Texts about the mutual restriction and connection of nature's creatures?

Biosphere is a huge and extremely complex ecosystem. It consists of countless ecosystems of different sizes. These ecosystems can be basically divided into three categories: terrestrial ecosystems, freshwater ecosystems and marine ecosystems.

Terrestrial ecosystem refers to the ecological environment that constitutes terrestrial vivid plants, such as the subtropical jungle in Xishuangbanna, China, Asian elephants, South China tigers and clouded leopards in the jungle, together with various birds and other small animals, forming a complete ecosystem. For example, in many grasslands in northern China, there are not only scenes of wind and grass and flocks of cattle and sheep everywhere, but also a paradise for all kinds of wild animals and birds. The snowy plateau and Gobi desert look desolate, but they not only have life, but also have their own ecosystems because of interdependence and environmental impact.

Freshwater ecosystem usually refers to the interdependence between freshwater organisms in rivers, lakes and swamps and the natural environment generated by them. In this ecosystem, the main body is fresh water, and all other aquatic animals and plants are objects. As long as it doesn't destroy the fresh water environment of the subject, the object generally won't have much problem. Then, this ecosystem can basically maintain balance.

Marine ecosystem, as its name implies, refers to the natural environment formed by various animal and plant groups under the main conditions of the ocean. The sea is rough and unruly, but the underwater world photographed by underwater cameras is so quiet, peaceful, warm and wonderful!

The various ecosystems that make up the biosphere have their own characteristics in structure and function and play a special role. * * * Maintain the normal function of the biosphere, which is what we usually call ecological balance.

Food chain refers to the food network relationship formed by mutual restriction and interdependence among organisms. For example, carnivores in grassland ecology-herbivores and insects-birds, restrict each other and thrive. The relationship between them is unity of opposites and natural harmony. On the African savannah, carnivores such as lions, cheetahs and hunting dogs specialize in herbivores, and their killing of wildebeests and even zebras is very brutal. However, this cruel killing is not only necessary for the survival and reproduction of carnivores, but also an essential factor for maintaining the lush grassland plants and ecological balance. Without the control of carnivores on herbivores, herbivores will develop rapidly. When the number of herbivores reaches a certain level, the grassland will be overwhelmed and degraded, and the herbivores will lose the conditions for survival and development. Killing herbivores by carnivores can not only control the number of herbivores, but also improve the quality of herbivores in a sense. After a long-term field investigation, biologists have proved that carnivores often choose sickly herbivores in the hunting process, which is undoubtedly conducive to the survival of the fittest. From this point of view, the brutal killing of herbivores by carnivores is natural and reasonable.

Carnivores feed on herbivores, which protect the grassland while controlling the number of herbivores. All kinds of birds prey on insects, just like carnivores, and also play a role in protecting grasslands. The excrement of birds and animals has become a good fertilizer to promote the growth of various plants. This food chain with plants as the main body and herbivores, carnivores and insects-birds as the objects plays an important role in maintaining the ecological balance of grassland. Hulunbeier grassland is one of the largest grasslands in northern China, and the largest animal husbandry base in China, with abundant pasture and flocks of cattle and sheep. However, in history, because of the wild wolves here, it poses a serious threat to the development of animal husbandry. In order to protect the safety of people and animals, local herders organized large-scale wild wolf hunting activities, and the number of wild wolves decreased sharply. The remaining wolves are no longer afraid to take the grassland as their home, feed on cattle and sheep, and all move to the deep mountains and forests. The wolves disappeared and animal husbandry developed unprecedentedly. At the same time, the number of cattle and sheep has been increasing, and rabbits have also developed at an alarming rate. Rabbits and cattle and sheep compete for pasture, and the grassland is unbearable, which leads to the rapid degradation of grassland and the danger of desertification.

Facts make people realize that once there is a problem in any link of the food chain, disaster will soon come. Wolves will poach cattle and sheep when they are hungry, but under normal circumstances wolves feed on rabbits. From this point of view, it is wild wolves that control the reproduction and development of rabbits, avoid the phenomenon that rabbits compete with cattle and sheep for food, and ensure the normal ecological environment of grassland. After the herdsmen realized this natural law, they were much more tolerant of wild wolves. They never talked about the color change of wolves again, and they beat them whenever they saw it.

Man is not only a part of the biosphere, but also plays a leading role in various ecosystems of the biosphere. People can protect various ecosystems and promote ecological balance through their own efforts; People can also plunder resources and destroy the ecological balance for their own vital interests. We must be soberly aware that human beings cannot exist supernatural, and protecting ecological balance is also protecting human beings themselves. Once the ecological balance is destroyed, the whole biosphere is threatened, and human beings themselves are doomed.

Saving butterflies in Australia

There is a butterfly sculpture monument and a butterfly memorial in Queensland, Australia. This is because the locals regard a kind of night butterfly as "the savior of Australia" and made it specially for it.

1860, Queensland, Australia introduced two kinds of cactus from the United States and Mexico, and people wanted to use it as a hedge fence around the pasture. Unexpectedly, once the cactus with strong vitality meets the extremely suitable temperature and fertile soil in Australia, it will multiply and spread at an alarming rate, and several cacti will soon become a large "thorny jungle". In just 20 years, more than 30 million hectares of land have been occupied by these spiny plants, and their territory has expanded at an alarming rate of 500,000 hectares per year, and large areas of fertile soil have become useless wilderness for animal husbandry and agriculture.

The local government set up a special committee and launched a large-scale struggle against cactus. People cut, burn and uproot with knives, but all have little effect. The old ones have not been eliminated, and the new ones have grown again. After exhausting all kinds of methods, people in trouble turned their attention to insects that only eat cactus. An entomologist discovered that there is a butterfly in Argentina that moves at night. Its wings are about 4 cm long and grayish brown. It only eats cactus and has a big appetite. So he brought thousands of such night butterfly eggs back to Australia to breed and raise them. Sure enough, the night butterfly has become an effective cactus nemesis. Everywhere, cacti will be swallowed and destroyed. To1935,300 million hectares of land has become fertile farmland and pasture.

For example, although cacti can still be found in Australia today, night butterflies will never give them a chance to multiply. Although this kind of night butterfly is ugly and far less gorgeous and charming than other butterflies, people have reverence and gratitude for it. As we all know, it was these humble night butterflies that saved the Australian mainland from the devastating disaster of cactus in the early 20th century.

-from "Smart Spring"

The old pioneer lost his horse-a blessing in disguise is a blessing in disguise.

In ancient times, there was an old man who raised horses in the northern frontier. His name is Sai Weng. Once, Sai Weng lost a horse, and his neighbors came to persuade him not to be sad. He said, "losing my horse may do me good!" " "

After a while, his horse returned. I also brought a Mongolian horse. The neighbors are very happy. But Sai Weng said, "You can get a horse for free. If you can't get it, it will bring bad things! " "The neighbors felt very strange when they heard this and left.

Sai Weng's son likes horses very much. One day, he rode a Mongolian horse to play. But Ma was naughty and threw away his son.

Neighbors heard that their son's leg was broken. It's all comfort Sai Weng was very sad, but he said, "The child's leg is broken. It may bring good things! "

Soon, the Mongols came and the emperor told all the young people to go to war. Sai Weng's son didn't go to war because his leg was broken.

Snakes and crops

A few decades ago, a tsunami occurred along the coast of Guangdong Province, which was caused by a typhoon. Many fields and villages were submerged by the sea. After the flood, there was no good harvest of crops there, which was the case for several years in a row. Even if the weather is favorable, it has not improved. Later, the old farmer came up with an idea. They bought a batch of snakes from other places and put them in the field. Strange to say, the crops had a bumper harvest that year. People don't understand what this is. The old farmer revealed the secret. It turned out that the flood drowned all the snakes hidden in the cave, but the vole swam to the tree and the hillside and saved his life. Later, when the flood receded, the voles returned to the fields to spoil the crops. There are no snakes to catch them. They breed so fast that the crops are ruined by voles. Now there are snakes in the field, a large number of voles are eaten by snakes, and crops have a good harvest.

Biologist Darwin told the story of cats and alfalfa. He said that in many parts of Britain, you only need to look at how many cats are fed in the village to know how alfalfa grows there. Alfalfa spreads pollen through native bees. There are too many voles in the field, and the activities of soil bees are affected. There are many cats in the village, so voles can't be so presumptuous. Therefore, the number of cats is closely related to the alfalfa harvest.

When it rains, the ground is wet; As soon as the sun comes out, things dry easily; Fire will burn things, and water can put out the fire. These are obvious, and everyone knows them. But in addition to such simple connections, there are many complicated connections in the world, which cannot be seen clearly at once. If a person does not pay attention to hygiene and spits on the road, many people may get sick and even get tuberculosis. When the tuberculosis patient was lying in bed moaning, how could he think that the man who spit on the road made him sick? The relationship between things is very complicated, and we must take pains to study them and master their laws. Only in this way can we do things more in line with our own wishes.