Know little about the protection of cultural relics

1. Knowledge of cultural relics protection

For the protection of movable cultural relics, first of all, we should pay attention to the protection measures such as moistureproof, shockproof and mildewproof of museum warehouses and showrooms, and then protect various cultural relics with different textures, such as copper and iron rust prevention, masonry cultural relics windproof, silk paper mildew prevention, moth prevention and aging prevention.

The restoration of movable cultural relics can be carried out by combining traditional technology with modern technology. For example, the rust of bronzes can be removed by mechanical methods or electrolytic reduction. Bamboo lacquerware can be dehydrated by natural drying, alcohol ether combined with soaking, freezing sublimation, osmotic polymerization of polymer materials, etc. Most of the damaged paintings and calligraphy are repaired by traditional uncovering and mounting methods; Modern books and periodicals can be reinforced by screen printing; Ancient silk screens can be fumigated and disinfected; Fragile textiles can be reinforced by screen or traditional installation methods; Ceramics are destroyed by polymer materials such as shellac or epoxy resin.

2. Cultural relics protection

First, cultural relics are different from works of art.

At present, there is a collection fever in the society. There are both cultural relics and artworks, but artworks are not cultural relics. So what are cultural relics? According to Article 2 of the Cultural Relics Law of People's Republic of China (PRC), the following cultural relics in People's Republic of China (PRC) are protected by the state: (1) Ancient cultural sites, ancient tombs, ancient buildings and grottoes of historical, artistic and scientific value. (2) Modern times related to major historical events, revolutionary movements or famous people are of great commemorative, educational or historical value; Important historical sites, objects and representative buildings in modern times; (3) Precious artworks and arts and crafts in different periods in history; (four) important documents in different historical periods, manuscripts and books with historical, artistic and scientific value. ; (five) representative objects reflecting the social systems, social production and social life of various times and ethnic groups in history. The standards and methods for cultural relics appraisal shall be formulated by the administrative department of cultural relics of the State Council and submitted to the State Council for approval (the administrative department of cultural relics generally thinks that those that met the requirements of cultural relics before 1966 are cultural relics-the author adds them in brackets). Vertebrate paleontology and ancient human fossils with scientific value are protected by the state as well as cultural relics.

There are cultural relics laws and implementing regulations in China, but there is no art law, which brings confusion to the transactions in the market and makes many collectors cheated by so-called auction companies. The cultural relics management department has no management authority over works of art, which makes freelancers rampant.

Second, the conditions for the establishment of cultural relics shops

The establishment of a cultural relics store shall meet the following conditions:

(a) the registered capital of more than 2 million yuan;

(two) there are more than five people who have obtained professional and technical positions in cultural relics and natural history at or above the intermediate level;

(3) Having sites, facilities and technical conditions for the preservation of cultural relics;

(4) Other conditions stipulated by laws and administrative regulations.

Third, the administrative department of cultural relics

Article 8 of the Cultural Relics Law of People's Republic of China (PRC), the cultural relics administrative department of the State Council is in charge of the national cultural relics protection. Local people's governments at all levels are responsible for the protection of cultural relics within their respective administrative areas. The local people's departments at or above the county level are responsible for the protection of cultural relics.

Supervise and manage the protection of cultural relics within their respective administrative areas. The relevant administrative departments of the people's governments at or above the county level shall be responsible for the protection of cultural relics within the scope of their respective duties.

3. Less knowledge of cultural relics protection, urgent

First of all, you have to find out what kind of cultural relics it is!

For the protection of movable cultural relics, first of all, we should pay attention to the protection measures such as moistureproof, shockproof and mildewproof of museum warehouses and showrooms, and then protect various cultural relics with different textures, such as copper and iron rust prevention, masonry cultural relics windproof, silk paper mildew prevention, moth prevention and aging prevention.

The restoration of movable cultural relics can be carried out by combining traditional technology with modern technology. For example, the rust of bronzes can be removed by mechanical methods or electrolytic reduction. Bamboo lacquerware can be dehydrated by natural drying, alcohol ether combined with soaking, freezing sublimation, osmotic polymerization of polymer materials, etc. Most of the damaged paintings and calligraphy are repaired by traditional uncovering and mounting methods; Modern books and periodicals can be reinforced by screen printing; Ancient silk screens can be fumigated and disinfected; Fragile textiles can be reinforced by screen or traditional installation methods; Ceramics are destroyed by polymer materials such as shellac or epoxy resin.

4. Less knowledge of cultural relics protection, urgent

First, cultural relics are different from works of art. There is a collection craze in the society. There are both cultural relics and artworks, but artworks are not cultural relics. So what are cultural relics? According to Article 2 of the Cultural Relics Law of People's Republic of China (PRC), the following cultural relics are protected by the state in People's Republic of China (PRC): (1) Ancient cultural sites and ancient tombs of historical, artistic and scientific value. (2) Modern times related to major historical events, revolutionary movements or famous people are of great commemorative, educational or historical value; Important historical sites, objects and representative buildings in modern times; (3) Precious artworks and arts and crafts in different periods in history; (four) important documents in different historical periods, manuscripts and books with historical, artistic and scientific value. ; (five) representative objects reflecting the social systems, social production and social life of various times and ethnic groups in history.

The standards and methods for cultural relics appraisal shall be formulated by the administrative department of cultural relics of the State Council and submitted to the State Council for approval (the administrative department of cultural relics generally thinks that those that met the requirements of cultural relics before 1966 are cultural relics-the author adds them in brackets). Vertebrate paleontology and ancient human fossils with scientific value are protected by the state as well as cultural relics.

There are cultural relics laws and implementing regulations in China, but there is no art law, which brings confusion to the transactions in the market and makes many collectors cheated by so-called auction companies. The cultural relics management department has no management authority over works of art, which makes freelancers rampant.

Two. Conditions for the establishment of a cultural relic store The establishment of a cultural relic store shall meet the following conditions: (1) It has a registered capital of more than 2 million yuan; (two) there are more than five people who have obtained professional and technical positions in cultural relics and natural history at or above the intermediate level; (3) Having sites, facilities and technical conditions for the preservation of cultural relics; (4) Other conditions stipulated by laws and administrative regulations. III. Cultural Relics Administration Department Article 8 of the Cultural Relics Law of People's Republic of China (PRC) the State Council is in charge of the national cultural relics protection.

Local people's governments at all levels are responsible for the protection of cultural relics within their respective administrative areas. The departments of the local people's governments at or above the county level responsible for the protection of cultural relics shall supervise and manage the protection of cultural relics within their respective administrative areas.

The relevant administrative departments of the people's governments at or above the county level shall be responsible for the protection of cultural relics within the scope of their respective duties.

5. The knowledge of protecting cultural relics must be brief.

First of all, you have to find out what kind of cultural relics it is! For the protection of movable cultural relics, first of all, we should pay attention to the protection measures such as moistureproof, shockproof and mildewproof of museum warehouses and showrooms, and then protect various cultural relics with different textures, such as rust prevention of copper and iron, wind prevention of masonry cultural relics, mildew prevention, moth prevention and aging prevention of silk and paper. The restoration of movable cultural relics can be carried out by combining traditional technology with modern technology. For example, the rust of bronzes can be removed mechanically or reduced by electrolysis. Bamboo lacquerware can be dehydrated by natural drying, alcohol ether combined with soaking, freezing sublimation, osmotic polymerization of polymer materials, etc. Most of the damaged paintings and calligraphy are repaired by traditional uncovering and mounting methods; Modern books and periodicals can be reinforced by screen printing; Ancient silk screens can be fumigated and disinfected; Fragile textiles can be reinforced by screen or traditional installation methods; Ceramics are broken with polymer materials such as shellac or epoxy resin.

6. How do primary school students protect cultural relics?

1. Don't scribble "Here comes XX" everywhere.

2. Learn more about cultural relics protection.

3. Learn more about the value and significance of cultural relics.

4. Publicize the knowledge of cultural relics protection to the public.

5. Fight against the illegal acts of destroying and stealing cultural relics.

1, start from me and be a civilized tourist.

Call on young pioneers to stop littering on the Great Wall.

Remind citizens not to set fees on the Great Wall to make it more beautiful.

4. sue those who destroy the Great Wall.

5. Add placards to protect the Great Wall.

6, do not carry dangerous goods, do not throw cigarette butts.

7. Pick up rubbish when you see it on the Great Wall.

8. Don't throw rubbish on the Great Wall to protect the environment around it.

9. You shouldn't scribble on the Great Wall.

10, don't make a noise on the Great Wall, it will ruin the good mood of other tourists.

7. What is the knowledge about cultural relics protection?

1. What is a cultural relic? Cultural relics are historical, artistic and scientific relics left over from human social life.

It can also be said that it is the remains of material culture and spiritual culture in history, which has historical, artistic and scientific value and is an important cultural heritage. 2. What are the classifications of movable cultural relics? Movable cultural relics are divided into the following 26 categories: bronzes, jade articles, ceramics, gold and silver wares, coins, sculptures, calligraphy and painting, lacquerware, furniture, scientific and technological cultural relics, bronze mirrors, rare books of ancient books, seals, bamboo and wood bone carvings, embroidery, Oracle bones, Four Treasures of the Study, purple porcelain wares, antique clocks and watches, cloisonne, snuff bottles, Xuande furnaces, bricks and tiles, and precious stones.

3. What ancient cultural sites are there? Ancient cultural sites refer to the architectural remains of the ancients and the traces left by the transformation and utilization of the natural environment. Ancient cultural sites mainly include ancient castles, palaces, villages, bedrooms, workshops and temple sites.

In addition, it also includes the remains of economic buildings such as mines, quarries, pits, warehouses, canals and pits at that time, as well as the remains of defense facilities such as trenches, fences, fences, border plug towers, the Great Wall and boundary trenches. 4. What are the immovable cultural relics? Immovable cultural relics include ancient cultural sites, ancient tombs, ancient buildings, cave temples, stone carvings, murals, important historical sites in modern times and representative buildings.

5. What ancient cultural sites are there? Ancient cultural sites refer to the architectural relics of the ancients and the traces left by the transformation and utilization of the natural environment. Ancient cultural sites mainly include ancient castles, palaces, villages, bedrooms, workshops and temple sites.

In addition, it also includes the remains of economic buildings such as mines, quarries, caves, warehouses, canals, wells and kiln sites at that time, as well as the remains of defense facilities such as trenches, fences, fences, frontier fortress towers, the Great Wall and boundary trenches. 6. What is an ancient tomb? The ancient tomb is the tomb where ancient people buried their bodies.

Humans put corpses or their residues in a specific place in a specific way, which is called "burial", while the specific facilities for placing corpses or their residues are called "graves". Archaeologists in China often call these two tombs. 7. What is an ancestral cultural relic? Ancestral cultural relics, also known as handed down cultural relics, mean that 1949 and 10 were owned by individuals or their families before the establishment of People's Republic of China (PRC), and 10 will continue to be owned by individuals after the establishment of People's Republic of China (PRC), or

8. What are the types of ancient buildings? Ancient architecture refers to ancient houses, bridges, dams, tunnels and other buildings that have been preserved to this day. According to its function, it can be divided into four categories: (1) royal palace, mausoleum, altar temple, mansion, etc. (2) Private gardens, former residences of celebrities and residents, as well as ancestral halls, halls, pavilions, academies, theaters and other buildings for collective activities; (3) Ancient buildings for production and scientific and technological activities, such as Dujiangyan, Zhao Zhouqiao and Ancient Observatory.

(4) Ancient temples, pagodas, Taoist temples, temples and other religious buildings. 9. Why should we protect ancient vertebrate fossils and ancient human fossils? Because the fossils of vertebrates are of great scientific value to the study of the earth's history in the prosperous era of vertebrate paleontology and the ecological environment on the earth at that time; Ancient human fossils are the most important materials to study the origin and evolution of human beings.

10, which cultural relics are state-owned cultural relics? The cultural relics unearthed in People's Republic of China (PRC) are all state-owned except those unearthed before the founding of the People's Republic and handed down from ancient times to private ownership. 1 1. What is archaeological excavation? Archaeology as stipulated in the Law of People's Republic of China (PRC) on the Protection of Cultural Relics refers to all field archaeological excavations and underwater archaeological activities carried out in China's underground, inland rivers and territorial waters.

The definition of UNESCO is that' archaeological excavation refers to any research that finds objects with archaeological characteristics, whether such research involves land excavation or systematic exploration on the ground, or whether such research is carried out on or under the underwater strata in the inland or territorial waters of a member state'. 12, what is a cultural relics collection unit? The "Cultural Relics Protection Law of People's Republic of China (PRC)" refers to the non-profit organizations that undertake the functions of cultural relics research, publicity and education by collecting and collecting cultural relics, including museums, libraries and memorial halls. It is generally called a museum in the world.

13. What departments are responsible for the protection of cultural relics? National Cultural Heritage Administration is in charge of national cultural relics protection; The competent department of cultural relics protection in Yunnan Province is the Yunnan Provincial Bureau of Cultural Relics; City, county (city) District People's Cultural Relics Administration Department is responsible for the local cultural relics protection. 14, which cultural relics can be copied? What are the requirements for copying? Cultural relics that are seriously damaged, difficult to preserve for a long time, on the verge of destruction and have precious value; Cultural relics that are not protected and urgently need to be provided to the audience; Poor display environment to avoid damaging cultural relics; Exhibit non-museum cultural relics to enrich the exhibition content; Cultural relics are donated to museums for private collectors to commemorate.

Replicas should be faithful to the original state of the collection and should be true. The ordinary copy is required to be consistent with the original in shape, specification, binding, text, color, texture, style and completeness.

High-standard copies should be basically consistent with the original in terms of material texture, chemical composition, physical properties, weight, hardness, sound and feel. Replicas should be marked to avoid confusion.

15, what is looting of state-owned cultural relics? The looting of state-owned cultural relics mainly refers to the act of gathering many people to openly rob state-owned cultural relics with a large amount. The looting of state-owned cultural relics not only encroaches on the property ownership of the country, but also violates the normal social management order.

To constitute a crime, the following conditions must be met: first, the subject of the crime is the ringleader who plunders state-owned cultural relics and other active participants. Second, the objective aspect of behavior is characterized by gathering many people, openly robbing state-owned cultural relics by noisy, harassing or other means, and gathering many people to plunder.

Third, the subjective aspect of the actor is intentional and has the purpose of illegally occupying public and private property. 16, how to delimit the protection scope of cultural relics protection units? The scope of protection of cultural relics protection units refers to the area where the main body of cultural relics protection units and a certain range around them are protected in order to protect their safety.

8. Handwritten newspaper materials about cultural relics protection ~

Cultural relics protection technology is a comprehensive professional knowledge, including the production and protection of cultural relics, science and technology related to prevention and control, material properties, operation technology, various investigations and experiments, etc.

Cultural relics are destroyed by two factors in the process of preservation, namely: ① man-made destruction. For example, ancient buildings, cave temples and ancient tombs were burned, demolished or improperly maintained by the war and lost their original appearance; Copper and iron ware, calligraphy and painting, bamboo and wood lacquerware, ceramics, etc. are damaged due to improper protection and handling.

(2) Natural factors such as wind, rain, thunder, electricity, fire, earthquake, light, insects and mildew damage cultural relics. China has a long history in the protection of cultural relics. In the Tang dynasty (6 18~907), it was recorded that wooden wedges were used to straighten the beams of ancient buildings. According to Huang Xiufu's "Yizhou Famous Paintings", the murals of three walls in Chengdu are still intact after more than 200 years.

The uncovering technology of painting and calligraphy protection was quite mature in the Tang Dynasty. "Paint sticks to stone, paint sticks to wood" is a long-standing traditional skill to restore stone and wood cultural relics.

Later, with the progress of science and technology, polymer materials and physical detection technology were gradually introduced into the protection of cultural relics. In some European countries around the18th century, the traditional technique of repairing murals with a mixture of milk and limewater was used and has been passed down to this day.

The protection of cultural relics should follow the principle of prevention first and maintenance second. The moistureproof, leakproof, fireproof, lightning protection and shockproof of immovable cultural relics are mainly solved by engineering technology, and the method of combining engineering technology with chemical treatment is mainly used to prevent insects and birds.

When the pollution of dust, sulfur dioxide and sulfur-containing compounds in the atmosphere to cultural relics exceeds the national standards, the sources of pollution should be removed. If the pollution is within the allowable range of national standards, the environment should be green, pollution should be reduced, and new pollution sources should be strictly controlled. For the protection of movable cultural relics, first of all, we should pay attention to the protection measures such as moistureproof, shockproof and mildewproof of museum warehouses and showrooms, and then protect various cultural relics with different textures, such as copper and iron rust prevention, masonry cultural relics windproof, silk paper mildew prevention, moth prevention and aging prevention.

Repair technology: the whole wooden building is crooked, then straightened and strengthened. Local damage of components should be repaired and butted.

Large decayed hollow members can be reinforced with polymer materials such as unsaturated polyester resin, and those with serious decay can be replaced according to the original system. If the masonry structure of ancient buildings is skewed as a whole, it should be observed at fixed points and regularly. After reinforcement and stability, no foundation treatment will be done.

Cracks can be reinforced by hoop and grouting, and incomplete masonry can be repaired. If it cannot be repaired, it can be partially or completely demolished and rebuilt as it is. The cracks in the mountain of Cave Temple are reinforced by shotcrete or grouting, and the seepage and leakage should be diverted and intercepted.

The surface weathering of stone relics such as stone carvings and stone carvings should be sealed with silicone polymer materials. In the restoration of ancient buildings, minor repairs should not be carried out, and the parts that can be partially demolished should not be completely demolished. The original components should be preserved as much as possible to preserve the historical value of ancient buildings.

For the artistic components such as carved tiles, wood carvings, brick carvings and stone carvings in ancient buildings, we should handle them carefully and try not to change them or change them less. Statues, murals, colored paintings and other ancillary works of art cannot be repaired at will.

The restoration of movable cultural relics can be carried out by combining traditional technology with modern technology. For example, the rust of bronzes can be removed by mechanical methods or electrolytic reduction. Bamboo lacquerware can be dehydrated by natural drying, alcohol ether combined with soaking, freezing sublimation, osmotic polymerization of polymer materials, etc. Most of the damaged paintings and calligraphy are repaired by traditional uncovering and mounting methods; Modern books and periodicals can be reinforced by screen printing; Ancient silk screens can be fumigated and disinfected; Fragile textiles can be reinforced by screen or traditional installation methods; Ceramics are destroyed by polymer materials such as shellac or epoxy resin. The new materials and new techniques used in the restoration of cultural relics must ensure that they do not damage the historical value of cultural relics, including their shape, material, color and strength, and are reversible at the same time.

The new materials used in the maintenance of ancient building components should also abide by the principle that they can only be reinforced and cannot be replaced. Detection technology is mainly used to detect the traces of cultural relics, analyze the chemical composition of texture structure and determine the age.

X-rays and ultrasonic waves are commonly used in flaw detection; The analysis of tissue structure is often observed by electron microscope and metallographic microscope; The chemical composition of cultural relics is usually analyzed by spectrum and mass spectrometry; For vague ink paintings with little contrast, infrared photography can be used; Carbon-containing substances such as wood can be dated by carbon fourteen; Tiles can be dated by thermoluminescence. Preservation technology of stone cultural relics Stone cultural relics will be destroyed by natural forces such as sunlight, water erosion, earthquake, environmental pollution and microclimate change and other factors, such as pulverization, discoloration, mildew, peeling, alkali cracking, cavitation, condensation, collapse and overturning.

The protection technology of cave temples should first investigate the diseases. The investigation includes the following steps: ① Surveying and mapping topographic map, cave area plan, elevation map, vertical and horizontal section map, etc.

Surveying and mapping methods include theodolite traverse survey, control network survey and small plate survey. Close-range photogrammetry can be used for elevation measurement and mapping of cave stone carvings.

② Environmental quality assessment. Including the stratum, lithology, structure, hydrogeological conditions, meteorological, hydrological and seismic data, pollution sources and harm caused by the mountain where the cultural relics are located.

The main hazards and control measures of cultural relics should be pointed out. ③ Geophysical exploration.

Solving a special purpose can only be effective if it meets the physical premise and necessary working conditions. At present, the geophysical methods used include: DC resistivity method to find the seepage path, microelectrode system method to detect the thickness of weathered layer on the surface of grottoes, acoustic wave method to measure the weathering degree of grottoes, seismic exploration to carry out pre-grotto archaeology and so on.

④ Stability analysis. Many grottoes are located on steep slopes and belong to a three-dimensional space combining steep slopes and caves.

To analyze its stability, we should study the lithology, cracks, deformation and failure process, mechanical analysis and calculation of the mountain where the cultural relics are located, and predict its deformation and failure law. For large dangerous rock mass, structural plane analysis and calculation should also be carried out.

Preventive measures refer to improving the environment where cultural relics are located and avoiding the continued destruction of various weathering stresses. The main measure is to work at the top of the grottoes.

9. Handwritten newspaper materials about cultural relics protection ~

Cultural relics protection technology is a comprehensive professional knowledge, including the production and protection of cultural relics, science and technology related to prevention and control, material properties, operation technology, various investigations and experiments, etc.

Cultural relics are destroyed by two factors in the process of preservation, namely: ① man-made destruction. For example, ancient buildings, cave temples and ancient tombs were burned, demolished or improperly maintained by the war and lost their original appearance; Copper and iron ware, calligraphy and painting, bamboo and wood lacquerware, ceramics, etc. are damaged due to improper protection and handling.

(2) Natural factors such as wind, rain, thunder, electricity, fire, earthquake, light, insects and mildew damage cultural relics. China has a long history in the protection of cultural relics. In the Tang dynasty (6 18~907), it was recorded that wooden wedges were used to straighten the beams of ancient buildings. According to Huang Xiufu's "Yizhou Famous Paintings", the murals of three walls in Chengdu are still intact after more than 200 years.

The uncovering technology of painting and calligraphy protection was quite mature in the Tang Dynasty. "Paint sticks to stone, paint sticks to wood" is a long-standing traditional skill to restore stone and wood cultural relics.

Later, with the progress of science and technology, polymer materials and physical detection technology were gradually introduced into the protection of cultural relics. In some European countries around the18th century, the traditional technique of repairing murals with a mixture of milk and limewater was used and has been passed down to this day.

The protection of cultural relics should follow the principle of prevention first and maintenance second. The moistureproof, leakproof, fireproof, lightning protection and shockproof of immovable cultural relics are mainly solved by engineering technology, and the method of combining engineering technology with chemical treatment is mainly used to prevent insects and birds.

When the pollution of dust, sulfur dioxide and sulfur-containing compounds in the atmosphere to cultural relics exceeds the national standards, the sources of pollution should be removed. If the pollution is within the allowable range of national standards, the environment should be green, pollution should be reduced, and new pollution sources should be strictly controlled. For the protection of movable cultural relics, first of all, we should pay attention to the protection measures such as moistureproof, shockproof and mildewproof of museum warehouses and showrooms, and then protect various cultural relics with different textures, such as copper and iron rust prevention, masonry cultural relics windproof, silk paper mildew prevention, moth prevention and aging prevention.

Repair technology: the whole wooden building is crooked, then straightened and strengthened. Local damage of components should be repaired and butted.

Large decayed hollow members can be reinforced with polymer materials such as unsaturated polyester resin, and those with serious decay can be replaced according to the original system. If the masonry structure of ancient buildings is skewed as a whole, it should be observed at fixed points and regularly. After reinforcement and stability, no foundation treatment will be done.

Cracks can be reinforced by hoop and grouting, and incomplete masonry can be repaired. If it cannot be repaired, it can be partially or completely demolished and rebuilt as it is. The cracks in the mountain of Cave Temple are reinforced by shotcrete or grouting, and the seepage and leakage should be diverted and intercepted.

The surface weathering of stone relics such as stone carvings and stone carvings should be sealed with silicone polymer materials. In the restoration of ancient buildings, minor repairs should not be carried out, and the parts that can be partially demolished should not be completely demolished. The original components should be preserved as much as possible to preserve the historical value of ancient buildings.

For the artistic components such as carved tiles, wood carvings, brick carvings and stone carvings in ancient buildings, we should handle them carefully and try not to change them or change them less. Statues, murals, colored paintings and other ancillary works of art cannot be repaired at will.

The restoration of movable cultural relics can be carried out by combining traditional technology with modern technology. For example, the rust of bronzes can be removed by mechanical methods or electrolytic reduction. Bamboo lacquerware can be dehydrated by natural drying, alcohol ether combined with soaking, freezing sublimation, osmotic polymerization of polymer materials, etc. Most of the damaged paintings and calligraphy are repaired by traditional uncovering and mounting methods; Modern books and periodicals can be reinforced by screen printing; Ancient silk screens can be fumigated and disinfected; Fragile textiles can be reinforced by screen or traditional installation methods; Ceramics are destroyed by polymer materials such as shellac or epoxy resin. The new materials and new techniques used in the restoration of cultural relics must ensure that they do not damage the historical value of cultural relics, including their shape, material, color and strength, and are reversible at the same time.

The new materials used in the maintenance of ancient building components should also abide by the principle that they can only be reinforced and cannot be replaced. Detection technology is mainly used to detect the traces of cultural relics, analyze the chemical composition of texture structure and determine the age.

X-rays and ultrasonic waves are commonly used in flaw detection; The analysis of tissue structure is often observed by electron microscope and metallographic microscope; The chemical composition of cultural relics is usually analyzed by spectrum and mass spectrometry; For vague ink paintings with little contrast, infrared photography can be used; Carbon-containing substances such as wood can be dated by carbon fourteen; Tiles can be dated by thermoluminescence. Preservation technology of stone cultural relics Stone cultural relics will be destroyed by natural forces such as sunlight, water erosion, earthquake, environmental pollution and microclimate change and other factors, such as pulverization, discoloration, mildew, peeling, alkali cracking, cavitation, condensation, collapse and overturning.

The protection technology of cave temples should first investigate the diseases. The investigation includes the following steps: ① Surveying and mapping topographic map, cave area plan, elevation map, vertical and horizontal section map, etc.

Surveying and mapping methods include theodolite traverse survey, control network survey and small plate survey. Close-range photogrammetry can be used for elevation measurement and mapping of cave stone carvings.

② Environmental quality assessment. Including the stratum, lithology, structure, hydrogeological conditions, meteorological, hydrological and seismic data, pollution sources and harm caused by the mountain where the cultural relics are located.

The main hazards and control measures of cultural relics should be pointed out. ③ Geophysical exploration.

Solving a special purpose can only be effective if it meets the physical premise and necessary working conditions. At present, the geophysical methods used include: DC resistivity method to find the seepage path, microelectrode system method to detect the thickness of weathered layer on the surface of grottoes, acoustic wave method to measure the weathering degree of grottoes, seismic exploration to carry out pre-grotto archaeology and so on.

④ Stability analysis. Many grottoes are located on steep slopes and belong to a three-dimensional space combining steep slopes and caves.

To analyze its stability, we should study the lithology, cracks, deformation and failure process, mechanical analysis and calculation of the mountain where the cultural relics are located, and predict its deformation and failure law. For large dangerous rock mass, structural plane analysis and calculation should also be carried out.

Preventive measures refer to improving the environment where cultural relics are located and avoiding the continued destruction of various weathering stresses. The main measure is to work at the top of the grottoes.