20 18 Publishing Qualification Examination "Basic Theory and Practice" Knowledge Points: Elements of Book Layout Design

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20 18 Publishing Qualification Examination "Basic Theory and Practice" Knowledge Points: Elements of Book Layout Design

Section 5 Elements of Book Layout Design

The layout design of books and periodicals is first related to the state of the whole editing center, and then involves the expressions of words, symbols, lines, shading, blanks, illustrations, tables and other components that constitute the editing center. Therefore, they become the basic elements of book layout design.

First, the size and location of the version center.

The layout of books and periodicals consists of the center and the surrounding space, so the size and position of the center and the surrounding space restrict each other.

(a) the size of the core

On a page, if the surrounding space is large, the center of the page is relatively small; If the surrounding space is small, the version center is relatively large. The big layout around the sky is sparse and refreshing; The layout of the smaller sky on Sunday is full.

The page centers of all pages in the main text of books and periodicals must be the same size, while the page centers in the auxiliary text cannot be exactly the same as those in the main text.

The size of the editing center should be selected according to the nature, type and established format of books and periodicals. Generally speaking, practical, popular and economical small format books should not be too small to accommodate more graphic content; Leisure, art, prose and other medium-sized books and periodicals can have relatively small versions.

(2) the location of the version center

Adjusting the position of the center of the plate by changing the size of the surrounding space is an effective means to inject vitality into the layout design. According to the size change of a week, the position of the center on the page has the following types:

First, the center of the disc is in the normal position, that is, the center of the disc is centered on the left and right, and the ratio of head to foot height is1.4; 1。 Suitable for regular books and periodicals with characters as the main part.

Second, the version is on the upper side, that is, "the sky is small and the earth is big." Suitable for art appreciation books and periodicals such as picture books, picture books and pictorial books, and books and periodicals with only eyebrows.

Third, the version of the heart is on the lower side, that is, "the sky is too big and the earth is too small." China's traditional books are mostly used, which are suitable for books with eyebrows.

Fourthly, the center of the plate is close to the binding line, that is, the binding gap is reduced and the flanging gap is increased.

Fifth, the center of the plate is close to flanging, that is, the flanging blank is reduced and the reserved blank is increased.

Sixth, the center of the version is on the left, and there is a large blank on the right.

Seventh, the center of the version is on the right, leaving a large blank on the left.

The first five are symmetrical structures; The latter two are balanced, and are generally only used for horizontal books such as biographies, literature and art.

Second, words and symbols.

Words and symbols are important elements to express the contents of books and periodicals. The contents of books and periodicals are mainly expressed by words and symbols of different fonts and sizes. Therefore, choosing the shape and size of characters and symbols is an important content of layout design.

(a) the text

The words arranged on the pages of books and periodicals are called "printed words". In addition to Chinese characters, the characters of various ethnic minorities in China and other countries are also commonly used in books and periodicals. Therefore, there are many kinds of printed words and their sizes are different. They not only beautify the layout, but also make reading more convenient.

1. Font of printed text

Printed font is the standardized writing form of typesetting printing. Books and periodicals printing fonts can be divided into three categories: basic fonts, basic font variants and artistic styles. Typesetting software commonly used for book typesetting, such as Founder Book Edition and Founder Feitian (an upgraded version of Founder Tengfei), has dozens of printing fonts. This chapter mainly introduces Chinese fonts, letter fonts and digital fonts in Chinese books and periodicals. If other fonts are involved, will be specified.

(1) Chinese font

Chinese characters have four basic fonts: Song Ti, Bold, Regular Script and Imitation Song Ti. They are not only the most commonly used fonts in printed books and periodicals, but also the basis of other fonts.

Song Dynasty is also called "Lao Song". It sprouted in the Song Dynasty, so it was called Song Style, and was widely used in the Ming Dynasty, so it was also called Ming Style. The horizontal strokes of Songzi are thin and thick, with rigorous and dignified structure, flexible storage and strong versatility, which is most suitable for reading. It is mostly used in the text of books, periodicals and newspapers, and can also be used as titles.

Black body is also called "cube". Bold strokes are uniform in thickness, dignified and eye-catching, and are mostly used in the main body of titles and texts.

Regular script is also called "living". The strokes of regular script characters are similar to those of regular script characters in China's calligraphy, which are mostly used in book titles, children's books and primary school textbooks.

Imitation of the Song Dynasty appeared in the early 20th century, and it was created by imitating European woodcuts in the Northern Song Dynasty, so it was called "imitation of the Song Dynasty". The imitation of Song-style characters is fine, slightly decorated, delicate and beautiful. It is mostly used in titles, poems, essays and some leisure books.

The variants of basic fonts of Chinese characters are the fonts formed by the changes of basic fonts of Chinese characters, such as standard font style, three-body font style, body style, newspaper font style, equidistant font style and thin round font style. Mostly used in titles, occasionally used in the text of some reading materials. The development of computer typesetting technology provides unprecedented conditions for the change of basic fonts, and can also form more special glyphs such as flat, long and spiral.

The artistic style of Chinese characters is a font formed by applying calligraphy art and artistic writing skills to printed words, such as Lishu style, Weibei style, Shutong style, Hangkai style, complex style, amber style and so on. Most of them are used in the titles of periodicals.

(2) Letter font

Letters are also often called "western languages" in the publishing and printing industry. There are three basic fonts for letters: regular font, isobar font and italic font.

The masculine gender is also called "white masculine gender". The letters of orthography are vertical, in which the vertical line and the right diagonal are thicker, the horizontal line and the left diagonal are thinner, the middle of the arc is thicker and the ends are thinner, and some of them have decorative short lines. They have clear lines and eye-catching fonts, and are the most commonly used letter fonts in books and periodicals.

Isoplane letters are vertical, all lines are of the same thickness, and there are no decorative lines. Equal-length letters are mostly used in Chinese Pinyin of books and periodicals.

Italic is also called "white italic". The text of italicized letters leans to the right, because the vertical lines tilt to the right, but the horizontal lines remain horizontal. Italic letters are mostly used to indicate the names of physical quantities and foreign books and periodicals mentioned in the text of books and periodicals (or notes and references).

The variants of basic fonts are bold, bold, black italic and so on. , generally used as an important part of the title or text, and also used to represent the names of vectors and scalars.

The artistic style of letters is cursive and handwritten, which is generally used for the title of periodicals.

(3) Digital fonts

Numbers in the publishing and printing industry generally refer to Arabic numerals and Roman numerals, excluding Chinese characters and numbers. Numbers are mainly used to represent numerical values and order in books and periodicals.

Digital fonts commonly used in books and periodicals include orthography, italics, isometric, black orthography, black italics and so on. Their physical characteristics are similar to the letters in the corresponding fonts, but the rules used are different. If numbers are arranged together with other characters and letters, their fonts should match other adjacent characters and letters (for example, black orthographic numbers match bold Chinese characters, orthographic numbers match Song Dynasty Chinese characters, equidistant numbers match letters of the same font, etc.). ); If numbers (such as page numbers) are used alone, they can be selected according to aesthetic requirements.

2. The size of the printed text

Printed characters consist of text (or "prefix", that is, the whole visible character) and invisible borders. The size of printed words actually refers to the size of the text.

The measurement systems that represent the size of printed fonts include number system, dot system and series system.

The numbering system distinguishes the size of movable type with the title of "font size", but the relationship between numbers is very complicated.

The point system is a movable type measurement system widely used all over the world, because the point, as a movable type measurement unit, can be translated as "point", but in fact, its transliteration name "pound" is widely used in this measurement unit. In the pound system used by computer typesetting software, 1 pound is 0.35 mm, and 0.25 pound is the smallest unit of increase or decrease. Series system is a movable type measurement system used in the period of manual photo typesetting, with "grade" as the basic unit and 1 grade as 0O.2525mm ..

Table 3-2 lists the sizes of printed characters in digital system, dot system and series system. It can be seen that there is no exact size correspondence between series printed characters and dot printed characters; There is a relatively accurate correspondence between digital printed characters and dot printed characters.

Chinese characters are square characters with equal height and width. But letters and Arabic numerals are not square characters, so the width is different, and the width of Arabic numerals is half the height.

Now commonly used computer typesetting software actually uses dot system to measure the number of words printed. However, the numbering system has been used for many years in China, and the publishing industry has become accustomed to using "font size" to indicate the size of printed words. Although many typesetting software (especially Founder Book Edition and Founder Feizi typesetting software specially developed to adapt to the typesetting of Chinese newspapers and periodicals) use the dot system, they still use the font size (from the seventh to the first) to represent smaller words. Therefore, when designing typesetting, font size is generally used to distinguish the size of text. This book also adopts this method.

Different font sizes will have different effects on the layout. Large fonts can cause strong visual impact; If the font is small, it can produce continuous visual attraction and form a strong layout integrity.

3. The calculation of the number of words in the book layout

The number of words in a book layout is generally divided into layout words, actual words, typesetting words and paid words. Their calculation methods are slightly different.

(1) Page Words

The number of pages refers to the number of printed words that can be accommodated in the center of a page, excluding the number of pages in the header and the page number. The so-called "number of printed words that can be accommodated" does not refer to the actual number of printed words of the printing plate. In each page, due to various factors, such as text layout, title occupation of lines, chart occupation, and blank space at the end of paragraphs, the actual number of words is always less than the number of words on the page.

How many printed words can be accommodated in a certain specification of plate center usually depends on the font size and line spacing of printed words. When calculating the number of words on a page, first of all, according to the height and width of the center of the page, the selected font size and line spacing (sometimes there are spaces), calculate and determine the number of words that can be arranged in each line and the number of words that can be arranged on each side; Then multiply the number of words per line by the number of lines per side, and you can get it.

Multiply the number of words in a page by the total number of pages in this book, and you can get the total number of pages in this book. On the contrary, you can know the number of pages of books and periodicals by dividing the total number of pages by the number of pages on each side.

However, the font size of different characters (such as body, title, supplementary text, etc.). ) is different in different versions of the same book, which leads to the possibility that the number of lines per page and the number of words per line may be different in each version. In view of this situation, in order to facilitate the calculation, in the publishing industry, the number of words per line and the number of lines per page of the text are always used as the benchmark for calculating the number of words in each version.

(2) The actual number of words

The actual number of words is the actual number of words in books and periodicals, excluding all kinds of spaces, which can generally be calculated by using the "word count" function of the computer. Because it does not include all kinds of blanks, the actual number of words is always less than the number of words in the layout. In the overall design of books and periodicals, it is often necessary to estimate the number of pages of books and periodicals according to the number of words calculated per page. At this time, we can refer to the actual number of words counted by the computer to estimate the total number of words in the layout. Generally, 15% ~ 20% can be added to the actual number of words as the estimated total number of words in the layout. If there are many illustrations, tables and formulas in the layout, we need to increase the corresponding number of words in the layout.

(3) Text typesetting

Typesetting word count is the "word count" recorded in the book version record, which can roughly reflect the length of the book and is slightly different from the total number of words in the layout.

The calculation range of typesetting words is larger than that of layout words, including all parts of words such as book eyebrows (or book eyebrows, middle seams) and page numbers. Book eyebrows and lower book eyebrows are regarded as L lines. Usually, there is only 1 line in the middle seam of the horizontal layout, but there needs to be a blank between the middle seam and the plate opening, so it is generally considered that two words are added to each line in the center of the plate, but the number of lines is not increased. The horizontal page number is also regarded as 1 line if it is arranged at the zenith or zenith alone; If they are arranged at the top of the sky or at the bottom of the feet together with the book eyebrows, the two together are regarded as 1 line; If you turn lines, it is considered that the number of words per line has increased by 2 ~ 3 words (depending on the number of pages), but the number of lines has not increased. The calculation of the number of words and pages in the middle seam of vertical books adopts a similar principle.

(4) If you pay.

The number of paid words refers to the number of words of a work as one of the basis when paying basic remuneration or one-time remuneration. According to the National Copyright Administration's Measures for Payment for the Use of Literary Works, the calculation of paid words is similar to the number of words in the layout, and it is also calculated by multiplying the number of words per line by the number of lines, but the number of lines should be real, that is, not only blank pages can not be counted, but also blank lines at the end of some pages can be deducted.

(2) Symbol

The symbols in books and periodicals mainly include punctuation, scientific and technological symbols and marking symbols. Like characters, they have different fonts and sizes, so they can be used to match the corresponding characters.

1. punctuation

Punctuation marks include seven kinds of dots and 10 labels (see Basic Publishing Specialty for details). Elementary), sometimes some special labels are used in books and periodicals, such as trailing quotation mark (-), taboo number (×), blank number (mouth), chapter number () and so on.

In computer typesetting software, punctuation marks are divided into full-width characters and half-width characters. The text of a full-width character is equivalent to the size of a Chinese character. Half-width characters are divided into two types. The first kind of half-width characters are characters whose literal size is equal to that of full-width characters, but whose body width is half the size of Chinese characters, such as Chinese half-width characters used by Founder Book Edition and Founder Feizi typesetting software. The second half-width character is not only smaller than half a Chinese character, but also smaller than a full-width character, such as punctuation marks in English state of computer typesetting software.

Punctuation marks in books and periodicals are often arranged in an "enlightened system", that is, the whole angle is used for the point at the end of the sentence, the half angle is used for the point and label in the sentence (in Chinese, the same below), and two consecutive punctuation marks are used for the half angle. However, in order to align the end of the line, computer software often automatically adjusts the distance between punctuation marks and characters in the line, so sometimes the width of punctuation marks is greater than half angle and less than full angle; Sometimes the punctuation marks in a line are full-length or half-length. This is allowed in book typesetting.

2. Scientific symbols

Scientific and technological symbols include mathematical symbols, symbols of quantities and units, chemical symbols, medical symbols and so on. Scientific and technological symbols are widely used in universities, primary and secondary school textbooks and various professional scientific and technological books and periodicals. Various scientific and technological symbols may have different meanings in different occupations, and their usage has certain provisions. The arrangement of scientific and technological symbols in layout design should abide by the rules of the corresponding scientific and technological fields.

3. Marking symbols

Markers are used to indicate the order of text content, guide reference, and indicate differences.

The commonly used symbols in the tag sequence are numbers, which are divided into positive codes (also called "positive codes", such as ① and ②), negative codes (also called "negative codes", such as 1 2) and Chinese codes (such as Ⅰ and Ⅱ).

It can be used not only to mark the order, but also as a symbol to guide and indicate the difference. There are many kinds of stars, including (*), sword (10), solid diamond (◆), hollow diamond (◇), solid pentagram (★) and hollow pentagram (☆). Layout design can be selected from the aesthetic point of view, as long as it can ensure clear hierarchy and consistent style.

Publication of professional qualification examination 2018 >: > & gt

Publication of professional qualification examination 2017 >: > & gt