Ma Zhe’s Essay: “Material” in Materialism

This article about "Ma Zhe's Lectures: "Substance" in Materialism" was specially compiled by kao.com for everyone. I hope it will be helpful to everyone!

Materialism is the highlight of Ma Yuanzhong and even the entire postgraduate entrance examination politics. Because of the particularity of the research object, its content is extremely abstract. Its basic concepts and principles are abstractions of the essence of the entire objective world. Therefore materialism is the theoretical basis of the entire dialectical materialist worldview. Although as college students we have a lot of scientific knowledge, except for students majoring in philosophy, most students are not adaptable to the materialist way of thinking. So how can we learn materialism well? Teacher An Xiaobo of the Political Teaching and Research Department believes , the first thing to do is to understand what "matter" is.

(1) Definition of matter “Substance is a philosophical category that marks objective reality. This objective reality is perceived by people through their senses. It exists independently of our senses and is copied and reproduced by our senses. Photography, reflection.” (Note: Lenin pointed out that, of course, the opposition between matter and consciousness only has absolute significance within a very limited range, beyond which the opposition becomes relative.)

(2) Understanding of the definition of matter The objective reality of matter in the definition of matter is the absolute nature of matter abstracted from everything in the world, and it is the characteristic of matter. At the same time, matter also has the characteristic of "knowability", that is, although matter does not depend on human consciousness, people can recognize it.

Here we need to pay attention to the difference between "objective reality" and "objective existence":

① "Objective reality": refers to the real existence that does not depend on human consciousness. characteristics. It is an abstraction and generalization of the unique characteristics of all things and phenomena in the world. Compared with consciousness, it is the first thing and does not include spirit and consciousness phenomena.

② "Objective existence": relative to subjectivity, it can refer to both the specific form of matter and specific thoughts. In addition to material phenomena, objectively existing things also include spiritual and conscious phenomena.

The connection between "objective reality" and "objective existence": Objective reality is an objective existence. Objective existence includes not only material phenomena with objective reality, but also spiritual and conscious phenomena that do not have objective reality.

It is necessary to clarify the difference between matter and the specific form of matter

①Philosophical matter refers to the uniqueness of various specific forms of matter - objective reality; material concreteness Form is the concrete manifestation of matter. It not only has the same characteristics - objective reality, but also has its own individual characteristics.

②Philosophically, matter cannot be created, changed and destroyed, but the specific form of matter can be created, changed and destroyed by humans.

The connection between matter and the specific forms of matter:

①Philosophical matter is summarized and summarized from various specific forms of matter. Without specific material forms, there would be no philosophy. on the material.

②The relationship between the two is the relationship between general and special, universal and individual.

(3) Understanding Lenin’s Commentary on the Definition of Matter Lenin pointed out that, of course, the opposition between matter and consciousness only has absolute significance within a very limited scope. Beyond this scope, the opposition becomes It has become relative.

The definitions we have been exposed to so far are almost all defined by genus plus species difference. The formula is: defined item = species difference + adjacent genus. For example, give the concept of "person" To define, we must first find out the genus concept of "human" such as "animal", and then determine the difference in objects reflected by "human" and other parallel species concepts under the genus concept "animal", that is, the species difference: "can Make and use production tools." In this way, the definition of human can be expressed as: "Human is an animal that can make and use production tools." However, Lenin was not able to adopt such a definition method to define the concept of material in philosophy, because he could not find a concept of "genus" larger than matter to grasp matter, so he adopted another definition method - relational definition. Since If you cannot directly define the definition item (matter) with a large genus concept, then you need to find a definition (consciousness) that is opposite to the definition item substance to grasp matter. Therefore, we say that Lenin grasped matter from the relationship between matter and consciousness. After adopting this definition, Lenin added an annotation to this definition, even if the opposition between matter and consciousness has absolute significance only within a very limited range, beyond this range it becomes relative. What Lenin wanted to explain was: Only when discussing which of matter and consciousness is the origin of the world, matter and consciousness are absolutely opposed. That is, only by first separating consciousness from the unity of matter and making them absolutely opposed can we answer the question. Basic philosophical question; when we do not discuss the origin issue, the opposition between matter and consciousness is relative. That is, combining the already opposing matter and consciousness is in line with the materialist monism advocated by Marx.

(4) Theoretical significance of material view: The establishment of Marxist material view has drawn four boundaries

①Clear the boundaries between materialist monism and idealist monism and dualism

p>

② Draw a clear line between agnosticism and agnosticism

③ Draw a clear line between dialectics and old materialist metaphysics

④ Draw a clear line between historical materialism and idealist view of history Boundaries

A little test:

1. The cornerstone of the materialist worldview is ()

A. Material category

B. Nature Category

C. Subjective category

D. Objective category

Answer A

2. Lenin’s grasp of matter is through ()

A. The relationship between matter and consciousness is defined

B. The relationship between philosophy and specific science is defined

C. The relationship between subject and object is defined< /p>

D. The relationship between general and individual is defined

Answer A

3. Regarding the material category, Engels made a definition in his work "Dialectics of Nature" Such a statement: "Real objects and substances are nothing more than the sum of various things, and this concept is abstracted from this sum." Engels's definition of material category is through ()

A. Defined by the relationship between cognition and practice

B. Defined by the relationship between matter and consciousness

C .Defined by the relationship between the individual and the general

D. Defined by the relationship between philosophy and specific science

Answer C

4. The characteristics of matter are ()< /p>

A. Subjective reality

B. Objective reality

C. Knowability

D. Unknowability

< p>Answer B

5. The fundamental characteristic of Marxism’s view on the nature of the material world is ()

A. The only characteristic of matter is objective reality

B. Human practical activities are also a form of matter

C. Matter is the sum of various physical objects

D. Grasp matter and regulations from the unity of opposites with consciousness Matter

Answer D

6. The relationship between the material category of dialectical materialism and the material category of natural science is ()

A. Origin and derivation Relationship

B. The relationship between universal and special

C. The relationship between essence and phenomenon

D. The relationship between form and content

Answer B

7. As early as the 1880s, Engels pointed out when summarizing the development achievements of philosophy and natural science at that time: "Objects and matter are nothing more than the sum of various things, and this concept originated from this Abstracted from a sum. "According to Engels's discussion, the relationship between the material concept in philosophy and the material form in science is ()

A. The relationship between necessity and chance

B. The relationship between deciding and being determined

C. The relationship between rational knowledge and perceptual knowledge

D. The relationship between sex and personality

Answer D

2009 1. The opposition between matter and consciousness only has absolute significance within a very limited range. Beyond this range, it becomes relative. This range refers to ( )

A. Which is the first, matter or consciousness?

B. Are matter and consciousness unified?

C. Which is more important, matter or consciousness?

D. Which one, material or consciousness, is more closely related to social life

Answer A

2003 1. After the founding of Marxist philosophy, it began to appear

A .The opposition between materialism and idealism

B. The opposition between agnosticism and agnosticism

C. The opposition between dialectics and metaphysics

D. Historical materialism and The Opposition of the Idealistic View of History

Answer D

2008 1. The fundamental difference between Marxist philosophy, idealist philosophy and old materialist philosophy lies in

A. Adhere to the subjective status of human beings

B. Adhere to the perspective of dialectical development to understand the world

C. Adhere to the primacy of matter and the secondary nature of consciousness

D .Insist on understanding the real world from objective material practical activities

Answer D

2002 16. The opposition between consciousness and matter only has absolute significance within a very limited scope. Beyond this range, the opposition becomes relative.

This is because

A. Consciousness is rooted in matter

B. Consciousness is a reflection of matter

C. Consciousness is an inherent attribute of matter

< p>D. Consciousness is the form of existence of matter

E. Consciousness can be converted into matter

Answer ABE