Background knowledge of photography related to IELTS listening

How much do you know about the background of IELTS listening? Here's the background of photography. First, let's look at the word photography. Obviously, this word can be divided into two parts: photo and geography, which come from Greek and mean respectively. Light? And then what? Painting? The meaning of. So photography is to draw with light, which is very vivid. These two affixes are also common in English words, such as photosynthesis, copier, geography, handwriting and so on. Let's take a look at the basic components of a camera: body, lens, film/negative, viewfinder, focusing system, shutter, aperture, etc. Of course, digital cameras also need memory sticks. In photography, we often hear some terms, such as focus, aperture, shutter speed, white balance, ISO speed and so on. Aperture controls the amount of light entering the lens, which affects the depth of field of the photo and the focus of the image. Shutters can control the clarity and flow of images. When the shutter speed is fast, it can capture the moment when the bullet moves, and when the shutter speed is slow, it can capture the flowing effect, such as the traffic at night. White balance mainly appears in digital photography. Simply put, it is to adjust the color difference to make the image truly reflect its color.

Of course, the TOEFL test involves the topic of photography and does not introduce photographic equipment or technology professionally, mainly from a historical perspective. It can even be said that the investigation of art topics is always inseparable from history, so it is suggested that candidates can understand the historical development of each topic when preparing background knowledge. About the development of photography, especially the development of film, it is very clear in the third set of practice listening 3 of Barron, and similar topics were also tested in the examination questions in the second half of 2009. Here, we briefly review the development history of photography.

People's exploration of photography can be traced back to the 5th century BC. Mo Zhai, a philosopher in China, put forward the theory that light can form an inverted image through pinhole through the study of optics. Later generations think that this laid the foundation for the concept of pinhole camera.

/kloc-in the 0/8th century, with the development of optics and chemistry, some silver salts were found to have photosensitivity, which prompted people to study how to image on the surface of silver-plated objects. Early images cannot be preserved for a long time after they are formed. 1826, French inventor Joseph nick? Forny? Pce took the world's first photo at home and showed the scene outside the house from his window. Because the way he shoots requires about 8 hours of exposure time, it is not practical.

After Joseph's death, his colleague louis Daguerre continued his research. In 1837, he invented the silver plate photography, and in 1839, he took the first photo of a person. Before that, he studied ways to reduce exposure time. And the discovery of this method is quite bizarre. Daguerre put some exposed dishes in a chemical cupboard when he did the experiment. Because the thermometer in the cupboard is broken, mercury vapor reacts with silver to form a latent image on the board. Inspired by it, Daguerre perfected this process: firstly, the copper plate reacts with iodine to form photosensitive smoke (silver iodide); Expose the image taken by the copper plate for 10-20 minutes, and then put the copper plate on the mercury heated to 75 degrees Celsius to homogenize the mercury and silver mercury; During washing, Daguerre used ordinary salt solution to repair the image, then he washed the copper plate with sodium sulfite and finally with distilled water, and the image permanently existed on the copper plate.

Although there are many defects in this process, such as irreproducibility, image inversion, toxic gas, etc., it lays the foundation for the development of photos. /kloc-In the middle of 0/9th century, with the further development of optics and chemistry, these problems were solved. People began to use bromide and iodine to make substrates sensitive, and chlorine was used to reduce exposure time. By reducing the opening of the lens to reduce the entrance of light, the exposure time of portrait shooting is shortened to about 20 seconds The invention of negative film made it possible to copy photos.

The photo has changed from black and white (monochrome/black &; With the development from white to color, from negative to digital, people can develop photos at home without going to a darkroom. The first color photograph in the world was taken by a physicist named james clerk maxwell. Early photographers usually need to use three cameras with different color filters to shoot at the same time and then synthesize them in a dark room. The first color negative to successfully enter the commercial market was invented by the famous French Lumiere brothers, who also made great contributions to the development of movies. With the development of photography technology, people are not satisfied with the appreciation of still pictures, so the development of movies is slow.

How's it going? Through the above introduction, do you know all the background knowledge of photography? I hope it helps you.