Pen marks of public security appraisal. What is the basis for distinguishing them?

Handwriting identification is a special technology to identify the writer according to the characteristics of people's writing skills and habits, as well as the reflection in writing handwriting and painting. The main task is to prove whether the handwriting on the documentary evidence is the same person's handwriting and whether the handwriting on the documentary evidence is the suspect's handwriting through the same handwriting identification test. Handwriting identification can test not only normal handwriting, but also handwriting with changing writing conditions (including writing posture, writing tools, filling, etc.). ), deliberately camouflage handwriting (including left-handed handwriting, ruler-drawn handwriting), imitate handwriting, and draw handwriting. When the same person writes with the same pen, the characteristics of pen marks can also be used to enrich the basis for identifying the writer.

Handwriting comprehensive appraisal

Handwriting identification is the same identification, and the whole identification process can be divided into three stages: individual inspection, comparative inspection and comprehensive judgment, and each stage has corresponding and different methods.

First, test separately.

Respective inspection is to find and determine the characteristics of sample handwriting and sample handwriting;

1, judging the true degree of handwriting characteristics of building materials.

According to the characteristics and case of handwriting, accurately judge the change or disguise of handwriting characteristics and the reason and degree of change or disguise. If the handwriting proficiency of the sample is consistent, the writing level is adapted to the Chinese level, the strokes are natural, the stroke proportion is coordinated, and the writing action is regular, it can be considered as normal handwriting.

For example, the handwriting size and inclination are uneven, the writing speed is inconsistent, the stroke movement is unnatural, and the stroke turning is stiff, but the writing action is systematic to some extent, and the characteristics of the same words and strokes are basically the same, which indicates that it is due to objective reasons or other subjective factors other than camouflage.

If the handwriting proficiency of the sample is inconsistent, the writing action is not systematic, the strokes bend intermittently, there are traces of pause and touch-up, the structure and shape of the characters are abnormal, and the skill of the movements is not commensurate with the Chinese level, it can generally be judged as disguised handwriting.

2. Find and determine the handwriting characteristics of the sample.

To find the local characteristics of writing, we must observe the handwriting word by word, draw one by one, and find out the regularity of writing, in which the irregular part is the characteristic.

3. Discover and determine the handwriting characteristics of the sample.

After preliminarily judging the handwriting characteristics of the sample, the handwriting characteristics of the sample can be determined according to the above order and method. The same features and different features as the sample handwriting should be comprehensively searched and compared.

Second, the comparative test

The main task of comparison test is to determine the same characteristics and different characteristics between the handwriting of the sample and the handwriting of the sample, so as to provide a basis for comprehensive evaluation. There are four aspects in the comparative experiment:

Compare the similarities and differences between the general characteristics of writing actions, text layout characteristics and written language characteristics;

Compare the similarities and differences of individual features of words or strokes;

Compare the similarities and differences of each group's characteristics;

Compare the similarities and differences of various characteristics;

For many samples, it is necessary to make an accurate statistical analysis of the same characteristics and different characteristics of the above four aspects, and reflect the similarities and differences of writing habits in quantity and quality by mathematical methods. The method of comparing the similarities and differences of handwriting features is mainly visual observation, and morphological comparison is carried out with the help of photographic instruments, comparative microscopes and slides.

Third, comprehensive evaluation.

Comprehensive evaluation is to scientifically analyze the numerical values of the same characteristics and different characteristics of sample handwriting and sample handwriting, determine the sum and nature of the coincidence points and differences between them, and then make static conclusions. The method of judgment is generally to start with textual research. When identifying any handwriting, there will be certain differences in characteristics. The key point of judging the difference is to determine the nature of the difference. Its nature has two aspects: essential difference and non-essential difference. Non-essential differences indicate that the proportion of quantity and quality of different features between sample handwriting and sample handwriting is small, while essential differences indicate that the proportion of quantity and quality of different features is large. The former generally shows that they are a reflection of different people's writing habits.

Handwriting identification should not only focus on the judgment of differences, but also on the judgment of overlapping points. It is unscientific to affirm the same conclusion after confirming that differences are non-essential. Coincidence points can also be divided into essential coincidence and non-essential coincidence. If the quantity and quality of the same characteristics of the sample handwriting and the sample handwriting are absolutely dominant, it constitutes essential conformity; If the proportion of the same feature in quantity and quality is small, it belongs to non-essential conformity. After judging the differences and overlapping points, if there are essential differences and non-essential differences between the sample handwriting and the sample handwriting, or the results of essential differences and non-essential differences, it can be concluded whether the sample handwriting and the sample handwriting are written by the same person.

Historical investigation of editing this handwriting

1. There was a discussion about the writing characteristics of Chinese characters in ancient China, but there was no systematic classification.

China attached great importance to calligraphy in ancient times, and there were quite a lot of calligraphy works and calligraphy works. The analysis and discussion of some handwriting characteristics and psychological characteristics are also found in books about calligraphy. For example, in the Tang Dynasty, Sun said in Yue Ji: "Those who are straightforward are very different; Those who are only very strong are not stubborn; It is better to admire those who gather than to restrain them; Those who break the rules are out of line; Gentle people are hurt by softness; The brave are too arrogant; Lonely skeptics indulge in stagnation; Those who are late and heavy will eventually be dull; Those who are light and trivial are dyed in vulgar officials. " This paper discusses that different psychological characteristics reflect different handwriting characteristics. Xiang Mu of the Ming Dynasty said in his elegant calligraphy words that people's character is different from fortitude and gentleness, and their hands are different from cleverness and dullness, so the words written must be different. People who have scruples in character are more reserved and restrained; Indulge people are sentimental, timid and do not start a business; People with straightforward temperament are more straightforward and don't have much aesthetic feeling. Shao Kangjie in Song Dynasty wrote a lot about the characteristics of calligraphy in The Book of Changes of Plum Blossoms. It can be said to be the richest calligraphy works in ancient China. The book says; "The loneliness of life can be seen in the inclination of painting and calligraphy; Half-life poverty is stupid. " Another example is "painting is like dead wood, lonely" and so on. Of course, Shao Kangjie studied and analyzed the characteristics of calligraphy from the perspective of the Eight Diagrams in Zhouyi, and people have different views on the scientific orientation of this research. However, no matter from which point of view, this is, after all, a study of handwriting characteristics. Although Shao Kangjie elaborated on the characteristics and psychological characteristics of handwriting, he did not classify the characteristics of handwriting specifically and systematically. There are many explanations about the characteristics of handwriting in ancient China, but there is no written record to discuss it from the perspective of handwriting classification.

Second, the classification of China's handwriting from the perspective of China's modern handwriting identification.

1938 Feng, a famous scholar, divided the handwriting characteristics into "full inspection" and "partial inspection" in his book Encyclopedia of Criminal Police Scientific Knowledge. "Full Observation" includes ten categories: (1) style: the overall momentum of the text; (2) The layout is loose, compact, average, narrow, professional or kit kat; (3) The strokes are weak, right or penetrating; (4) Character styles: such as Wang, Yan, Su, Liu, Mi ... Han tablet, Wei tablet, etc. (5) the width and distance of handwriting interval; (6) the words are neat, skewed and staggered; (7) the expression of words. Such as stagnation, flying, narrow, refined, vulgar, weak, clean and dirty; (8) the size of the font. Such as length, skew, elasticity, fat and thin, old and tender; (9) the number of words and the position and style of punctuation marks; (10) typo report.

The "local observation features" include the following five categories: (1) pen charm: such as writing, lifting, turning, folding, squatting, standing, hiding and pointing. (2) The situation of pen starting and closing: such as hidden front and exposed front, positive front and eccentric front, straight pen and side pen, contracted pen and Fang Bi, upturned pen and Fang Bi; (3) The point is covered and straight, and the angle of starting, rowing, pecking and turning; (4) Personal unique strokes or patterns; (access in word, access in calendar ... and so on.

In 1943, criminologist Xu Shengxi divided handwriting characteristics into eight types: (1) the trend of lines; (2) the angle of handwriting inclination; (3) the size of the font; (4) Different font styles; (5) neat or messy; (6) continuous or intermittent; (7) the thickness of strokes; (8) the speed of writing.

After 1949, there have been many handwriting classifications, among which 1958 China handwriting expert classification divides handwriting features into general features and individual features. The general characteristics of handwriting refer to the proficiency, size, spacing, inclination, consistency, uniformity, font, pressure and so on. The personality characteristics of handwriting include ten aspects. There are mainly strokes, collocation ratio, stroke order, word writing and punctuation writing. Another representative classification is 1999. Professor Jia Yuwen divides handwriting features into nine categories: (1) general features; (2) Local arrangement features; (3) Writing characteristics; (4) typo characteristics; (5) matching proportional features; (6) stroke order characteristics; (7) the characteristics of writing; (8) characteristics of pen marks; (9) The characteristics and application of written language.

Professor Tu, a famous expert in handwriting identification, has his own understanding of the classification of handwriting based on his own identification practice. She thinks: "The handwriting features that have been proved and widely used in identification mainly include the following contents: written language features, text layout features, calligraphy level features, font features, writing features, typo features, stroke features, collocation ratio features, comparison marks features, punctuation marks and Arabic numerals features". In addition, Professor Tu also added a special feature "the verve feature of characters".

The above is the classification of Chinese handwriting from the perspective of handwriting identification. Because of the different research purposes and tasks, classification has obvious recognition characteristics.

Thirdly, from the perspective of handwriting psychology or graphology, the modern handwriting characteristics of China are classified.

Mr. Han Jin, an expert in graphology in China, analyzed the handwriting characteristics of Chinese characters from five aspects: (1). Including the overall layout, margins, line spacing, packaging, spacing, signature, format, punctuation, pen movement, pen pressure, speed, font tilt, font size and so on. (2) words. Including stroke fluency, font outline (square, circle, long, flat, trapezoidal, inverted trapezoidal, transverse trapezoidal, irregular, radial and hollow), and the characteristics of different font structures. (3) radical features; (4) Line (stroke) features. Including point, horizontal, vertical, skimming and pressing; (5) local. Including pen, pen, pen, etc.

Mr. Liu, an expert in calligraphy psychology, divides the characteristics of calligraphy into eight aspects: (1) the characteristics of strokes. Include 44 features, such as strong strokes, short strokes, rough strokes, strong strokes, chain winding, strong strokes, even strokes, rigid strokes, erasure, etc. (2) Speed (6 characteristics) and strength (4 characteristics); (3) Structural features of the shelf (6 features); (4) Ink color features (7 features); (5) Font features (16 features); (6) the characteristics of word lines. Including the operation of word lines, the starting point and ending point of word lines, the spacing between word lines, the distance between word lines and margins, the position of word lines in the grid, etc. (7) the characteristics of this book. Including 10 likes to write regular script and cursive script. (8) the characteristics of the composition. It contains 65,438+00 features, which are neatly arranged and integrated, and the whole word is uncoordinated from big to small. In addition, Mr. Wang Changyu divided the handwriting characteristics into seven aspects. His classification has much in common with Liu's classification.

Fourthly, the classification of Chinese handwriting features is compared from two different angles.

The first two classifications are carried out from the perspective of handwriting identification and handwriting psychological analysis. So there are many similarities and differences in the classification of handwriting. Because the purpose of handwriting identification is mainly to identify the similarities and differences and authenticity of handwriting, in the classification of handwriting, we should focus on grasping the handwriting characteristics that can reflect different characteristics. For example, "pen mark characteristics" are very important for handwriting identification and case detection, such as what pen was used, whether it was new or old, whether it was written with a complete nib or a broken nib. But psychoanalysis is of little value. Another example is "language characteristics". From the perspective of handwriting identification, "language features" reflect a person's language habits and language level, such as the habit of using words, the level of vocabulary, the characteristics and level of grammar and rhetoric. For handwriting identification, these aspects can reflect a person's language characteristics, so it is very important to analyze these differences in handwriting for distinguishing the similarities and differences of handwriting. For the psychological analysis of handwriting, the language content of writing is also helpful to the psychological analysis of handwriting under certain circumstances. But generally speaking, handwriting analysis does not pay attention to its writing content, and even deliberately avoids the influence of writing content on handwriting analysis.

According to the different classification of handwriting, we can see that although there are some differences between the two classifications, these classifications basically reflect the basic characteristics of handwriting, but the classification from the perspective of handwriting identification is more comprehensive. Classification from the perspective of handwriting analysis embodies the needs of handwriting psychological analysis. However, there are some differences between the two classification angles in specific classification. For example, the classification of Mr. Han Jin and Mr. Liu is quite different. Looking at different classifications, although they seem to have their own characteristics and are varied, they are all included in terms of the basic characteristics of handwriting, but from the perspective of subdivision, there are some different classifications with their own emphasis.