality for many years.

However, in recent years, this set of "behavioral determinism" has been questioned by other experts. Richard Isay, a professor of psychiatry at Cornell University School of Medicine in the United States, wrote a book "Being Gay", in which he retorted that some people may be afraid or choose not to have sex with the same sex because of social and family pressures, inner psychological conflicts and other factors, but they cannot restrain their sexual fantasies about the same sex and indulge in excitement unilaterally. This kind of person is classified by Dr. Kinsey.

In addition, the occasional homosexual sex before puberty is based on playfulness and curiosity, which cannot be covered in the category of homosexuality.

There is also a strict view that homosexuals must be targeted at the same sex in terms of sexual preference, emotional projection and community affiliation. Therefore, some people doubt whether "situational" homosexuals, such as students in boarding schools, monasteries, prisons, the army, sailors and other special situations, should be classified as homosexuals because of the lack of the opposite sex.

Traditional psychoanalysts, mainly Freud, attribute the formation of homosexuality to environmental factors. This expert school believes that the so-called gay men either feel feminine or make others feel feminine, and this masculine phenomenon is caused by the attitude of parents in the family to discipline their children, such as indifferent and incompetent fathers or expert mothers. Over time, the son alienated his father and could not get masculinity. Instead, he absorbed too much femininity from his mother. The possessiveness of mother's role and the absence of father's role are the main sketches of gay family relations in "environmental theory"

However, this theory has been challenged in recent years. For example, in 1970, Zuger compared 25 families of boys with feminine taste with another group of ordinary sample families, and found that there was no significant difference.

The theory of the new school aims at "genetics", shifting the causes of homosexuality from acquired environment to congenital genes, trying to find out whether homosexuals have special biotypes, some from neuroendocrine and some from tracing chromosomes. For example, in 1952, biologist Kalman's research showed that identical twins have one genotype, and the proportion of all of them is as high as 100%, which further supports the argument that homosexuality is innate.

5 China Contemporary Gay Social Situation Although homosexuality has existed in China for thousands of years, it goes without saying that stories about "Longyang", "Broken Sleeve" and "Kidnapper" are recorded in various historical books. Even in 199 1, a couple of gay men in Fujian held a folk wedding in public to entertain guests. Besides, according to Professor Zhang Beichuan of Qingdao Medical College, in fact, in the Qing Dynasty, this folk custom was very popular in that place. But it can be said that it was not until the 1980s that homosexuality became a social phenomenon that was widely concerned. Scholars in medicine, sociology and ethics have made more and more in-depth research on homosexuality. Social mainstream culture (including "official" attitude) is more and more tolerant of homosexual "subculture"; And the activities of homosexuals have gradually shifted from "underground" to "above ground" ...

198 1, Popular Medicine published Zhang Mingyuan's article about homosexuality in A Dream of Red Mansions, and thought that homosexuality was strange, and whether it was morbid or not was inconclusive.

1982, the Chinese translation of the world-famous sexology "Sexual Medicine" was published, and a whole chapter of "homosexuality" was deleted from the book (at the same time, three chapters such as changing * * * and dressing behavior were deleted). The explanation for deleting the title of this chapter is in English-people who don't know English have no idea what has been deleted.

1985 I wish you good health and published Ruan Fangfu's article "Homosexuality-An Unsolved Mystery". The article holds that homosexuality is not a disease, but belongs to a minority, and discrimination against homosexuality means that the majority bully the minority. In the same year, the Handbook of Sexual Knowledge edited by Ruan Fangfu was published. This popular science book with a total circulation of millions later still regards homosexuality as "a kind of pervert".

From 65438 to 0985, Abnormal Psychology, a college psychology textbook edited by Chen Zhonggeng, head of the Department of Psychology in Peking University, clearly listed homosexuality as an alternative lifestyle that can be chosen when it is not suitable for heterosexual lifestyles. This book has an important influence in academic circles.

1994, the 470,000-word Children's Book was published. This is China's first comprehensive academic work on homosexuality. Through the analysis of the law of historical development, it shows that the development of human history is moving in the direction of equality of rights between homosexuals and heterosexuals.

1994 12, Qiu renzong presided over the "symposium on AIDS and particularity" held in Beijing, and published policy suggestions to support homosexuals, which were sent to relevant departments and legislatures of * * *.

1995 Xiao Gan, a cultural celebrity in China, published a book review of Tong * * in Wen Wei Po (Shanghai Edition and Hong Kong Edition), pointing out that China's understanding of homosexuality is progressive, which shows that China is making efforts in modernization.

1995, sociologist Liu Dalin's Contemporary Sexual Culture in China (elite edition) was published, which emphasized that China has a large population base.

1995, The Present Situation of China published by Pan Suiming. A survey of more than 80 gay men in four cities of Pan Suiming/Kloc-0 shows that a considerable number of gay men in China are "active", and there is a risk of AIDS epidemic among these people. At the same time, the young writer Fang Gang's Homosexuality in China was published. This documentary literature has attracted attention in the mass society.

65438-0997, Qiu Renzong's AIDS, Sex and Ethics was published. From the perspective of ethics, this book deeply discusses the ethical basis that the mass society should treat homosexuals with an inclusive attitude.

In the early autumn of 1997- 1998, the mental health newsletter, a professional journal of psychiatry, discussed homosexuality. Different views on moralization, medical treatment, immorality and non-medical treatment of homosexuality have been debated endlessly. The discussion ends with Zhang Beichuan's long article, emphasizing the immorality and non-medical treatment of homosexuality is the conclusion of contemporary science, which conforms to the direction of historical development.

From 1997 to 1998, Professor Zhang Beichuan conducted a questionnaire survey on 486 gay men. Among them, 25% had been hurt by heterosexuals (including verbal insults and beatings), 35% had strong suicidal thoughts because of social understanding of homosexuality, and 10% had committed suicide.

1998, sociologist Li Yinhe published "Homosexual Subculture". This 250,000-word book synthesizes academic investigations and various scientific research conclusions at home and abroad, and points out that the homosexual population in China is 36-48 million.

65438-0998, the health intervention project "Friends" for gay people began to operate at the beginning of the year, and carried out activities such as understanding homosexuality and AIDS education. Nearly 20 authoritative scholars and homosexuals from different disciplines directly participated in this project, and obtained clear moral support from the state at the beginning of 1999.

1999, Qiu Renzong presided over a seminar on "Facing Women in the 2 1 century: Dialogue between Feminists and Lesbians", which showed that the society's concern for homosexuality has obviously surpassed AIDS prevention and control, mental health/psychiatry and other fields.

At the end of 1999, friends received strong support from the scientific community. Multidisciplinary scholars and officials, including the chief scientist in the field of AIDS prevention and control in China, the AIDS Expert Committee of the Ministry of Health, the relevant person in charge of the AIDS Center of the Ministry of Health, and the relevant person in charge of the China STD/AIDS Prevention and Control Association, clearly expressed their support for the launch of the companion program.