The origin of various colors.

Black: ivory is ground by fire or ivory black (ivory black made by baking animal bones in the air).

Red: madder root is ground and mixed with linseed oil.

Ultramarine: In medieval Europe, lapis lazuli was used as raw material, and it was originally made of natural semi-precious stones (emerald sapphire), with beautiful and glittering colors and expensive prices.

Hong Chu: Its chemical composition is mercury sulfide, which is slightly toxic.

Cadmium red is a selenide of cadmium sulfate and cadmium.

Western red, or carmine, is a color extracted from cochineal insects. Non-toxic and very bright and beautiful, but the stability is poor, whether it is scattered or placed directly, it will fade.

Earth red is a mineral pigment with good stability and strong hiding power, which is stronger after drying. Inferior soil is red and brittle after drying.

Yongguhong is a kind of coal tar lake pigment, similar to cinnabar, with bright and stable color.

Brown and brown: Brown pigment extracted from coal tar and asphalt, but mixed with linseed oil.

Lead yellow: grounding yellow lead,

Chrome yellow: cadmium color or mixed color of cadmium sulfide and other pigments.

Cobalt yellow is a bright and transparent color, which is relatively stable, but it is difficult to manufacture, and it is not easy to reconcile with ultramarine, so it is not produced in China.

Lead white, zinc white, titanium white:

The chemical composition of lead white is lead carbonate, which makes the oil painting have better color coverage. Lead white powder is often used as a basic material. Lead white is the best white pigment in oil painting color at present. Pure lead white is very stable. If the ingredients are impure, they will turn yellow after a long time. The color of lead-white oil painting dries quickly, and the color layer is firm after drying. It is the best white color in traditional European oil painting.

Carbon black: It is a pigment produced by soot. Cold tone, good stability, slow drying, and can be used with various pigments.

Pulan blue, also known as Paris blue, is a compound of iron and cyanide, which has strong coloring ability. Slow and steady. Mixing with lead white, cadmium color and earth red will play an oxidation role, and the picture will turn brown after a long time.

Pink green: extracted from natural minerals containing iron.

Most of the pigment powder used comes from soil and minerals. The other part comes from plants or animals. The binder is made of resin, drying oil, grease, balsam and wax, but linseed oil is usually used directly.

Wash the paint: make a shallow dish with several shells, put the paint in it and wash it repeatedly to remove the mixed ash, sand or gravel to reveal the original color.

Common tools for grinding oil painting pigments

A thick glass or marble plate, a grinding hammer (grinding rod), a palette knife and a glass bottle or empty tin tube are used to store pigments.

Pour the pigment powder on the glass plate. If it is a pigment block, it should be ground into powder first, and then linseed oil should be added slowly, and ground in circles at the same time, and blended with a palette knife until the unique consistency of oil painting pigment is obtained. Must be carefully ground to eliminate particles, so that pigment powder and linseed oil can be fully and perfectly combined.

Different pigment powders need different amounts of oil, so pigment powders can be ground into paste. Permeable pigment should not be ground too fine, otherwise it will change color. When grinding toxic pigments such as lead, prevent the powder from entering the nasal cavity. The pigment developed by linseed oil can only be coated with a covering layer when the underlying pigment is completely dry, so it is absolutely impossible to coat extremely thick paint, which is most suitable for one-time coating and monochrome coating. In order to change the shortcomings of this pure oily pigment, it is necessary to add 10% resin varnish and 2% wax dissolved in turpentine to linseed oil. Wax is added to increase the viscosity of the pigment (if poppy oil is used, wax is not needed). At the same time, it can not only reduce the yellowing of linseed oil, but also prevent the separation of heavy pigments from the oil. Some ground pigments may harden after being stored for a few days and need further grinding.

-What I provided is the practice of medieval and ancient oil painting pigments. Most of them are the practices of oil painting pigments in the period of Vermelian in the Netherlands.

It is suggested that the landlord check on bbs or the school website of the Academy of Fine Arts.