What should be the process of landscape design?

1. As the owner of the construction project (commonly known as "Party A"), he will accept the design task, conduct on-the-spot investigation of the base and collect relevant information, and will invite one or several design units to carry out scheme design.

As the designer (commonly known as "Party B"), when making initial contact with the owner, it is necessary to know the general situation of the whole project, including the construction scale, investment scale, sustainable development, etc., especially the overall framework direction and basic implementation content of the project. The overall framework direction determines what kind of green space this project is, and the basic implementation content determines the service object of green space. Grasping these two points, we can correctly formulate the general principles of planning.

In addition, the owner will send personnel familiar with the situation of the base, accompany the chief planner to the base site for investigation, and collect the original data that must be mastered before planning and design.

These data include ① climatic conditions, temperature, light, monsoon direction, hydrology and geological soil (pH, groundwater level) in this area. (2) Surrounding environment, main roads and traffic flow direction. (3) The internal environment of the base, the distribution of lakes, rivers and canals, and the topographic elevation and trend of each place.

The chief planner has an overall understanding of the base and a clear idea of the main influencing factors in combination with the current situation map of the base provided by the owner (also called "red line map"), and will overcome and avoid unfavorable factors when making overall ideas in the future; The favorable factors are fully and reasonably utilized. In addition, it is necessary to take photos in general and some special base plots to bring back the current situation of the site in order to deepen the perceptual understanding of the base.

2. Preliminary overall conception and modification.

After collecting data in the base site, it must be sorted and summarized immediately to prevent forgetting those small but influential links.

Before you start to conceive the master plan, you must read the "design task book" (or "design tender") provided by the owner carefully. In the design task book, the owner's requirements for all aspects of the construction project are listed in detail: overall positioning nature, content, investment scale, technical and economic compliance control, design cycle, etc. Here, I would also like to remind the designers who have just started: pay special attention to reading and understanding the design task book. It is not enough to read it once, but to fully understand and "thoroughly understand" the most basic "essence" of the design task book.

When conceiving the master plan, we should conceive the overall positioning of the project proposed by the owner, and combine it with abstract cultural connotation and deep warning implication. At the same time, we should consider integrating the planning content in the design task book into the tangible planning composition.

The concept sketch is only a preliminary planning outline, and then it will be supplemented and modified with the collected original data. Gradually define the specific positions of the entrance, square, road, lake, green space, architectural sketch, management room and other elements in the general plan. After this revision, the whole plan is more reasonable in function and conforms to the basic principles of landscape design in composition form: beauty and comfort (visually).

3. Production and packaging of the second revised version of the scheme

The concept of planning after preliminary modification is not a fully mature planning. At this time, designers should be open-minded and eager to learn, brainstorm, and listen to suggestions from all sides through multiple channels, levels and time. We should not only ask the old designers for suggestions on the modification of the scheme, but also humbly ask the young and middle-aged designers. We often learn from other people's design experience and communicate with them, which can improve the originality and vitality of the whole scheme.

Because most planning schemes tend to be short-lived, designers should pay special attention to two issues:

First, only pay attention to the progress, blindly seek quick, and finally lead to simple and boring design content, no new ideas, and even completely copy other plans, and the quality of drawings is rough, which does not meet the requirements of the design task book.

Second, change the concept of design scheme too much, spend too much time and energy to pursue the exquisite packaging of drawings, and ignore the importance of the quality of the planning scheme itself. The scheme quality mentioned here refers to whether the planning principle is correct, whether the concept is innovative, whether the composition is reasonable, concise and beautiful, and whether it is operable.

After the whole scheme is finalized, graphic packaging is essential. Now, more and more attention has been paid by owners and design units.

Finally, some main nodes of planning scheme description, investment framework (estimation) calculation and hydropower design are compiled into text parts; Assemble the planning plan, functional zoning map, green planting map, sketch design scheme, panoramic perspective and local scenic spot perspective into drawings. The text part and the drawing part are combined to form a complete set of planning scheme text.

4, the owner's information feedback

After the owner gets the text of the scheme, he will generally give a reply in a short time. Some adjustment suggestions will be put forward in the reply, including modification, addition and deletion of project content, increase and decrease of investment scale, change of land use scope, etc. Designers should adjust, modify and supplement the scheme in a short time according to these feedback information.

At present, the computer drawing rate of various design units has been quite popular, so the local plane adjustment can still be completed smoothly and on time. For some major changes, or major adjustments in the overall planning direction, it will take a long time to adjust the planning, or even tear it down and redo it.

For the owner's information feedback, if the designer can listen to the feedback carefully and actively complete the adjustment plan, it will win the trust of the owner and have a positive role in promoting the future design work; On the contrary, if the designer is sloppy, perfunctory, procrastinating and fails to submit the adjustment plan according to the specified date, it will lose the trust of the owner and even lose the design task of this project.

Generally, the workload of adjusting the scheme is not as large as that before, and generally requires an adjusted general plan and some necessary scheme adjustment instructions, framework (estimation) adjustment instructions, etc. , but its role is cross-important. The future scheme review meeting and construction drawing design are based on the adjustment scheme.

5. Scheme design review meeting

The expert review team organized by the relevant departments will focus on one or several days for expert review (demonstration) meetings. The people attending the meeting, in addition to experts in various fields, include leaders of project owners, leaders of relevant departments of cities and districts, project design leaders and main designers.

As a designer, the person in charge of the project must report to the leaders and experts in an all-round way on the project overview, overall design orientation, design principles, design content, technical and economic indicators, total investment estimation and many other aspects within a limited time. Journalists must realize that experts may not all know how much they know about this project. Therefore, in some links, we should try our best to introduce it thoroughly and intuitively, and we must be targeted. At the scheme review meeting, it is advisable to clarify the design guiding ideology and principles before introducing the design layout and content. The introduction of design content must be closely combined with the previously stated design principles, and the design guiding ideology and principles should be taken as the theoretical basis of design layout and content, while the latter is the concrete embodiment of the former. The two should complement each other and be indispensable. Shall not lead to design principles and design content.

A few days after the scheme review meeting, the designer will receive the review comments printed by the expert group. The person in charge of the design must read carefully, give a clear answer to every opinion, actively listen to the particularly meaningful expert opinions, and immediately implement them in the revised draft of the plan.

6. Expand the initial design review meeting.

The designer shall further expand the preliminary design (hereinafter referred to as "expanded preliminary design") in combination with the evaluation opinions of the expert group. In the expanded text, there should be a more detailed and in-depth general planning plane, general vertical design plane, general greening design plane, plane, vertical and sectional drawings of architectural sketches (with main dimensions marked). In areas with particularly complex terrain, detailed section maps should be drawn. The ground elevation (road elevation, ground elevation, indoor ground elevation) and lake elevation (water surface elevation, pool bottom elevation) of several main spaces must be marked in the profile.

In the extended text, there should also be detailed water and electrical design instructions. If there are large-scale electricity and water facilities, the water supply and drainage and electrical design plan should be drawn.

In the initial design review meeting, experts' opinions will not be scattered as in the scheme review meeting, but will be more concentrated and targeted. The speech of the person in charge of the design should be concise and suit the remedy to the case. According to the opinions of experts at the scheme review meeting, the revised contents and measures are introduced in the expanded text. The unmodified opinions should be fully explained in order to gain the understanding of the expert judges.

In the scheme review meeting and the enlarged review meeting, if conditions permit, the designer should make use of multimedia computer technology to explain as much as possible, so as to perfectly combine the planning concept of the whole scheme with the fine local design effect and make the design scheme more vivid and expressive.

Under normal circumstances, after the scheme design review meeting and the enlarged design review meeting, the overall planning plane and specific design contents can pass the review smoothly, laying a good foundation for the construction drawing design. Generally speaking, the more detailed the initial expansion design, the more labor-saving the construction drawing design.

7. Construction Drawing Design for Base Survey (I)

The first step of landscape planning and design is base reconnaissance. There are at least three differences from the previous reconnaissance base: 1, and the scope of participants has expanded. I used to be the design project leader and chief designer. This time, designers of architecture, structure and water and electricity should be added. 2. The reconnaissance depth is different. The previous survey was a rough survey, and this time it was a fine survey; 3, master the latest and changing base. The interval between the previous reconnaissance and this reconnaissance is very long, and the situation on the spot must have changed. Be sure to find out the changing factors that have great influence on the future design, conduct research, and then adjust the subsequent construction drawing design.

At present, the time limit for many large projects and key projects in cities and districts is quite tight. Often, the final completion date is determined first, and then the construction progress is pushed backwards from back to front. This requires our designers to break the conventional drawing procedure and implement the drawing method of "drawing first". Generally speaking, in the construction drawing design of large-scale garden landscape green space, the drawings urgently needed by the construction party are: 1, general plan positioning diagram (commonly known as grid diagram); 2. Vertical design (commonly known as earthwork topographic map); 3. Some major paragraphs; 4, earthwork balance table (including warehousing and unearthed total); 5, the overall water supply, drainage, pipe network layout, the main material list; 6, general layout, system diagram, etc.

At the same time, these drawings completed earlier should be combined in two ways: 1 All professional drawings should be consistent and self-evident. 2, all kinds of professional drawings and drawings completed in succession in the future, there should be accurate contact and continuous relationship. Generally speaking, each major has its own characteristics, so I won't go into details here.

8. Design and construction drawing (below)

The development of society is accompanied by the emergence of large projects and large projects, and their own characteristics make the division of design and construction cycle blurred. Especially due to the urgent construction period, we need to draw some urgently needed drawings first, so that the whole project is in the state of design and construction.

Some of the construction drawings mentioned in the last issue were completed ahead of schedule, so as to start work immediately. Then it is necessary to design personal architectural sketches, including construction drawing design of buildings, structures and water and electricity.

In addition, as the general manager of the whole project design, he often undertakes the tasks of overall positioning, vertical design, road square, water body and green planting construction drawing design. He not only has to finish all the design tasks on time or even ahead of schedule, but also spends a lot of time and energy on meetings, coordination, organization and balance. In particular, the coordination between Party A and the designer, the designer and the constructor, and the design specialty is inevitable. Often, the larger the project scale, the more far-reaching the impact of the project, and the heavier the organization and coordination work.

From this point of view, as the person in charge of project design, we should not only master solid design theory knowledge and rich practical experience, but also have a strong sense of responsibility and excellent professional ethics in order to better shoulder this heavy responsibility.

9, construction drawing budgeting

Strictly speaking, the preparation of construction drawing budget is not one of the design steps, but it is inextricably linked with the project itself, so it is necessary to briefly describe it.

The construction drawing budget is based on the budget estimate in the preliminary expansion design. The budget includes the engineering cost of all design projects in the construction drawing. Including: the total cost of earthwork and topography, the total longitudinal cost of architectural sketches, the total cost of roads and squares, the total cost of greening projects, and the total cost of hydropower installation projects.

According to the author's experience in designing projects, there is often a big discrepancy between the construction drawing budget and the project final accounts. Among them, there are many reasons, and the most influential ones are: the increase or decrease of engineering projects in the construction process, the adjustment of engineering time limit, the change of geological conditions within the engineering scope, the change of material selection and so on. The construction drawing budget is the work of the cost engineer, but the project leader should always have a degree of control over the project budget, and contact the cost engineer in time when necessary, so that the construction budget can more accurately reflect the investment status of the whole project.

It is true that the final effect of a project depends largely on investment control. In recent years, the unit area cost of street green space construction in this city has been rising continuously, and the right or wrong of this phenomenon is not discussed here. The author thinks that the person in charge of the project has the responsibility to think for the owner, adjust measures to local conditions objectively, give full play to the intelligence of designers of various professions subjectively, balance and coordinate in the design process, and realize investment control.

We believe that the good landscape effect after the completion of the whole project is the embodiment of the combination of excellent design and scientific and reasonable construction under the guarantee of certain funds.

10, construction drawing disclosure

After getting the construction design drawings, the owner will contact the supervisor and the constructor to check and read the construction drawings. Looking at the picture belongs to the overall grasp, and reading the picture belongs to the understanding of specific design nodes and detailed drawings.

After that, the owner will take the lead in organizing the design, supervision and construction personnel to conduct the construction drawing design disclosure meeting. At the disclosure meeting, the owner, the supervisor and the construction party put forward professional problems found after looking at the pictures, and professional designers will answer their questions. Generally speaking, the owner's problem involves overall coordination and convergence; The problems of supervision and construction often refer to the concrete implementation of design nodes and details. The two sides have different emphases. Because the above three parties are well prepared, and the problem of writing is often the key node in construction. Therefore, designers should be fully prepared before the disclosure meeting, and try to conduct on-site defense in combination with design drawings at the meeting. If you can't answer on the spot, reply as soon as possible after going back and thinking about it.

The steps of landscape planning and design should stop here. However, in the process of engineering construction, the on-site construction cooperation of designers is essential.

1 1, designer's construction cooperation (1)

The coordination between design and construction is often neglected. In fact, this link is very important for designers and the project itself.

The owner's continuous improvement of engineering quality and repeated shortening of construction period require designers to visit the construction site frequently during the construction process to solve the design problems exposed in the construction site and the coordination between design and construction. For some major projects, the whole construction cycle is already quite urgent, and the owners generally adopt the method of "designing while constructing". For this kind of project, designers should often go to the construction site and make the most reasonable and fastest design in combination with objective terrain, geology and surface conditions.

If the construction site is in the same city as the designer, the person in charge of the design project must make a rule for himself and all professional designers according to the working rules of the engineering construction headquarters: he must go to the construction site once or twice a week (which can be increased or decreased appropriately according to the objective situation), attend the weekly engineering meeting held by the headquarters every time, and then go to the site to solve the problems raised by various construction units at the meeting. Can be solved, on-site solution; If it can't be solved, go back to coordinate the design of each major and draw a design change diagram to solve it, and control the time in 2 ~ 3 days. In case of major design and construction problems that affect the progress of the project on the off-site day of the non-designer, the designer should rush to the site as soon as the working conditions permit, and coordinate with the owner, supervisor and construction party to solve the problems. The designer mentioned above is often the project leader, but other professional designers should cooperate with the overall designer and do their own professional construction well.

12, designer's construction cooperation (2)

If the construction site and the designer are located in different cities, it is commonly known as "foreign design project", and the project is very important (with far-reaching influence and huge scale). According to the nature and characteristics of the project, the design institute must send an overall design coordinator to the foreign construction site for construction cooperation.