There are only a handful of official names in the palace?

The title of title is the title of title and title, which was awarded by the ancient emperor to nobles and nobles. According to the old saying, there were five titles in the Zhou Dynasty, namely, public title, Hou title, Bo title, sub-title and male title, and the title system of later generations often varied from time to time. For example, in the early Han Dynasty, Prince Liu Bangli was the king, and the seven chivalrous men were the king, among which Peng Yue was Liang Wang and Ying Bu was the king of Huainan. Wei was named King Chen; Don Guo Ziyi was named Guo Ziyi; Nuerhachi, the emperor of the Qing Dynasty, made his son Azig the Prince of England, Tudor the Prince of Yu and Haug the Prince of Su. For another example, in Song Dynasty, Kou Zhun sealed Lai Guogong, Wang Anshi sealed Jing Guogong, and Sima Guang was Wen Guogong; In Ming Dynasty, Li Shanchang named Han Gong, Li Wenzhong named Cao Guogong, Liu Ji named Chengbo, and Wang Yangming named Xinbo. In the Qing Dynasty, Zeng Guofan sealed the first class Yi, left the second class Hou, and Li Hongzhang sealed the first class Su Yibo.

The prime minister is the highest official position in the feudal bureaucracy, and he is the person who manages state affairs according to the will of the monarch. Sometimes called, often called the Prime Minister, or "Xiang" for short. For example, The Chen She Family: "Governors will be better." "Biography of Lian Po and Lin Xiangru": "And mediocrity is still shameful, and the situation is almost the same! "Shuxiang:" Where is the famous Prime Minister's Temple, in the Silk City near a deep pine forest. " Preface to China Daily < Guide to the Southern Tour: "Except the right prime minister and the envoys of the Tang Dynasty, all other armies are under my control. "

One surname refers to two official positions. First, in ancient times, a surname, a teacher and a Taibao were called "three publics". Later, most of them were appointed as big officials, indicating that they were not favored by real jobs. For example, Zhao Pu and Wen Yanbo in the Song Dynasty were given titles by their surnames. Secondly, in ancient times, it was also called Prince Taishi, Prince Taifu and Prince Taibao as the "Three Divisions of the East Palace", all of whom were the teachers of the Prince. Taishi is the abbreviation of Taishi Prince, and later it gradually became a virtual title. For example, in Plum Blossom Ridge, Yan Zhenqing was once given the title of Prince, so he called it. Another example is that in the Ming Dynasty, Zhang had eight virtual titles, and finally he added the title of Prince Taishi. In the Qing Dynasty, Hong Chengchou was also named the Prince Taishi, but he didn't actually give lectures to the Prince.

Teacher, please refer to "teacher". One of the ancient "three fairs". It also refers to one of the "three divisions of the East Palace". For example, Jia Yi used to be the teacher of Prince Changsha and Liang, so he was named a teacher. Later, it gradually became a virtual title. For example, Zeng Guofan, Zuo Zuo and Li Hongzhang were all forced to give gifts after the teacher died.

Shaobao refers to two kinds of official positions. First, Shao Shi, Shaofu and Shaobao were called "three orphans" in ancient times, and then they gradually became empty names. For example, in Plum Blossom Ridge, "Wen Shaobao also learned to shed cicadas because he realized the great light", and Wen Tianxiang was once an official of Shaobao, so he called it. Secondly, in ancient times, Prince Shao Shi, Prince Shaofu, and Prince Shaobao were called "East Palace and Three Little" and gradually became a hollow name.

Shangshu was originally an official in charge of the memorial. There were no six in the early Sui Dynasty. In the Tang Dynasty, six departments were designated as officials, households, rituals, soldiers, criminals and workers, and ministers and assistant ministers were the chief officials of each department. For example, "Zhang Hengchuan": "Write a letter begging for bones and worship the ministers." For another example, Yan Zhenqing, a great calligrapher, is an official minister, Bai Juyi, a poet, is an official minister, and Shi Kefa is an official minister.

Bachelor's degree was the official position in charge of etiquette department and editing in Wei and Jin Dynasties. After the Tang Dynasty, he referred to Hanlin as a bachelor, became the emperor's secretary and adviser, and participated in confidential affairs, so he was called "the inner phase". During the Ming and Qing Dynasties, although he was also a bachelor of Hanlin, he was responsible for reading, giving lectures, editing and editing Jishi Shu, but his status and responsibilities were different from those in the Tang and Song Dynasties. For example, "Preface to the South Guide" is a bachelor's degree in the Prime Minister's Hall and an official position granted by Wen Tianxiang after he resigned as prime minister; "Tan Sitong" "You recommended Jing to be a bachelor, Xu Gong", Xu Zhijing was a bachelor of imperial academy at that time, and imperial academy was an official position dedicated to giving lectures to the emperor. Bai Juyi, Ouyang Xiu, Su Shi, Sima Guang, Shen Kuo and Song Lian. They are all academicians of Hanlin.

In the official system of the Zhou Dynasty in Shang Qing, both the emperor and the vassal had Qing, which was divided into three levels: upper, middle and lower, and the most distinguished one was called "Shang Qing". For example, "Biography of Lian Po and Lin Xiangru": "Lian Po is General Zhao ... and worships Shangqing."

General) is the highest title of general in pre-Qin and western Han dynasties. For example, Emperor Gaozu took Han Xin as the general, and Emperor Wudi took Wei Qing as the general. After the Wei and Jin Dynasties, it gradually became a virtual title without a real position. The position of general was established during the Ming and Qing wars and abolished after the war. "Zhang Hengchuan" said that "General Deng Zhi is wise", and Deng Zhi was the general of Han and Emperor at that time.

Participation in politics is also called "participation in politics". He was one of the highest government officials in the Tang and Song Dynasties, and was called "Zaizhi" with Tongping, Tang and Bianmi. Fan Zhongyan, Ouyang Xiu and Wang Anshi all held this position in the Song Dynasty. The word "Lu Gong" in "Diligence and Fitness" refers to Lu Zongdao in Song Zhenzong. "Tan Sitong" "Those who participated in the New Deal were better than those who participated in politics in Tang and Song Dynasties, and they were actually prime ministers".

The military department, the minister of military affairs, was the administrative agency that assisted the emperor in the Qing Dynasty. There is no fixed number of incumbents, usually princes, university students, ministers, assistant ministers or Beijing Hall, and they are called military ministers. Military ministers range from three or four to six or seven, and are called "pivot ministers". In the late Qing Dynasty, only Zuo, Zhang Zhidong and Yuan Shikai served as military ministers for a short time. "Tan Sitong", "The Minister of Military Aircraft is resolute and effective, and he is well supervised".

7 Reply: China ancient appellation.

For Zhang Jing of military aircraft, see the article "Minister of Military Aircraft". He is an official of the military department and a subordinate of the military minister. He is called a "small military plane". Tan Sitong: "The emperor surpassed Si Jingqing in the title of military aircraft Zhang Jing, and joined Yang Rui, Xu Lin and Liu Guangdi in the New Deal."

The suggestion is a historian, such as biographies of Lian Po and Lin Xiangru, the former book of Qin suggestion and the former book of Gu Zhao suggestion. After the Qin dynasty, he was appointed as an imperial envoy, and his position was only the second prime minister, in charge of impeachment and picketing the faults of officials. Han Yu served as the censor, and Hai Rui served as the censor of Nanjing, the right capital of the Ming Dynasty. Another example is "Zhong Wang Su Gong Ao Incident", "Many people are the imperial capital and eunuchs guard Liaoning", and Wang Ao was the chief executive of Douchayuan at that time.

The head of the Privy Council. In the Tang Dynasty, it was held by eunuchs and later by ministers. The Privy Council is one of the highest state organs in charge of important military affairs, and the power of envoys in the Tang Dynasty is equivalent to that of prime ministers. Military ministers in the Qing Dynasty are usually called "Tang secretaries". In the Song Dynasty, Ouyang Xiu served as an assistant to the Tang Dynasty. "Introduction to the South": "Except for the right prime minister and the Tang envoy, unify the soldiers." Wen Tianxiang is in charge of the military.

The official name of Chu State in the Warring States Period on the left is comparable to that of later generations. The main duty is to advise the emperor and recommend talents. Biography of Qu Yuan: "Qu Yuan's name is Ping, and Chu's surname is also. Chu Huaiwang's left disciple. "

Official titles in autumn before yuan dynasty. He was the highest military attache who assisted the emperor and was called Fu in the Han Dynasty. The highest military attache in Song Dynasty. Lin Jiaotou's Snow Mountain Temple: "I was framed by a lawsuit because I hated Gao Taiwei." Gao Taiwei refers to Gao Qiu.

The official names of doctors in the pre-Qin period were lower than those in the Qing Dynasty. Biography of Lian Po and Lin Xiangru: "Respect each other like a doctor." At that time, Lin Xiangru was lower than Lian Po.

Doctors refer to different contents in different dynasties, and sometimes they can refer to important positions in central organs, such as ancient historians and admonishers. Biography of Qu Yuan: "Shangguan doctors are in the same column, competing for favor and hurting energy." "Shangguan doctor" is generally considered to refer to Shangguan Shanxi merchants. "I am not a doctor?" Qu Yuan is the chief executive in charge of the affairs of Zhao, Qu and Jing. Preface to the South Guide: "Gentlemen, doctors and scholars were collected from Zuo Prime Minister's House." It refers to advising doctors, advising doctors and so on.

Scholar-officials used to refer to officials or intellectuals with more prestige and status. "Teacher's Theory": "The home of a scholar is called his teacher's disciple, who laughs when they get together." "Shi Zhongshan Ji": "The scholar-officials refused to spend the night under the cliff, so they didn't know." "Practicing festivals to show health": "At that time, scholars and officials were all natural." "Tomb Inscription of Five People": "County wise men please be present."

Taishigong was a senior official in the Western Zhou Dynasty during the Spring and Autumn Period. He was in charge of drafting documents, planning governors and ministers, recording historical events, and also in charge of classics, calendars, sacrifices and other things. After the Qin and Han Dynasties, the Taishi Order was set up, and the scope of responsibilities gradually narrowed and the status gradually decreased. Sima Qian gave a formal order. "Zhang Hengchuan": "At the beginning of Shun Di, turn around again and return to Taishiling." Monument to the Tomb of Five: "The wise men and scholars asked why Wu Gong, Taishi Wen Qi Wengong and Meng Changyao Yegong." Wen Qi was compiled by the Hanlin Academy and is a historian, so it is called Taishi.

Long Qin was an official of the Prime Minister. For example, Reese is a dragon scholar, equivalent to the secretary-general of the prime minister. After the Han dynasty, he became a general's officer and an aide. "Teacher": "I know that I am a minister of chastity and good death." "Long history" refers to Zhang. "Battle of Red Cliffs": "Zi Yu, Ming Xiong Jin Ye, avoided the chaos in Jiangdong, which is a long history of Sun Quan."

The assistant minister is a court attendant for the first time. After the Eastern Han Dynasty, he became an official of Shangshu. In the Tang Dynasty, the assistant minister was the deputy assistant minister of three provinces (Zhongshu, Menxia and Shangshu) (see Six Departments of Three Provinces for details). Han Yu has served as assistant minister of the Ministry of Punishment, the Ministry of War and the Ministry of Official Affairs. "Model" includes "Shi Zhong, assistant minister Guo Youzhi, Fei Yi, Dong Yun, etc." Dong Yun is an assistant minister. Tan Sitong: "On the first day of August, Yuan Shikai was called to the audience to admire the assistant minister." Yuan Shikai is an assistant minister of the Ministry of War.

The assistant was originally one of the officials outside the official position. Because the attendants around the emperor, the status is getting higher and higher, and the level exceeds the assistant minister. After Wei and Jin Dynasties, he often became the de facto prime minister. Guo Youzhi and Fei Yi mentioned in The Model are Shi Zhong.

Langzhong was a court bodyguard in the Warring States period. From the Tang Dynasty to the Qing Dynasty, he became a senior official and assistant minister below Shangshu, in charge of various departments' affairs. Such as "Jing Ke Stabbed the King of Qin": "All the soldiers in Langzhong are Your Highness Chen." This refers to the palace guards. "Zhang Hengchuan" is the official name of the management of automobile riding portal.

The abbreviation of "military affairs" for joining the army was originally the military staff of the prime minister, such as Jiang Wan, who joined the army in a model. After the Jin Dynasty, his status gradually declined and he became the staff of kings and generals. For example, Tao Yuanming once joined the army in towns and counties, and Ye Fan, the author of the Book of Later Han Dynasty, once served in the army of Liu Yu's fourth son Liu Yikang. After Sui and Tang Dynasties, Du Fu gradually became a local official. For example, Du Fu led Cao Yu to join the army, Zhou Hua Sigong Cao joined the army, and Bai Juyi served as Cao Yu and Jingzhao.

China ancient appellation

During the Warring States period, the commander-in-chief in charge of military and political power in Chu was equivalent to the prime minister, such as Biography of Qu Yuan: "Yin was furious." In the Ming and Qing Dynasties, it refers to county orders, such as "Promoting Weaving": "Those who will be rewarded in the sky will be favored by Chen Fu and Ling Yin."

Yin sees "Lingyin". During the Warring States Period, Chu Lingyin's assistants were Zuo Yin and You Yin, such as "Chu Zuo Yin Xiang Bo" in The Hongmen Banquet, and Zuo Yin's position was slightly higher than that of You Yin. It is also the general name of ancient officials, such as Jing, Henan Yin, and County Yin.

The captain is the military attache after the general. Chen She Family: "Chen She is a general and Guangwu is a captain." "Hongmen Banquet": "Pei Gong has gone out, and Wang Xiang asked Chen Ping to call him."

Tong Qing, another name of Taipusi Qing, was in charge of the emperor's chariots, horses and livestock. In the epitaphs of the five tombs, Mok Ng said, "Even a wise man is careful, he will gain something, and celebrate together as Wu Gong" and "for it".

Different dynasties of Sima refer to different official positions. During the Warring States period, he was an adjutant in charge of military administration and military taxes, such as "Hongmen Banquet": "Pei Gong Sajima, Cao Yue." During the Sui and Tang Dynasties, he was the prefect (secretariat) official of the state and county, such as Pipaxing: "Yuan and ten years, moved to Sima, Jiujiang County." Bai Juyi was demoted to Jiujiang at that time, under the long history of counties.

Our general manager in charge of the military and political affairs of several States in the Tang Dynasty was originally located in the border States; Later, the mainland was also set up all over the country, resulting in a separatist situation, so the world called it a "buffer zone." The fourth time in A Dream of Red Mansions: "Yucun wrote two letters in a hurry, together with Jia Zheng and our ambassador to Beijing, Wang Ziteng."

Policies are also called "policies" for short. During the Tang and Song Dynasties, he was the military chief of the frontier defense, juxtaposed with the viceroy. For example, Fan Zhongyan used to be the deputy economic envoy of Shaanxi. When there were important military tasks in the Ming and Qing Dynasties, they specialized in running, and their official positions were higher than those of the governor. For example, in Meihualing, "Running to Hong Chengchou has something to do with the past". After the Qing Dynasty, Hong Chengchou ran to seven provinces and was stationed in Jiangning.

The secretariat was originally the official name of the governor. After the Eastern Han Dynasty, it became the highest military and political chief of the county, sometimes called the satrap. Tang Bai Juyi was the secretariat of Hangzhou and Suzhou, and Liu Zongyuan was the secretariat of Liuzhou.

See the satrap "secretariat". Also known as the "county chief", he is the chief executive of a county. Ye Fan was the magistrate of Xuancheng. "Peach Blossom Garden": "And the county, Yi Taishou, so to speak." Peacock flies southeast: "Let's just say that the Taishou family has this order." Battle of Red Cliffs: "I have an old relationship with Wu Ju, the satrap of Cangwu, and I want to vote for it."

See the Governor's article "On a mission". The official name of the officer or general in charge of the army, in some dynasties, the local chief is also called "commander in chief", which is equivalent to the secretariat of our time or county. For example, "Meihualing" says: "Ren Taishou Yu Min and all the generals Liu DuDu all died." Liu is the military chief in the office.

The governor pointed out where Beijing officials had gone in the early days. In the Qing dynasty, he officially became a provincial governor, with a position slightly lower than that of the governor. Posthumous title's "Fuyuan", "Futai" and "Fujun". For example, "The Monument to the Tomb of Five People": "It is Wei's private interest to take those who are loyal to Wu in Dazhong." It's the governor of Wu.

Fu Jun meets the "Governor". "Promotion of Weaving": "It is a reward, dedicated to the army." Fujun was so happy that he went in with the golden cage. Also known as "Chen Fu", such as "Chen Fu's famous horse clothes and satin".

In the Han dynasty, the captain was second only to the general. Such as "Battle of Red Cliffs": "Take Lu Su as a captain of Zanjun." Lu Su is an assistant general who assists coach Zhou Yu in planning military affairs. After the Tang Dynasty, its status gradually declined.

The coach was an officer who trained martial arts in the Song Dynasty. Lin Chong in Water Margin is the head coach of the 800,000 imperial army in Beijing.

Manage the official names of state and county military attaché s in Song Dynasty, and be in charge of training the army, supervising and arresting thieves and other affairs. For example, Lu Tiha governs Lu Shenzhi in Water Margin.

Family members engaged in the appointment of central or local governors are also called "employees". Battle of Red Cliffs: "Jing's prestige is still worthy of Cao's appointment."

A magistrate is a "satrap", also known as a "magistrate". "Climbing Mount Tai": "It's Yue He, the magistrate, Ziying, who climbed from the south foot."

The county magistrate is the chief executive of a county, also known as the "magistrate". Peacock flies southeast: "After returning to China for more than ten days, the county magistrate sent the media."

Li Zheng is an ancient township official, that is, a mile long. For example, "Promoting Weaving": "Make the responsibility right."

Xu Li's tolerance in village management. Push Weaving: "Xu Li is cunning, and he uses this theme to seek status."

The three provinces and six provinces are Zhongshu Province, Menxia Province and Shangshu Province. During the Sui and Tang Dynasties, the three provinces were the highest government agencies. Generally speaking, the book is responsible for decision-making, the provincial government is responsible for deliberation, and the minister is responsible for implementation. The leaders of these three provinces are all prime ministers. The governor of Zhongshu Province is called Zhongshu Order, and there are positions such as Zhongshu Assistant Minister and Zhongshu Sheren. The commander-in-chief under the door is Shi Zhong, and there are assistant ministers and Zhong Qing under the door. The governor of Shangshu Province is an official of Shangshu, with officials such as left and right servants. There are six departments in Shangshu Province: the official department (in charge of the appointment, removal and assessment of officials, equivalent to the current organization department) and the household department (in charge of land registration, taxation, finance and so on. ), does (in charge of ceremonies, imperial examinations, schools, etc. ), Ministry of War (in charge of military affairs, equivalent to the current Ministry of National Defense), Ministry of Criminal Affairs (in charge of judicial prisons, equivalent to the current Ministry of Justice) and Ministry of Industry (in charge of engineering construction, etc. Ministers are called ministers, assistant ministers with deputy titles, and doctors, foreign ministers, principals and other officials. The six-part system was implemented from Sui and Tang Dynasties to the end of Qing Dynasty.

After the emergence of the system of "three provinces and six departments", the promotion and appointment of officials are all in the charge of the official department. The following words are commonly used in the appointment, removal and promotion of officials:

(1) Bye. Grant a certain official position or a position with certain etiquette. For example, in the preface to the southern tour guide, "so the word is printed without worship" means that you will not accept the seal of the prime minister and will not take office.

(2) in addition. Worship the official position, such as "giving one right prime minister and one Tang envoy" (the word "fen" in the preface to the South Guide means giving an official position.

(3) ".Promote official positions, such as" The Warring States Policy Yance ":"The first king raised his hand and stood above the ministers among the guests. "

(4) moving. Official transfer includes promotion, demotion and lateral transfer. In order to make it easier to distinguish, people often add a word before or after the word "move". Promotion is called transfer, transfer, transfer, demotion is called transfer, transfer, transfer. Lateral transfer is called transfer, transfer, and transfer after leaving the company is called transfer.

(5) Chen. Demote officials or transfer them to remote areas. The word "down" in Yueyang Tower and Teng Jiangshou Baling County is to demote an official.

(6) "Hu" and "strike, exemption and seizure" are both dismissed from office. For example, Mandarin: "The public will stand up for Prince Shen Sheng."

(7) Go ahead. There are three kinds of dismissal: resignation, transfer and dismissal. Resignation and transfer belong to the general situation and official position adjustment, and dismissal is a demotion to people.

(8) begging for bones. When you are old, please resign and retire. For example, Zhang Hengchuan said, "Look at things for three years, and write a letter begging for bones and worshiping ministers."