Development history of competitive sports

As far back as human life in the early prehistoric times, primitive and primitive sports competitions characterized by winning have appeared.

Since then, this activity form has been developed for a long time in ancient times, with more colorful contents, and many projects have taken shape, which laid the foundation for the modern movement.

In the whole modern sports field, competition gained more and more independence and was named "competitive sports".

In the contemporary era, with the continuous development and evolution, competitive sports have not only matured in theoretical principles and practical methods, but also expanded in influence, becoming a special social phenomenon that spreads all levels of society and five continents around the world.

It is often said that competitive sports is an art, because it can transcend the barriers of language and other social factors, rely on mass media, and can be directly accepted by people without other forms of inscription and additional conditions (such as translation).

Art is a concentrated expression of the materialization of aesthetic consciousness, which can strongly arouse people's aesthetic feeling.

Competitive sports has various effective rules to prevent unfairness, which is an artistic creation and gives people a feeling of intense, wonderful, harmonious and beautiful.

From the middle of the 4th millennium BC to the end of the 2nd millennium BC, the Nile Valley in Northeast Africa, the Two Rivers Valley in West Asia, the Indus Valley in South Africa and the Yellow River Valley in East Asia have entered the threshold of civilization.

in the 8th-6th century BC, some city-states were also established in the Greek Peninsula in southern Europe.

Since then, other parts of the world have successively entered the class society.

Slavery society and feudal society are the first two stages that all civilized regions have generally experienced.

under the new historical conditions of these two stages, although most members of society completely (as far as slavery society is concerned) or partially (as far as feudal society is concerned) lost their right to participate in the sports field, and even a certain part of the world experienced great twists and turns in a certain historical stage (as far as medieval Europe is concerned), on the whole, it has made great progress in all aspects.

Due to the improvement of material and cultural living standards, competitive sports in civilized times no longer always take solving survival as the most important goal, and begin to have a new independent value orientation.

Entertainment plays an increasingly important role in competitive sports.

racing cars for the Sumerian New Year Festival in West Asia.

Running and fighting between two teams with real and fake knives and guns have the function of embellishing the festive atmosphere.

In Greece in southern Europe, especially in late Rome, ornamental sports competitions were also held for the purpose of eliminating the heritage.

Just for entertainment, the emperors of China in the Tang and Song Dynasties were fascinated by polo and football (called "Cuju" in ancient China), so that they wrote poems and were amazed.

The desire for self-expression has emerged in competitive sports, and it is constantly increasing.

The emotional changes at the ancient Olympic Games for offering sacrifices to the gods are a prominent example.

In the initial competitive games in Sri Lanka (still in the era of military democracy), God occupied a very high position in people's minds, and the winners also dedicated their honors to God.

However, after entering the civilized era, the influence of God gradually weakened, and people were more proud of their talents displayed in the sports meeting. In the later Roman Empire, this desire to show themselves was even stronger.

In order to gain social fame, some Roman freemen even ignored the casualties and acted as "voluntary gladiators".

In the polo match in Central Asia, kings also try their best to show their superb skills in order to win the admiration of their subjects.

it is also very common to participate in competitive sports for the sake of keeping fit.

The pentathlon of the ancient Greeks not only has obvious military value, but also is a comprehensive sports means to promote the all-round and coordinated development of the human body. Clark, Miao Wen, and Ibn Sina, famous doctors in ancient India, also specially warned people that besides general sports activities, they should also regularly participate in competitive sports, because competitive sports are also beneficial to their health.

The aesthetic concept of competitive sports has also begun to take shape.

In the early works of civilization, the beauty of human body has been one of the themes praised by * * *.

The pursuit of sports beauty was most prominent in ancient Greece: people regarded the Olympic champion with strong physique as a handsome man (such as Philip of the city-state of clotho) and respected him very much. After his death, he made a statue to commemorate him and respected him as a god; The Greek scholar Pythagoras devoted himself to the study of human symmetry for a long time, measuring its quantity and calculating its number; In the Athena Games, a large-scale sports meeting of Athens city-state, in addition to general sports competitions, it was also included in the competition. The Greeks have formulated the standard of "Kalogadiya" for bodybuilding (the root of "Kalogadiya" means "Carlos" means beauty and strength) and achieved this standard through systematic physical exercises.

With the shift of value orientation, the secularization of competitive sports is also increasing, and its religious significance is gradually weakening; Coupled with the development of religion itself in civilized times, rituals tend to be simplified (such as the use of prayer and other means), so it is no longer necessary to use competitive sports to achieve the purpose of communicating with God, so the components of competitive sports in religious activities gradually decrease.

In addition, because the asceticism of class society and religion is already very strong, the fanatical secular competitive sports are incompatible with the religious concept of abandoning the world and refusing to want, so in some areas of the world where religious power is rampant and the teaching hierarchy is strict, competitive sports are banned as heretical acts contrary to religious teachings.

Because of this, the ancient Olympic Games for offering sacrifices to the gods were finally banned by the Roman Empire with Christianity, and in the following 1 years or so, European competitive sports were suppressed for a long time because of their opposition to religious teachings.

judging from the whole situation, the competitive sports in the new era have been separated from religion to some extent because of the reduction of the content in religious activities and the ban because of its conflict with religion. That is to say, it no longer exists as a tool of religious activities, but has begun to have certain independence, although in some cases, in some countries and regions (especially those countries and regions where religious activities are prevalent and have a more tolerant attitude towards competitive activities, such as India, etc.

In the new era, when competitive sports and religious activities are separated to a certain extent, the functions of competitive sports are likely to be expanded due to the more colorful social and cultural life.

it is under this condition that competitive sports, as the main means to form labor and combat skills in prehistoric times, began to gradually surpass the utilitarian principles of labor education and military training and appeared in social cultural activities.

For example, in prehistoric times, wrestling, archery, javelin throwing, sword fighting, running and other competitive events were mainly used to form hunting and combat skills. In civilized times, they not only retained the traditional practical value, but also became an organic part of social entertainment activities and festivals.

The changes in the relationship between competitive sports and religious, military and production activities have led to a positive result: competitive sports have continuously excluded the influence of intertwined and mixed elements in other fields, and become a social phenomenon that is more independent than that in prehistoric times.

In the process of increasing the independence of competitive sports, not only the special facilities for stadiums and gymnasiums appear, but also independent management organizations are formed, and the principles of sports events and training methods have also developed rapidly.

In an era when there are no obvious signs of separation between competitive sports and religion, special competition and training venues have emerged.

in the later period of the ancient Greek competition for offering sacrifices to the gods, there was a "u"-shaped stadium dedicated to the competition.

The U-shaped competition field built in Olympia also has a runway with a length of 192.25m (plus the buffer section behind the finish line, which is 212m long), with a width of about 32m, which can accommodate 32 competitors at the same time.

the starting line and sideline of the runway are all made of stone.

Stone grooves are carved on the edge stones, and the clear water in the grooves can be drunk by competitors.

The bunker of long jump has also appeared, and the ancient Greeks called it "Scar".

this is a kind of loose soil pit dug with pickaxe or pickaxe.

The pit is about 15m long, and the surface of the pit is leveled with a wooden ruler, so that the long jumpers can clearly leave footprints.

At that time, the long jump bunker was used as a wrestling ground.

The discus is called "Balbis", and it is forbidden to cross the front and left and right limit lines during throwing.

the racing car also has a special stadium, and the final line of the track is equipped with a turning column, so the racing car can race several times around the column.

At that time, many Greek city-states that held large-scale competitions for offering sacrifices to the gods built arenas, many of which were square, and there were ridges around or on both sides of the arenas for stands.

The Colosseum built in Athens in 33 BC has a weak connection with religion.

The stadium was expanded in 143 BC and became a large-scale sports facility with a capacity of 5, spectators.

Since the late period of the * * * system, Rome's competitive sports have become a tool to carry out political factional struggles and ease domestic class contradictions, so it has received special attention, and its special venue construction has surpassed other regions in terms of scale and technical level.

The most representative venue in Rome is the Colosseum, which mainly uses racing cars. They are generally composed of a long and narrow venue and horseshoe-shaped stands.

At that time, the most famous arenas were Maxim Arena (which was expanded into a large facility with a capacity of 2, spectators in Augustine's time), Flemini Arena, Keyas-Nilu Arena and Marcussen Arena.

The world-famous Coliseum covers an area of 6 acres and has 8, seats. It is oval in shape. The basement of the building is a gladiator room, a tool storage room and a corral. The water supply and drainage facilities of the arena are complete, and it can be filled with water in a short time to perform a simulated naval battle performance.

dedicated arenas are also very common in eastern countries.

In many cities in ancient India, wrestling and boxing arenas were built beside the city gates. Among them, some polo fields in China were equipped with viewing facilities such as temples, pavilions, buildings and terraces, and the scene was filled with oil to stop the dust, which was unique.

China's football (cuju) field is in the forefront of the world, and the goal was first used.

At the same time that special venues appear, venues for sports training have also appeared.

There were two kinds of sports driving ranges in ancient Greece, namely, wrestling fields and gymnasiums.

The former is similar to today's quadrangle buildings and is privately owned; The main part of the latter is an open-air square with a runway, which is managed by the state.

both of them are equipped with dressing rooms, bathrooms and other facilities.

In addition, the so-called gymnastics school is also an institution dedicated to training.

gladiator training centers and bathing places in Rome are also special training places.

The former is used for the training of gladiators, and it is built in the shape of a four-life courtyard, surrounded by gladiator rooms and equipment rooms, and the open space in the courtyard is used by coaches; The latter was the training ground for freemen in Roman Empire.

Here, people can do exercises such as weightlifting, ball games, gymnastics and track and field besides taking a shower and reading.

In eastern India, most Buddhist schools have gyms attached to them, and some famous wrestlers have been trained here.

Persians also have "teaching halls" for training children aged 7-16 in wrestling, running and riding.

After competitive sports gained relative independence, combat weapons, sacrificial rites and production tools also evolved into special sports equipment.

The discus and javelin used in Greek sports were improved from the throwing stones and javelin used in the battlefield. The ball used by Europeans as a symbol of disaster and the ball used by China as an auxiliary tool for military training have become special equipment for competition after the formation of football.

the ethnic dragon boat race is an improvement from the production or life boat.

In addition, the design and creation based on the characteristics of old and new projects are also an important source of special sports equipment.

The boxing-bound pimp used in ancient Greece (the Romans later developed it viciously, fixing nails and lead strips on the hard pimp to strengthen the hitting power), dumbbells for long jump, the starting device of the racing circuit and the goal of ancient China Cuju were all designed according to the needs of the competition itself.

In Britain, where modern competitive sports first started, the venues used for competitions in the 17th and 18th centuries were mainly municipal squares, natural lawns and highways.

With the development of school physical education at the end of 18th century, educators began to pay attention to the construction of new sports venues.

For example, in 1794, Rugby College bought an open space to build a large playground for students to play cricket and football.

During this period, the European continent still focused on ancient competitive sports, and its newly-built sports facilities did not get rid of the influence of ancient arena style.

The stadium is generally oval, surrounded by stands that gradually rise. For example, the newly-built stadium in Italy's Milan-Carroca region and the stadium in Stefano, Maceroda region are both like this.

In fact, the gymnasiums built by the pioneers of modern German gymnastics at the end of 18th century were only comprehensive venues for track and field, unarmed gymnastics and instrumental gymnastics.

after entering the 19th century, with the development of competitive sports, the construction of sports venues has attracted more attention from all walks of life. Some universities in Britain, such as Oxford University and Cambridge University, have also built stadiums for track and field and ball games.

During this period, cricket and other sports venues were also used to hold track and field competitions. For example, in 1864, the sports meeting between Oxford and Cambridge University was held in the cricket ground of Christian church.

in the mid-19th century, indoor sports facilities began to appear.

The earliest German gymnasium-the one built by Shpis in Haise in 185 is the most representative.

The building covers an area of 6, square feet and is divided into two indoor venues by a movable partition.

Free-hand gymnastics, apparatus gymnastics and even line-up exercises can be performed in it.

since the late 19th century, it has become a common practice to build indoor gymnasiums in continental Europe and North America.

from the late 19th century to the early 2th century, the architecture of sports venues began to transition to modern style.

its development trend is as follows:

first, with the emergence of large-scale comprehensive sports games and the emergence of people's various sports needs, sports venues and buildings have also begun to develop in a comprehensive and large-scale direction.

For example, the Kanlun Stadium and Berlin Stadium appeared in Germany in the early 2th century, including race track, bicycle and motor vehicle track, racetrack, hockey field and tennis court.

The appearance of comprehensive sports fields such as basket-shaped, semi-circular, pointed-round and four-solution forms in this period indicates that the sports field design has entered a modern stage.

This kind of sports ground is generally based on the track and field and the feet surrounded by it.