Photography knowledge of photography major

Photography knowledge of photography major

A camera, referred to as a camera for short, is a device that uses the principle of optical imaging to form an image and records the image with a negative. So what other majors are there about photographic cameras? The following is the camera professional knowledge I collected for you. I hope it will help you.

How to classify cameras

There are many kinds of cameras, various styles and different degrees of automation. Cameras can basically be divided into two categories: electronic cameras and non-electronic cameras. Cameras are divided into 135 cameras and 120 cameras according to the type of photosensitive plate used by cameras. 1 10 camera, rieter camera, disk camera and magnetic recording camera, etc. According to the type of fuselage, cameras include fixed box cameras, folding cameras and telescopic cameras. According to the type of viewfinder, cameras include side-axis head-up viewfinder, single-lens reflex camera and double-lens reflex camera. According to the shutter structure, there are two kinds of cameras: mirror leaf shutter camera and focal plane curtain shutter camera. According to the metering method, the camera has an external metering (EE) camera. Internal photometric camera (TTL). According to the types of automatic exposure, cameras include aperture camera, shutter speed camera, program camera and multi-mode automatic exposure camera. According to the focusing mode, cameras include fixed focus cameras, manual focus cameras and automatic focus cameras (AF).

According to the specifications of the film used, cameras can be divided into 35mm cameras, medium-sized cameras and large cameras. Each has different characteristics and different applications. Understanding their characteristics is very important for choosing cameras according to your own needs. Here is a brief introduction to the characteristics of various cameras:

(1) 35mm camera

Features: 135 film with a frame of 24? 36mm is the most widely used camera at present. It is light, fast and advanced in function, and supports huge fixed and zoom lens systems with various types. News, travel, scenery, portraits, etc. According to the way of framing, it can be divided into: direct-view camera and SLR camera.

(2) looking directly at the camera

Features: parallax, limited focal length range of lens, light shutter sound and small vibration.

1. Pocket camera (virtual camera)

Features: the aperture and shutter are not adjustable, and the lens cannot be replaced. It is fully automatic exposure and autofocus, and there are shooting modes to choose from. It can be divided into zoom pocket camera and fixed focus pocket camera. Suitable for ordinary families, travel, etc. Such as: Canon Big Eyes, Dr. Minolta Ka, Olympus? -Series.

2. Advanced head-up camera

Features: It is the earliest model of 35MM camera. Represented by Leica's M series. The aperture and shutter are adjustable, and the lens can be changed. Manual or automatic exposure, manual or automatic focusing, and shooting modes are available. It can be divided into manual focusing and automatic focusing.

Manual focusing: the famous Leica M6(M series), the best in the photographer's eyes, the symbol of absolute identity, and the creator of countless legends; Phoenix 205 series, the starting model for students, is inexpensive and has a good reputation.

Auto focus: Contax G2\G 1(G series) competes with M6.

(3) SLR camera (SLR)

Features: Ignoring the difference, you can use a 6mm fisheye lens to a 1200mm telephoto lens, and view through a system consisting of a mirror and a pentaprism. Before the shutter was opened, the reflector moved with a loud sound and vibration. It is the most advanced and perfect camera in technology development at present.

1, autofocus camera

Features: autofocus through the focus in the viewfinder, and press the shutter half. It is highly electronic and has advanced functions. The autofocus point has also developed from the initial 1 point to 45 points today. There are also a variety of automatic exposure modes to choose from. Various functions of the camera need batteries to complete. Auto-focus camera is the mainstream of SLR camera at present.

Professional type: Nikon F5, Canon EOS- 1N/ 1N RS.

Quasi-majors: Nikon F 100, Canon EOS-3, Minolta? -9、

Advanced amateur models: Nikon F90X, Canon EOS-5, Pentax Z- 1P, Minolta 800si.

Amateurs: Nikon F70, Canon EOS-50/50E, Pentax MZ-5, Minolta 505si.

General users: Nikon F60, Canon EOS-500N, Pentax MZ-70, Minolta 300si.

2. Manually adjust the focal length of the camera

Features: manual focusing, low degree of electronicization, with basic camera functions, mostly mechanical shutter and no battery. Manual focusing SLR cameras still have a place in SLR cameras. But there are fewer models. Many manufacturers no longer produce manual focusing SLR cameras.

At present, the models available on the market are:

High-end: Nikon F3, Canon F- 1, Contac RTS-III, Leica R8, R7, R6.2 。

Mid-range: Nikon FM2, Minolta X-700

Low grade: Nikon FM 10/FE 10, Minolta X-300, Seagull DF-300 series.

(4) medium-sized cameras

Features: 120, using 220 film, the specifications of the film can also be divided into: 6 * 4.5cm (cm) 6 * 6cm (cm) 6 * 7cm (cm). It has the characteristics of 35mm and large format camera, convenient operation and large film area. Manual focusing is the main function, with less functions. In recent years, Pentax, mamie Ya, etc. A mid-range camera with autofocus has also been introduced. Because of the large film area, it can get better picture quality and is easy to use, so it is chosen by more portrait and landscape photographers.

High-end: Hasselblad series (50 1c, 503cw) and Lulai series (6008, 6006, 600 1).

Mid-range: mamie Ya series (RB67,645), Pentax series (67 645N), Ranbo House series.

Low grade: seagulls 4A, 4B, Kiev series (made in the former Soviet Union)

(5) Large format camera

Features: Also known as technical camera. Using film, there are 4 * 5,8 8* 10/0 and other specifications. The camera is huge and complicated to operate, but the viewing angle and depth of field can be adjusted by adjusting the back of the camera. Polaroid films can be used for pre-shooting. It is selected by many photographers in advertisements, architecture and landscapes.

The famous brands are: Xianna, Jinbao, Lin Hafu, etc.

The above is a camera using film. There are many cameras that use special film today-Polaroid cameras and cameras that don't use film? Digital camera:

Polaroid camera: Also called imaging camera. Directly exposed on special photographic paper, you can see photos in one minute, which is suitable for taking pictures.

Digital camera: One of the challenges of traditional photography comes from a digital camera, which uses CCD as a photosensitive element instead of traditional film. It has the characteristics of convenient use, convenient transmission and convenient storage. However, at present, digital cameras are expensive, and the imaging quality cannot be compared with traditional film. If the requirements for pictures are not high, it is mainly used in computers, and digital cameras are a good choice. At present, digital cameras are also widely used in news, advertising and other fields, but the price of the equipment used is very predictable.

Characteristics and functions of telephoto lens

A long focal length lens refers to a photographic lens whose focal length is longer than that of a standard lens. Telefocal lenses are divided into ordinary telephoto lenses and ultra-telephoto lenses. The focal length of ordinary telephoto lens is close to that of standard lens, while the focal length of ultra telephoto lens is much larger than that of standard lens. Take 135 camera as an example, its lens focal length is from 85 mm? The 300 mm photographic lens is an ordinary telephoto lens, and those above 300 mm are super telephoto lenses. According to the structure of optical group, telephoto lens can be divided into ordinary telephoto lens, inverted telephoto lens and reflective telephoto lens.

Shooting with a long focal length lens has the following characteristics:

First, the angle of view is small. Therefore, the spatial range of the shooting scene is also small, and the shot image is larger than the standard lens at the same shooting distance, which is suitable for shooting the details of the distant scene and shooting the subjects that are not easy to get close to.

Second, the depth of field is short. So you can highlight the subject in a messy environment. However, it brings some difficulties to accurate focus adjustment. If the focus is slightly inaccurate when shooting, the subject will be blurred.

Third, the perspective effect is poor. This kind of lens has obvious characteristics of compressing spatial depth and exaggerating background.

When using a long focal length lens, it is usually used to shoot distant scenes. Due to the absorption of air and the influence of diffused light. Therefore, the image contrast is small, the dust extinction is serious, and it is not easy to focus accurately at 10 point. When shooting with a telephoto lens above 300 mm, it is still difficult to gather all colors of light at one point, resulting in sub-spectral problems. Based on the above situation, sometimes the image quality of the shot works is not high.

Although the use of long focal length lens is influenced by many factors, its advantages are the main ones. Take long-distance photos of scenic figures, tourist photos and portraits (when taking standard photos for affixing certificates, you should use a common telephoto lens of about 100mm to reduce image distortion, and the best effect is to use 105mm lens), take photos of stands, sports competitions, zoo animals, wild birds and animals, and add auxiliary mirrors for close-up.

When shooting with a long focal length lens, fast photographic film and fast shutter are generally used. If shooting with a 200mm long focal length lens, the shutter speed should be above 1/250 seconds to prevent camera shake from causing image blur when shooting with a hand-held camera. Generally speaking, in order to keep the camera stable, it is best to fix the camera on a tripod. Without a fixed tripod, you can shoot at several positions as shown in figure 1-2.

Generally, telephoto lenses are only used under special circumstances. When using, it is not allowed to use a common tripod to fix the camera, otherwise the overweight lens will damage the camera base fixed on the tripod. So use a tripod and a bracket that can support the lens to fix the camera. When there is no such special tripod, it can be fixed with two tripods, one for fixing the camera body and the other for fixing and supporting the telephoto lens. It is best to use a film faster than ISO400/27 degrees to ensure sufficient shutter speed.

Characteristics and functions of wide-angle lens

Wide-angle lens is a photographic lens with shorter focal length, larger viewing angle, longer distance and smaller viewing angle than standard lens. Wide-angle lenses are divided into ordinary wide-angle lenses and ultra-wide-angle lenses. 135 camera's common wide-angle lens has a focal length of 38-24 mm and a viewing angle of 60-84 degrees. The ultra wide-angle lens has a focal length of 20- 13mm and a viewing angle of 94- 1 18 degrees. Because the wide-angle lens has a short focal length and a large viewing angle, it can shoot a large area of scenery in a short shooting distance. Therefore, it is widely used to shoot large-scale landscape photography. In photography creation, shooting with a wide-angle lens can achieve the following effects:

First, it can increase the sense of spatial depth of photographic images;

Second, the depth of field is long, which can ensure that the scene before and after the subject can be clearly reproduced on the screen. Therefore, the vast majority of modern pocket automatic cameras (commonly known as fool cameras) use ordinary wide-angle lenses of 38-35 mm;

Third, the lens covers a large area and shoots a wide range of scenery;

Fourth, the scene shot at the same shooting distance is smaller than the scene image shot with the standard lens;

Fifth, perspective distortion and image distortion are easy to appear in the picture. The shorter the focal length of the lens and the closer the shooting distance, the more obvious this defect is. So when taking portraits, don't get close to 0.6 meters to avoid perspective distortion. If you use ordinary wide-angle lens to shoot standard portraits for pasting files, it is best to shoot them waist-high or knee-high. When taking this portrait photo with a super wide-angle lens, it is best to take a full-length portrait, and then cut it in the amplification process to get a standard portrait photo to avoid perspective distortion.

Of course, sometimes we can consciously use this perspective distortion to alleviate some defects of the subject's face when shooting portraits. If the subject has a narrow forehead and a wide chin, he can shoot with a slightly higher overlooking angle to offset the defects; On the other hand, low-angle upward photography can be used. When shooting a full-length portrait with a wide-angle lens, there will still be distortion if shooting at a low angle, but sometimes this feature can be used to make up for some shortcomings of the subject. For example, if an individual subject's legs are short and his body is long, shooting at this angle will make his legs appear slender on the screen and increase the aesthetic feeling. Shooting with a wide-angle lens will not only produce perspective distortion, but also produce edge distortion. This distortion is mainly caused by the oblique projection angle from the back of the lens to the edge of the film field of view. When shooting a group image, it is easy to make the subject on the edge of the picture short and fat.

;