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The periodic table is a list of chemical elements sorted by atomic number from small to large. The list is generally rectangular, and some elements have spaces in the period, so that elements with similar characteristics belong to the same family, such as halogen, alkali metal elements, rare gases (inert gases or rare gases), radioactive elements and so on. This makes the periodic table divided into seven main families, seven sub-families, zero families and eight families.

location

atomic radius

(1) Except 1 period, the atomic radius of other periodic elements (except inert gas elements) decreases with the increase of atomic number;

(2) From top to bottom, the atomic radius increases with the increase of the number of electron layers.

Elemental valence

(1) Except 1 cycle, the highest valence of elements in the second cycle increased from alkali metal+1 to nitrogen element +5 (fluorine has no valence, oxygen has no valence +6), and the highest valence of other periodic elements increased from alkali metal+1 to +7, and that of nonmetallic elements.

(2) The highest positive valence and negative valence of the same main group element are the same.

Melting point of simple substance

(1) With the increase of atomic number of elements in the same period, the melting point of metal elements increases and the melting point of nonmetal elements decreases;

(2) In the same group of elements, from top to bottom, the melting point of metal elements decreases and the melting point of non-metal elements increases.

Metallic properties of elements

(1) In the same period, the metallic properties of elements decrease from left to right, while the nonmetallic properties increase;

(2) The metallicity of the elements of the same main group increases from top to bottom, while the nonmetal decreases.

Acidity and alkalinity of hydrate

The stronger the metallicity of an element, the stronger the alkalinity of the hydrate of its highest valence oxide; The stronger the nonmetal of elements, the stronger the acidity of the highest valence oxide hydrate. (F/Cl； Except the operating system)

Non-metallic gas

The stronger the nonmetallic elements are, the more stable the gaseous hydride is. At the same time, the stronger the nonmetallic nature of nonmetallic elements, the stronger the acidity of gaseous hydride aqueous solution; The stronger the nonmetallic nature of nonmetallic elements in the same main group, the weaker the acidity of gaseous hydride aqueous solution.

Elemental oxidation

The stronger the metallicity of general elements, the stronger the reducibility of their simple substances, and the weaker the oxygen ion oxidation of their oxides; The stronger the nonmetal of an element, the stronger the oxidation of its simple substance, and the weaker the reducibility of its monoatomic anion.