Historical background of Jinan old railway station

From 65438 to 0898, Germany forced the Qing government to sign the lease treaty of Jiaoao. 1904, the Germans spread the Ji Jiao Railway from east to west to Jinan, and soon, the Jin-Pu Railway, which was built with a loan from Yingde, was also built in Jinan. At that time, due to the different governance rights of the two railways, Jinan Station of Jinpu Railway was set up independently in the position of Jinan Station today. Hundreds of meters apart, there are two large European-style stations, which are extremely rare in other cities in China.

19 14 After the outbreak of World War I, the Japanese occupied the Ji Jiao Railway, while the Germans had no time to take care of the Far East. 19 19, the Paris Peace Conference arbitrarily decided that Japan would inherit Germany's sphere of influence in Shandong. 1923, China government recovered the sovereignty of Ji Jiao railway. This has become a large station used by two major railway lines.

Before 1930s, these two railway stations were used at the same time. At which station can you buy a ticket to take the train? 1at the end of 937, the Japanese invaders occupied Jinan. In order to cooperate with their own zoning management, the original two stations were rebuilt and expanded. 1938, Jinan Station of Ji Jiao Railway was merged into Jinan Station of Jinpu Railway. As a result, the original Jinan Railway Station has since become the old railway station in people's minds.

As soon as this unique railway station was completed, it was widely praised by architects and people at home and abroad and became the most famous railway station in the Far East. After World War II, the travel handbook compiled by the Germans suggested that "the most worthwhile first stop to the Far East" was Jinan Railway Station. It has also become an example in the teaching materials of architecture in Beijing, Tsinghua University and Tongji University. The film "Big Waves Wash the Sand" was also filmed here.

1958, in order to increase the capacity, the railway department carried out a partial transformation of the old railway station, and built two-story waiting rooms and three platform overpasses in the west. 1972 In order to welcome Cambodian King Sihanouk to Jinan, the station built a new exit from the platform to the square in front of the station, which was then called the welcome gate. 2013 August15-At noon, when I left Jinan Railway Station, I was greeted by a busy construction scene. Workers wearing safety helmets on scaffolding were sweating, and the outdoor temperature of Jinan Station exceeded 35℃ on August 4, 20 13.

Standing in the south square of the railway station, you can hardly see the trace of the old railway station in Jinan, and the building on the south side of the railway station blocks the line of sight. Like other cities, on both sides of the railway station square, a group of old people greeted passers-by with signs in their hands. "Take a break, the hotel has air conditioning."

Go south along Zhanqian Street and turn left at the first crossing. This is an old house: spire, red tiles, huge columns, several fireplaces and chimneys, and the wall is covered with dark green Parthenocissus tricuspidata ... The black nameplate on the wall has two explanations in Chinese and English: Industrial Development Company of Jinan Railway Bureau, a European-style classical building on both sides, built in September, 1904, belonging to the affiliated building of Jinan South Station on Ji Jiao and Jinpu lines. ...

Few passers-by pay attention to the words on the nameplate, so hurry. There is a flower bed in this European-style compound, and there is a huge stone in the center of the flower bed. The doorman stopped the reporter from taking pictures. "This is an office building. Can't take pictures. "

After the reporter asked, the proprietress of the canteen selling drinks next to the compound pointed to the railway building in the distance and said, "That is the old railway station in Jinan, and now it is actually the place where Jinan Station leaves the station.

The true meaning of Jinan old railway station can only be seen from picture books or old photos. There is no record of Herman Fauchere in the annals of Jinan Railway Bureau. This historical record as long as 1985 introduces Jinan Railway Station in this way: it is located on the north side of Jingyi Road in Jinan City, which is the intersection of Jinpu Railway and Ji Jiao Railway. The station runs east and west, facing north and south. 1985 has 8,528 square meters of station building, waiting building, clock tower, ticket office and luggage room.

According to the files found by the Morning Post reporter, the Jinpu Railway and the Ji Jiao Railway did not intersect originally. Ji Jiao Railway was first built on the Jin-Pu Railway, and Jinan Railway Station is a station on the Jin-Pu Railway. During the Republic of China, the Japanese took over Jinan Railway Station and merged the railway stations of the two railways into one.

Yong Jian, a special member of Jinan CPPCC Literature and History Committee, who has been in contact with the descendants of Herman Fauchere's family, told the Morning Post reporter that "Herman Fauchere 1908 came to Jinan, aged 24, and just graduated from Hausen University in Hildeburg, Germany. The architect is not famous in Germany." That year, the Manchu government signed a loan contract with Britain and Germany, and began to build the Jin-Pu Railway with a loan of 5 million pounds.

From the historical records of Jinan Railway, we can see the enthusiasm of Germans to participate in railway construction. According to the existing archives, 185 1 year and 1864, the Qing government proposed to build a railway line from Tianjin to Zhenjiang, Jiangsu Province, in order to suppress the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom movement and transport grain, but Britain and Germany intervened in railway loan decentralization. The Germans stopped the construction of the railway, because it would affect the Ji Jiao Railway, so it was not until the Qing government agreed to build the Jinpu Railway, which was partly funded by Germany, that the railway was allowed to pass through Shandong.

Jinan Old Railway Station was once the largest railway station in Asia. After the war, it was listed as the first stop in the Far East by the Far East Travel published by the Federal Republic of Germany.

"The historical significance of the old railway station in Jinan far exceeds the building itself and affects the development of Jinan city." Li Ming, director of Jinan Institute of Archaeology, said in an interview with the Morning Post reporter, "The core factor of the soul of architecture is the historical carrier. The old railway station in Jinan witnessed the historical changes from the demise of the Qing government to the Republic of China, to the management of railways by the Japanese army during the War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression period, and to the founding of New China. It is a touching' three-dimensional history'. "

At the end of Qing Dynasty, when Jinan opened its port, western businessmen and Chinese people began to merge. Li Ming unfolded a map in the office. "From Jingyi Road, Jinger Road to Jingshi Road, it was all planned after Jinan opened its port. The railway station is on Jingyi Road. Get off the train to the opening area for 20 minutes at most. At that time, the main means of transportation was bicycles. There were later telegraph offices and banks on Jingyi Road and Jinger Road. At that time, the poor relied on the railway to feed, and gradually formed a unique slum in the north of the railway-official camps and some factories that are convenient for recruitment. " 1990 1 Minister of Railways Li inspected Jinan Railway Bureau. Accompanied by the then director of Jinan Railway Bureau, he inspected Jinan Railway Station and put forward the intention to rebuild Jinan Railway Station to Minister Li, and immediately got the reply that "Jinan Railway Station can be rebuilt". Jinan Railway Bureau immediately conveyed the news to the leaders of Shandong Province and Jinan City. 1June, 1990, Jinan Railway Bureau began to design the construction of a new station, and wrote to the Jinan Municipal Government and the Shandong Provincial Government for instructions on whether the bell tower of Jinan Station would stay or not. Both levels of government replied that the bell tower was no longer preserved. 199 1 In April, the Ministry of Railways officially approved the demolition of the old railway station.

The old railway station is really overwhelmed, which is an important reason for the demolition. 1958, Jinan Railway Sub-bureau built a two-story waiting room on the west side of the station square. According to public records, the waiting room can accommodate more than 4000 people. However, the internal staff of the Railway Bureau told this reporter that around 1990, the annual passenger traffic of Jinan Railway Station is around 4 million, with an average of more than 65,438+/kloc-0.0 million passengers per day. "At the peak of passenger flow, passengers flow from the waiting room to the square, and the square in front of the station becomes the waiting area. Crowds lined up for hundreds of meters and slowly entered the station in circles, especially in order to catch the Spring Festival travel rush peak. The square is a camping place, and it is impossible to enter the station, so it is necessary to build a bigger and better railway station. "

Another rumor that was demolished, "The old railway station is a colonial building", has also been confirmed by many people. 1at the beginning of 992, photographer Jing Qiang and some leaders went to Beijing to meet the delegates who attended the "two sessions" at that time. "When I came back, I was in the same soft sleeper box with the director of Jinan Railway Bureau. The news that the old railway station had been demolished had already come out. I asked the Secretary why the old railway station had to be demolished. He said that the station was too small to be used, and a bigger one should be built. He also said that the station was a colonial building. What is this for? This kind of thinking is too narrow, and I was speechless at that time. " Jingjiang said with a sigh. Shen Lu also told this reporter: "That was the time, and there were not many years of reform and opening up. The logic of leadership is also very simple. I just think it's a symbol of foreign powers invading China. If it looks bad, I'll tear it down and build a good one. If I am not convinced, I won't believe that it can't be built by colonists, so I demolished it. I didn't realize these things of history and culture. " Shen Lu said that at that time, the Shandong Provincial People's Congress and the Provincial Political Consultative Conference also raised questions. They looked up all the documents related to the relocation of Jinan Station and found that they were all official documents. They all agreed to build a new passenger station without retaining the bell tower. "and the total number of cultural protection units at that time was very small. Only revolutionary sites and ancient buildings are counted. No one cares about modern architecture, and the old Jinan Station has not entered the cultural protection unit. " Yong Jian, an expert in Jinan literature and history, told this reporter. "Jinan Railway Station has a daily passenger flow of 50,000 people, and it is still growing at a rate of 3,000 people per year." A staff member of Jinan Railway Station said that with the rapid development of economy and the acceleration of population flow, compared with civil aviation and highways, the transportation pressure of railways began to increase. At that time, the railway hubs including Zhengzhou and Xi 'an began to expand.

"The whole railway station square is crowded with people. If you reach the peak of Spring Festival travel rush, the square will not move at all. " A vendor who claimed to have set up a stall at Jinan Railway Station for nearly 30 years said.

In this context, at the end of 199 1, the former Ministry of Railways approved the Jinan New Railway Station project. Demolition of Jinan Old Railway Station in July 1992. In the same year, the construction of the present Jinan Railway Station began on the original site.

"In the1990s, it was a serious ideological trend to pursue modernization and reject capitalism. The rulers at that time had a strong' national pride'. "A member of the expert group who did not want to be named told the Morning Post reporter that an official in an important position in Jinan said that the old railway station was a symbol of colonialism, and when he saw it, he would recall the years when the people of China were oppressed.

According to public reports, Yao, former deputy director of Jinan Railway Bureau and former commander of the reconstruction project of Jinan South Railway Station, participated in the reconstruction project from 65438 to 0992. He also heard some different opinions when he demolished the old railway station according to the instructions of his superiors.

Photographer Jing Qiang photographed the moment when the old railway station in Jinan was demolished. "Our generation, is a n experienced person, so the feeling is too deep. History distorts people's souls and will regret it one day, as will the old railway station in Jinan. " Jing Qiang said that he pressed the shutter with tears in his eyes as the workers raised hammers and smashed the walls of the old railway station.

"The old railway station was built very firmly, and because it was too close to the train track, large machinery could not be used and had to be demolished manually, so it took about 1 month to complete." Yao Xiang described the scene of demolition at that time. "At that time, the building of the old railway station itself was well protected, and the bell tower was built very finely and firmly. Many people may not know that many places in the bell tower are not steel bars, but railings, and the quality of the stones is also very good, so it is particularly difficult to dismantle. "

This statement was confirmed by Li Ming, director of Jinan Institute of Archaeology. During the second cultural relics survey, Li Ming took photos of the old railway station in Jinan twice and filed them.

"Modern buildings are rarely listed as cultural relics protection units, which is the characteristic of that era, but it is also difficult for cultural relics protection units to stop the pace of municipal construction, and cultural relics have disappeared in recent years." Li Ming has been engaged in the protection of cultural relics for most of his life, and his heart is inevitably sad.

1June 8, 1995, 14, the reconstruction and expansion project of Jinan new passenger station with a national investment of 390 million yuan was completed and opened to traffic. In June 2008, the original clock was found in a warehouse of Jinan Railway Bureau. At that time, the big clock was scattered in the warehouse, and it was completely lost. The four large dials of the clock lean against the wall, each with a diameter of about 1.3 meters. Key components such as pointer, gear and winding crank are still intact, and other smaller components are stored in cartons. However, the cast iron base of the clock was slightly injured, and one part was broken. The whereabouts of the wooden pendulum with the metal owl are unknown.

The person in charge of the electricity section of Jinan Railway Bureau said that this big clock was put here when moving in 2002. At that time, they thought the clock was still valuable, so they kept it here. Only 65,438+00 employees in this unit really know the whereabouts of the clock. At the beginning of reconstruction: the feasibility of reconstruction

In the proposal of 20 10, some members' suggestions on the transformation of Jinan's "old railway station" received attention. Relevant experts said that although the transformation of the "old railway station" is technically difficult, it is generally feasible. The key is to find the original design of the old railway station and carefully select the site.

Cui Anyuan, a nonpartisan CPPCC member from Jinan Sijian Group Co., Ltd., put forward a proposal to rebuild Jinan's "old railway station" at the CPPCC meeting. "The old railway station in Jinan is a representative building in the history of Jinan's urban development, especially in the history of modern development. It has long been a landmark building in Jinan and plays an irreplaceable role in greatly enhancing the connotation and perception of Jinan's tourism culture, so reconstruction is very necessary. "

Regarding the feasibility of reconstruction, Mr. Cui believes that there are many examples of reconstruction, reconstruction and relocation in the history of architecture. Most of the ancient buildings in China are civil structures. In the long river of history, due to natural disasters and natural aging, many people need to rebuild, transform and relocate. There are also many foreign examples. For example, the German capital was almost razed to the ground during World War II, and Germany was rebuilt on a large scale several years after the war, so the reconstruction of Jinan's "old railway station" did not affect its historical value.

Zhang Runwu, a member of the Academic Committee of China Residential Architecture and a professor at Shandong Jianzhu University, had previously communicated with Cui Dayong, vice chairman of Jinan CPPCC. "In terms of technical ability, it is feasible to restore the old railway station with Jiande style now, but you need to get the original design of the station. The map has been kept in the archives of Jinan Railway Bureau. " Professor Zhang believes that architecture, as the witness of history and the carrier of information of the times, faithfully records the contents of science and technology education, culture and art, political ethics, folk customs, economy and financial resources. The transformation of the old railway station is beneficial to the construction of Jinan, a famous historical and cultural city. The key is where to choose the site. "The value of in-situ reconstruction is the highest."