Do Zweig and Hitler look alike?

Stephen? Stefan Zweig (1881.1.28-1942.2.23) was born in a Jewish merchant family in Vienna. Both parents are well educated. Because of this, Zweig has been influenced by Confucianism since childhood, and has a strong interest in culture and art. When Zweig was in Vienna, he worshipped Rilke's poems and Nietzsche's philosophical works. At that time, he also read many works by Schnitzler and Hofmannsthal, who became his role model. 1899 Zweig graduated from high school and studied Germanic studies and French literature at Vienna University. During this period, he used the freedom of the university to read and write constantly. 190 1 year, he compiled his published poems into a book called "Silborn Seiden". /kloc-published the second book of poetry (Gedichtband) in 0/906, entitled "garlands in early years" (Die frühen Kr? Nze). After the publication of Yin Xian Ji, it received rave reviews. Soon he went to Berlin, where he met many modernist literati and various figures. He broadened his horizons and deepened his life. After Berlin, he went to Belgium. The purpose of his visit is to get to know the famous poet Ferhallen (? Mile Verhaeren), because the poet discovered the beauty of daily life in the industrial age. He did not cherish the memory of the past era, but enthusiastically praised the present era. Zweig was greatly encouraged by his optimistic and positive attitude towards life. Besides Ferhelen, Hippolyte Adolphe Taine, a French writer and critic, Freud, the founder of psychoanalysis, and Dostoevsky, a Russian writer, had a great influence on Zweig.

1904 After receiving his doctorate, Zweig began to travel again. First, he went to Paris, where he kept in touch with many friends besides studying. Romain rolland and sculptor auguste rodin are his good friends. Later, he went to London, Italy, Spain and Holland. 19 10 even went to India, the United States, Panama and Havana. Before the First World War, he had published many works, including Tester and the comedy Avatar Player (Der verwandelte Kom? Diant), 19 1 1 year's Das Haus am Meer (script) and novella collection Erstes erlebnis. Australian Children's Paradise and Brennendez Gerheimnis. Most of his novellas are based on his childhood experiences.

19 14 World War broke out, which made Zweig hate his guts. At that time, many famous writers, including gerhart hauptmann, could not understand the reactionary nature of the war. Zweig was deeply suspicious of this patriotism. For health reasons, Zweig was not sent to the front, but stayed in the War Archives (Kriegsarchiv). It was at this time that he brewed and wrote the anti-war script Jeremias. Jeremiah was a prophet who predicted the failure of the war. 19 17 The play was published in Germany, but it was not staged. Only Stadttheater in Zurich, a neutral country, performed the play. Zweig went to Switzerland for rehearsal, where he met Roman? Meet Roland, who works in the headquarters of the International Red Cross (Rotes kreuz). At this time, he continued to write Dremest Balzac-Dickens-Dostoevsky in Switzerland, discussing Balzac, Dickens and Dostoevsky.

From then until World War II, Zweig also published the play Legende Eines Lebens (1919), Volpone (1926) and the biography Three Masters (19655). Marie Antoinette (1932), Maria? Maria Stuart (1935) and other important works. 1923, he established a correspondence with Maxim Gorky for thirteen years. 1928 Zweig went to the centenary of lev tolstoy's birth, stayed in the Soviet Union for two weeks and met Gorky.

1933 Zweig's works were burned in Germany. 1934, Austrian police raided Zweig's house (Hausdurchsuchung), which made Zweig leave Austria immediately and go to London, England. During this period, his works could not be published. Is he Richard? Richard Strauss's literary play "Mrs Schweitzer Ge Sang" written in his new drama was also banned. In his private life, he also experienced a storm. His wife who lived with him for 25 years divorced him, so he married his female secretary and a young female college student. During his exile, Zweig tried his best to help many Austrian writers and artists, including his ex-wife and daughter, to escape or survive.

1936, Zweig visited Brazil and was warmly welcomed. 1938, he finished his only novel, Ungeddes Herzens, and his life experience was quite smooth, but his anguish in his heart could not be relieved, just like the inner feelings of the protagonist in his last novella, The Story of Chess (194 1). The bad luck on the European continent made him hate the world today. He missed the past times and left Die Welt von Gestern in sorrow. This is an autobiographical work, published in 1944 after his death.

1942 In February, Zweig heard the news of the fall of Singapore in Petropolis near Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, and was in great pain. Finally, he and his wife both took poison and killed people in vain. In his suicide note, he wrote ..... Since the world of speaking my own language has sunk for me and my spiritual hometown, Europa, has destroyed itself, I would rather rebuild my life here from scratch than anywhere else. But a person over 60 needs special strength to start again, and my strength has been exhausted because I have been homeless all the year round and wandering around the world. So I think it's better to end my life in time without losing my dignity. For me, mental work is the purest happiness, and personal freedom is the noblest wealth in the world. "

The Brazilian government is an Austrian writer (Staatsbegr? Bnis), the villa where he last lived is listed as a museum for people to visit.

Zweig's works began with poetry and were influenced by impressionism. His greatest achievements are novels and biographical literature. Novels are especially suitable for short stories. In addition to the aforementioned novel "Anxiety of the Mind" and the novella "The Story of Chess", the famous ones are Crazy in Malay (1922), Anxiety (1925) and Verwire Rung der Gefü hle (1922). His novels "Anxiety of the Mind", "The Story of Chess" and "Letter from an Unknown Woman" are especially loved by readers in China. His biographical literature is very rich, in addition to the three masters, there are Roman? Roland (1921); "Fighting the Devil" (Der Kampf mit dem D? Mon)( 1925) Write Friedrich H? Holdrin), Heinrich von Kleist and Nietzsche, and Dray Dichter (1928) are biographies of Tolstoy, Stendhal and Casanova respectively. And Fu Xie (1929) and Mary, Franz Anton Mesmer and the founder of Christian science. Mary Baker Eddy and Freud's The Dead Herondech, Deng Esther (193 1), etc. His biographical literature does not stick to historical facts, but focuses on portraying and reflecting the protagonist's character. All his works have thought-provoking plots, pay attention to the subtle psychological activities of the characters and are full of sympathy for the fate of women. Zweig is a real pacifist and humanist. His death expressed his despair of human destruction, so his death shocked the world.

Stefan Zweig is a world-renowned Austrian writer. Zweig 188 1 was born in Vienna. His father is a rich Jewish factory owner and his mother is the daughter of a banker. In middle school, he was deeply influenced by Nietzsche and Hofmannsthal. 17 years old, emerging in the literary world. After graduating from college, he traveled to Europe, India, North Africa, America and other countries, and met Rodin, romain rolland, verhaeren and others. Travel life and extensive contact with artists from all over the world have enriched his thoughts and expanded the creative themes and life pictures of his works.

Zweig has left rich and precious literary wealth for later generations in his creative career of more than 40 years. He has made outstanding achievements in poetry, novels, biographies, literary theory and criticism. Among them, short stories and biographical literature describing women are the best.

First, Zweig's female novels

Among Zweig's short stories, female novels that describe women's strange experiences and penetrate women's subtle psychology have strong artistic charm and social critical spirit. These distinctive female novels are good at revealing women's secret inner world through psychological description, and reproducing characters' personalities and life experiences. Delicate brushwork, beautiful language, delicate conception and strong three-dimensional sense. After the cover-up, the sympathetic female image is clearly presented to the readers.

1, a letter from a strange woman

I have read this novel carefully for at least five or six times, but when I read it again, I will still be moved. The Letter from a Strange Woman is sentimental, sentimental and touching. It reveals a woman's infatuated inner world, and Lacrimosa tells her painful emotional experience. This novel skillfully arranges the relationship between men and women, "writing deep love, almost spoony love and abnormal love so sublimated" and "it's really a great masterpiece"! With skillful and delicate psychological description, Zweig reproduces the tragedy of a pure woman driven by passion and effectively accuses the deformed society of its harm to love. So that Gorky praised after reading this work: "You wrote so well! Because of my sympathy for your heroine, because of her image, because of her tragic melody, I am too excited to control myself. I cried without shame. I don't know any writer who can describe women with such infinite respect and consideration. "

2. Twenty-four hours in a woman's life

The main feature of this novel is not only psychological description, but also action description. Especially the paragraphs describing the gambler's hand movements are even more wonderful. "These two hands, like jellyfish held up by the tide on the beach, lay flat on the green table for a while. Then, one of them, the one on the right, slowly lifted from the fingertips. It trembles, contracts, turns, trembles and gropes. Finally, it nervously grabbed a chip, pinched it with thumb and forefinger, and twisted it hesitantly, like playing with a small wheel. Suddenly, this hand suddenly arched its back like a wild leopard, and then hit it quickly, as if spitting, throwing the chips of 100 francs into the black circle of betting. The motionless left hand was immediately disturbed by the voice of the police; It stood up straight and slid slowly, really like crawling secretly, close to the trembling right hand, as if it had been exhausted by the throw just now. So, two hands leaned in one place, and two elbows and wrists collided silently on the table, just like the upper and lower teeth were shaking. " This skill is not only one hand, but also several movements, characters' psychology and gambler's image, which are all on the paper and people have to marvel.

Driven by lust, the heroine of the novel is committed to a gambler, and the description of subconscious psychology in her works is also very realistic, which is almost an artistic reproduction of Freud's psychoanalysis theory.

In addition to the above two examples, Zweig also wrote many wonderful female novels. "Women and Scenery" shows an instinctive impulse deposited in the heart of a sleepwalker. "Fear" describes a series of psychological activities after a woman's affair is discovered. The author vividly captures the hearts of various characters and vividly describes their inner activities and mental states. There are also Sister House, Twilight Night, Love in Erica and so on. , are outstanding short stories that highlight the characteristics of Zweig.

Second, Zweig's biographical literature

Zweig created a large number of biographical literary works in his life, among which six are famous: Victory and Tragedy by Balzac, romain rolland, Magellan, Marie Antoinette, Joseph Fouché and Erasmus.

1, The Biography of Balzac is a masterpiece that the author spent ten years writing. The author tried to write it as the most valuable biography he has ever written. The Biography of Balzac starts with Balzac's childhood life, which not only describes his efforts, whimsy and pursuit before his success, but also describes his communication and writing life with contemporary celebrities, relatives and friends after he became famous, which makes people feel Balzac in many ways. There is no doubt that the Biography of Balzac is a biographical document written with the most detailed historical materials so far, which provides detailed information for people to understand, know and study this literary master.

2. The Biography of romain rolland is also a biographical masterpiece with high ideological content. In the book, the author reveals the great shock and far-reaching influence of Roland's works in the human spiritual world. At the same time, the author's brushwork also explores the deep reasons for the formation, development and change of romain rolland's ideological realm. Zweig's profound psychological analysis and exquisite artistic conception can be seen in it.

Magellan is the writer's first biographical novel after living abroad. At that time, Hitler's invasion made Zweig a homeless wanderer. The writer was moved by Magellan's lofty ideals and created a great explorer image with profound tragic appeal.

Marie Antoinette is about the French queen. Because he was involved in the whirlpool of the French Revolution, he finally died on the guillotine. This work is sincere and touching, and it is also known as the first-class masterpiece in the history of world biographical literature. Joseph Fouché is the most immoral politician in modern French history. This man, a traitor, a loser, a dog-headed strategist and other notorious nicknames, survived the French Revolution and the Napoleonic era more skillfully than any politician. The Victory and Tragedy of Erasmus quoted abundant original materials, made a profound psychological perspective on the characters in the book, and vividly described the tragedy and significance of Erasmus, a great humanist in the Renaissance.

Third, Zweig's novels

Uneasy Heart is Stefan Zweig's only novel. 1938 came out in Sweden, and 1946 was put on the screen in Britain. This novel belongs to critical realism. It describes the love tragedy between Hofmiller, a second lieutenant of cavalry, and Edith, a paralyzed girl from a wealthy Jewish family, and strongly exposes and mercilessly lashes the hypocritical dignity, honor and serious social prejudice of the aristocratic class. The novel also shows readers the social features of the Austro-Hungarian Empire on the eve of the collapse of the Habsburg Dynasty.

In this novel, the author tries to analyze two completely different sympathies through the two concrete images of "I" (Lieutenant Hofmiller) and Dr. Kant. "One is timid and sentimental sympathy. This is actually just inner anxiety. When others are unlucky, it will escape this indescribable passion as soon as possible. That kind of sympathy is not sympathy at all, but an instinctive resistance to the suffering of others from the depths of one's heart. Another kind of sympathy is worthy of the name-not sentimental, but daring to sacrifice yourself; When it knows what to do, it will persist resolutely, calmly and patiently until it makes a final effort, even surpassing the final strength. " The basic idea of this work is humanitarianism, but the humanitarian sympathy pursued by the author is unrealistic in that era and society, which further highlights the tragedy of this work.

"Sin can't be forgotten, as long as conscience is still alive." The end of the novel expresses the voice of the author who lived in that era.

The author said this sentence in the tone of the protagonist's remorse, but even this awakening is only the writer's ideal.

On Zweig's Novel Creation from the Story of Chess

If I have to choose one that best represents Stephen? Zweig's creative style novel, then I will choose the story of chess. It was published after Zweig's death and caused a great sensation in society. It inherits Zweig's consistent writing techniques and contents, and can be said to be a condensed version of his life novels. Then below, we will simply analyze Zweig's novel creation through this work.

First, the theme of "people"

Since 17- 18 th century Enlightenment, the topic of "human" has been widely discussed. It is generally considered to be a theory about human rights. The same theme runs through Zweig's novels. But he is not only used for enlightenment, but the significance of enlightenment has been very weak in him. The theme of human being is endowed with double meanings by Zweig. On the one hand, we pay attention to "humanity", on the other hand, we explore "humanity" (that is, human instinct). These two aspects are perfectly combined in the story of chess.

(A) concern for "human nature"

The "human nature" here is consistent with the theory of "human" in the Enlightenment, that is, to safeguard the minimum rights that human beings must obtain as human beings, such as the right to subsistence and reproductive rights. When these rights are threatened, people's own status is also threatened. However, it can't fully fit the theme of "human" in the Enlightenment, which is mainly caused by the writer's time environment.

Zweig was a Jew and lived between the two world wars. The cause of the war prompted him to have a deeper understanding of human nature. Therefore, human nature in his works is always associated with war. War is not only the destruction of people's right to subsistence, but more importantly, under the evil military rule, people's spiritual world has been extremely suppressed and persecuted, thus reaching a distorted state. Once the spirit is distorted, people will reach a state of chaos, and people can't be called human beings, let alone human nature.

It was Zweig who saw the destruction of human spiritual world by war, so most of his novels were against war. At the same time, he dispelled the war from another side and analyzed those war maniacs. Zweig believes that "in the war fanaticism of ordinary people, there are less ideological and political factors, but more patriotism and different degrees of indulgence and repressed instinct." This not only shows the suppression of human nature by war, but also shows that the war waged by war fanatics is actually a kind of venting, and endless venting is also the result of mental distortion. War, whether positive or negative, whether from participants or victims, can only be a persecution of people themselves, which is largely rooted in the spiritual world and a suppression of human nature. At this point, the story of chess is a typical example.

This is the case with Dr. B in The Story of Chess. The Nazis tried to destroy people's souls and wills with endless emptiness in time and space, so as to make them repent. Although B crushed the Nazi conspiracy with tenacious perseverance and extraordinary wisdom, we saw the anguish of Dr. B's soul and the distortion of his mind under the high emptiness. When you are attached to chess all the time in the day, you achieve a short relaxation, but after relaxation, you are extremely nervous. There is not much difference between "chess-only" and "empty-only", and they are also inevitably distorted by the spirit. Although Dr. B is a superb chess player, he can't get rid of the depression of chess on his mind, so that he almost reached the state of insanity again in the process of playing chess.

In this work, the author shows us the distortion of human mind caused by war and exposes the Nazi's neglect of human nature. What the author calls for is peace, normal humanity and the harmony between the real world and the spiritual world. From this, we can easily see that Zweig's concern for human nature is based on the state that human nature is threatened, and his resistance to it is to eliminate the war. So after the rights of "people" were threatened again, Zweig finally couldn't stand it and committed suicide shortly after the start of World War II.

What deserves our attention is that Zweig's concern about "humanity" is also related to "species extinction". As a Jew, Zweig was also threatened by the Nazis, so he fled from Europe to Brazil. In his works, he is particularly worried about the life and death of Jews and the fate of the whole Jewish nation. This is also closely related to people's right to exist in "humanity". This is clearly reflected in his early work "In the Snow". In the Snow describes a group of Jews who had to flee in the face of Nazi extinction. During their escape, they were caught in a snowstorm and finally froze to death in the wilderness. "The first slave attributed his happiness and misfortune to himself or to God, and did not expect anything from a third party." "Their fear of death turned into hopeless obedience." From these sentences, we can easily see that Zweig is deeply worried. Perhaps this is not only for the fate of the Jews, but also for all mankind at that time.

Zweig's concern for "human nature" is comprehensive, involving not only human survival rights, but also the spiritual world.

(B) the excavation of "humanity"

As we all know, Zweig was deeply influenced by Freud's psychoanalysis, and Freud's theories of sexual instinct were accepted and developed by him. So Zweig fully noticed this kind of emotional fluctuation, emotional impulse and desire impulse driven by "human nature", and he deeply observed the influence of these instincts on human behavior, which was fully reflected in his works.

Hazy Night brought him into contact with an early novella, in which a teenager was kissed by a puzzling woman for several nights and had a series of emotional impulses. With the speculation of strange women, a series of emotional fluctuations have taken place, from speculation to love, from liking to infatuation, all of which are just impulses generated in the moment of kissing. It was not until later that he discovered that the woman he fell in love with by guessing was not the woman who kissed him, which proved that it was just an impulse, and then everything returned to normal. But the influence of "instinct and impulse" is undoubtedly far-reaching, and this complex is even more profound in the bid for Chess Manual.

In The Elephant, we can see that people are born with the instinct to resist loneliness, and only by putting themselves in a complex external environment can they develop. But Dr. B is facing an empty space-time. For him, everything is blank, and there is a complete emptiness around. In the face of this loneliness, Dr. B fought with all his heart. At first, I recited poems, rhymes, code provisions and arithmetic ... but as he said, "in emptiness, my memory can't grasp anything." I can't concentrate on anything. " This crazy struggle was temporarily relieved after he got the chess manual, but after he recited the chess manual for thousands of times, everything returned to its original state. So he "played chess with himself" again, starting with a few planned games a day, and then challenging each other crazily one game after another ... At any time, he never gave up fighting against emptiness tenaciously with possible methods. Although he finally reached a state of insanity, we can still see that doctors have brought human "anti-loneliness nature" to the extreme.

Zweig's exploration of "human nature" is of great positive significance to human science itself. He opened up a brand-new field of expression for our literature, and examined people's behavior and the root of these behaviors-people themselves from a brand-new angle.

Second, display from the inside out.

The theme of "man" is in terms of the content of his novels, and both of them are aimed at the artistic techniques of Zweig's novels.

Among Zweig's most famous novellas (Letter from an Unknown Woman, Twenty-four Hours in a Woman's Life, Invisible Collection, Chess Story, etc.). ), the authors all use a protagonist's storytelling technique, and almost all of them are narrated by one person. Some people call it "introverted writing". The outstanding advantage of this kind of "introverted writing" is that it can better penetrate into the inner world of the task, express the emotional changes of the characters, and express the ideological state of the characters more directly. Zweig himself once said: "My main interest in writing has always been to reproduce characters and their life experiences from a psychological perspective." This sentence brilliantly summarizes his intention of introverted writing: to reflect the external experience of the characters from the internal perspective, thus highlighting the whole external environment.

This can be said to be in sharp contrast with Hemingway's iceberg principle. Hemingway pays attention to describing the changes in the external environment, rather than directly describing the changes in the inner course of the characters. His main purpose is to make readers feel the influence of changes in the external environment on the characters' inner thoughts and emotions, so as to make corresponding choices, while Zweig takes you to perceive changes in the external environment in psychological changes, thus highlighting the whole external environment. To some extent, Hemingway is "the reader's text" and Zweig's novels are "the author's text". They come from two extremes and are recognized by readers at the same time.

Similarly, The Story of Chess also embodies the characteristics of this "introverted writing". He used the self-report of a chess player doctor to tell a person's experience. The work gives a detailed and incisive description of the psychological changes of the doctor in the process of resisting loneliness, from helplessness at first to joy after getting the chess book, and finally to despair. In the process of psychological change, we saw the society under Nazi rule. If thought is a well, then society is a huge black hole. Zweig let us see the whole black hole through this well.

Zweig's "From the Inside Out" exhibition has a stronger artistic appeal, which makes us jump with the fluctuation of the soul and closely depend on the whole society in contact with the soul. It can attract people, move people more, and let you know this society more comprehensively. This is the most lethal writing style in Zweig's realistic novels.

Zweig is a great writer with a sense of social responsibility. It is because of his existence that we can fully understand his life from the perspective of the mind. His concern for "people" reminds us that war is a huge butcher's knife, and we have the responsibility to avoid its massacre again. At the same time, on the other hand, Zweig's description of "human nature" is the perfection of the theme of "human". He explained the existence of human beings completely from the perspective of physiology and spirit. This is also an inspiration for us, which brings us closer to the understanding of "people".