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Schools of ancient Western architectural styles

Ancient Greek architecture

The main characteristics of ancient Greek architectural style are harmony, perfection and sublimity. The temple architecture of ancient Greece is the epitome of these stylistic characteristics. It is also the greatest, most glorious and most influential building in ancient Greece and even in Europe. The characteristics of ancient Greek architectural style are most concentrated in the column type:

Doric column type: The column is thick in proportion, and the height is about 4 to 6 times the base diameter. The column body has a groove, the groove back is pointed, and there is no column base. The height of the eaves is about 1/4 of the entire column height, and the column spacing is about 1.2 to 1.5 times the base diameter.

Ionic column: The column is slender in proportion, and the height is about 9 to 10 times the base diameter. The column body has grooves and the back of the groove is in the shape of a belt. The height of the eaves is about 1/5 of the entire column height, and the column spacing is about twice the base diameter.

Coslite Column: Same as the Ionic column except that the stigma is like a flower basket full of curly grass.

Ancient Greece is the cradle of European culture and the pioneer of Western European architecture. However, after all, it is still in its budding and embryonic stage. There are still few types, simple shapes and naive structures. This is Because of its artistic perfection. The monumental architecture of ancient Greece was roughly formed in the 8th century BC, matured in the 5th century BC, and entered a period of broader development in form and technology in the 4th century BC.

Because religion played an important role in ancient society, the temples of ancient countries were often representatives of the highest achievements in architectural art in that country, and Greece was no exception. Ancient Greece was a pantheistic country. People believed that every city-state and every natural phenomenon was controlled by a god. Therefore, the Greeks worshiped various gods and built temples. Greek temples were not only centers of religious activities, but also places for city-state civil society activities and commercial activities, and places where public wealth was stored. In this way, the temple became a holy place for Greek worship, and public buildings such as arenas, synagogues and hotels were built around the holy places.

The earliest temple buildings in Greece were just rectangular buildings with porches where nobles lived. In their view, temples are places where gods live, and gods are just more perfect people, so temples are just residences for higher-level people. Later, the column style was added, and the early "end-column porch style" gradually developed into the "front porch style", that is, the front porch of the temple was composed of four columns. Later, it developed into the "front and back porch style", and by the 6th century BC The front and rear corridors evolved into the standard form of Greek temple architecture - the "column style", that is, the rectangular temple is surrounded by colonnades.

2. Ancient Roman Architecture

Ancient Roman architecture is the ancient Romans who followed the construction techniques of the Etruscans on the Apennine Peninsula and inherited the architectural achievements of ancient Greece. An architectural style that is widely innovative in technology and art. Ancient Roman architecture was at its peak from the first to third centuries AD, reaching the peak of ancient Western architecture.

There are many types of ancient Roman architecture. There are religious buildings such as the Roman Pantheon, the Temple of Venus and Rome, and the Balbec Sun Temple, as well as public buildings such as the Royal Palace, the Arena, the Baths, the Square and the Basilica (Rectangular Hall). Residential buildings include inner-courtyard residences, residences that combine an inner-courtyard style with a pillared courtyard, and four- and five-story apartment-style residences.

The form of secular architecture in ancient Rome was quite mature and well integrated with function. For example, in large theaters across the Roman Empire, the audience seats were semicircular in plan, rising row by row, with vertical aisles as the mainstay and horizontal aisles as a supplement. Audiences arrive at seats in various areas from different entrances and stairs according to their ticket numbers. The flow of people does not cross and it is convenient to gather and disperse. The stage is elevated, with an orchestra pit in front and a dressing room behind it. The facade of the dressing room is the background of the stage. Both ends protrude forward to form the prototype of the proscenium entrance, which is similar to the basic shape of modern large-scale performance buildings.

Standard units were commonly used in ancient Roman multi-story apartments. Some apartments have shops on the ground floor and residents above have balconies. This shape is generally similar to modern apartments. Judging from the shapes of theaters, arenas, bathhouses and apartments, the technical science of architectural design was already quite developed at that time. The "Ten Books on Architecture" written by the ancient Roman architect Vitruvius is a summary of this science.

Ancient Roman architecture can meet various complex functional requirements, mainly relying on high-level arch structures to obtain wide internal spaces. The barrel arch of the main hall of the Flavius ??Palace on the Palatine Hill has a span of 29.3 meters. The diameter of the Pantheon's dome is 43.3 meters. In the middle of the first century AD, the cross arch was invented, which covered a square building space and concentrated the weight of the vault on the four corner piers, eliminating the need for continuous load-bearing walls, making the space more open.

Combining several cross arches with barrel arches and vaults can cover complex internal spaces. The royal baths of the Roman Empire are representative works of this combination.

The Basilica of Constantine on the east side of the central square of ancient Rome has three cross arches in the center with a span of 25.3 meters and a height of 40 meters. There are three barrel arches with a span of 23.5 meters on the left and right. Horizontal thrust, high structural level. The huge auditoriums in theaters and arenas are also built on a complex arch system.

The arch structure has been popularized because of the use of pozzolanic concrete with high strength, easy construction and low price.

Around the second century BC, this kind of concrete became an independent building material. By the first century BC, it almost completely replaced stone and was used for building arches and walls. The concrete surface is usually protected by a layer of square conical stones or triangular bricks, and then a layer of ash or a layer of marble slabs is applied. There is also a practice of building a stone wall in front of the concrete wall as a surface layer.

The wooden structure technology of ancient Roman architecture has reached a certain level and can distinguish the tie rods and compression rods of the trusses. In the Roman city of Trajan's Basilica, the wooden trusses span 25 meters. The Roman Colosseum, built in the first century AD, could accommodate 50,000 spectators and was completed in only 5 to 6 years. It was built on a filled-in lake, but there was no obvious subsidence in the foundation.

3. Romanesque Architecture

Romanesque architecture is an architectural style in the Christian-popular areas of Europe from the 10th to the 12th century. Roman architecture originally means architecture in the Roman architectural style, and is also translated as Roman style architecture, Romanesque architecture, Roman-like architecture, etc. Romanesque architectural style is often found in monasteries and churches.

The typical characteristics of Roman architecture are: the walls are huge and thick, with continuous small coupons on the walls, and concentric multi-layered small circular coupons on the door openings to reduce the feeling of heaviness. There are one or two bell towers on the west side, and sometimes there are bell towers on the Latin cross and the transverse hall. The large and small columns in the central hall are arranged rhythmically alternately. The windows are narrow, creating a dark and mysterious atmosphere in the larger interior space. The simple middle hall contrasts with the gorgeous altar. The large spatial changes in the middle hall and side corridors break the sense of balance of classical architecture.

With the development of Roman architecture, the atrium became higher and higher. Gothic architecture was later created in order to reduce and balance the lateral vertebral forces on the arches of the soaring nave, and to adapt the vaults to planes of different sizes and forms. As a transitional form, Romanesque architecture's contribution is not only to combine heavy structures with vertical rising momentum, but also to successfully organize towers into the complete composition of the building for the first time in the history of architecture.

Famous examples of Roman architecture include: the Cathedral Complex in Pisa, Italy, the Cathedral of Worms, Germany, etc.

4. Gothic Architecture

Gothic architecture is an architectural style that originated in France in the second half of the 11th century and became popular in Europe from the 13th to the 15th century. Found mainly in Catholic churches, but also affects secular architecture. Gothic architecture occupies an important position in the history of architecture with its superb technical and artistic achievements.

The structural system of the Gothic church consists of stone skeleton coupons and flying buttresses. Its basic unit is to make double center frame peak coupons on the four corners of a square or rectangular plane, one on each side and one on the diagonal, and the roof slates are placed on the coupons to form a vault. Using this method, coupons with the same sag height can be made on different spans. The vault is light in weight and has clear intersection lines, which reduces the thrust of the coupon feet and simplifies construction.

The flying buttresses are issued from the column piers outside the side hall to balance the lateral thrust of the arch feet of the central hall. In order to increase stability, spires are often built on column piers. Due to the use of pointed arches, pointed arches and flying buttresses, the interior space of the Gothic church is high, simple and unified. Decorative details such as canopies, niches, etc. are also themed with pointed coupons. The architectural style and structural techniques form an organic whole.

5. Renaissance Architecture

Renaissance architecture is an architectural style that emerged after Gothic architecture in the history of European architecture. It originated in Italy in the fifteenth century and later spread to other parts of Europe, forming Renaissance architecture in various countries with their own characteristics. Italian Renaissance architecture occupies the most important position in Renaissance architecture.

The most obvious feature of Renaissance architecture is that it abandoned the Gothic architectural style of the medieval period and re-adopted the columnar composition elements of the ancient Greek and Roman periods in religious and secular buildings.

Renaissance architects and artists believed that Gothic architecture was a symbol of Christian theocracy, while the architecture of ancient Greece and Rome was non-Christian. They believe that this kind of classical architecture, especially the classical column composition, embodies harmony and rationality, and is similar to the beauty of the human body. These are in line with the humanistic concepts of the Renaissance movement.

But the architects of the Italian Renaissance were by no means a stickler for the past. Although some people (such as Palladio and Vignola) have formulated strict specifications for classical columns in their works. But architects of the time, including Palladio and Vignola himself, were not bound by codes.

On the one hand, they adopted classical column styles, but on the other hand, they were flexible and boldly innovative, and even integrated architectural styles from various regions with classical column styles. They also applied many scientific and technological achievements of the Renaissance, such as mechanical achievements, perspective laws in painting, new construction machinery, etc., into the practice of architectural creation.

During the Renaissance, there were more architectural types, architectural shapes, and architectural forms than before. Architects not only reflect the unified style of the times in their creations, but also attach great importance to expressing their own artistic personality. In short, Renaissance architecture, especially Italian Renaissance architecture, has shown unprecedented prosperity and is a period of great development and improvement in the history of world architecture.

It is generally believed that the completion of the Florence Cathedral in the fifteenth century marked the beginning of Renaissance architecture. As for when Renaissance architecture ended, there are still different views in the architectural history community.

Some scholars believe that nearly four hundred years until the end of the 18th century belonged to the Renaissance architectural period. Another view is that Italian Renaissance architecture ended at the beginning of the 17th century, and thereafter shifted to the Baroque architectural style.

The formation and continuation of Renaissance architecture outside Italy are complex, tortuous and uneven. There is no consensus among architectural historians on the nature and duration of Renaissance architecture in other countries. Despite this, architectural historians still recognize that Renaissance architecture centered in Italy had a broad and lasting impact on the architectural styles of Europe and many other regions in the following hundreds of years.

6. Baroque Architecture

Baroque architecture is an architectural and decorative style developed on the basis of Italian Renaissance architecture in the 17th and 18th centuries. It is characterized by free appearance, pursuit of dynamics, preference for gorgeous decoration and sculpture, strong colors, and commonly interspersed curved surfaces and oval spaces.

The original meaning of the word Baroque is strange and eccentric, and classicists used it to refer to this architectural style that was considered deviant. This style played an important role in opposing rigid classical forms, pursuing free and unrestrained style, and expressing secular tastes. It had an impact on city squares, garden art, and even literature and art sectors. It was once widely popular in Europe.

7. Rococo style

Rococo style is an architectural style, mainly expressed in interior decoration. It was produced in France in the 1820s and was developed on the basis of Baroque architecture.

The characteristics of the Rococo style are: bright colors and delicate decorations are used in the interior, and the furniture is also very delicate and cumbersome, unlike the Baroque style with strong colors and rich decorations. The interior spaces of Rococo architecture in southern Germany and Austria are highly complex.

The characteristics of Rococo decoration are: delicate and soft, often using asymmetrical techniques, like to use arcs and S-shaped lines, especially shells, vortexes, and rocks as decorative themes, curly grass and flowers, lingering Winding and connected into one. Sometimes the ceiling and the wall are connected by a curved surface, and murals are arranged at the corners.

In order to imitate natural forms, indoor architectural components are often made into asymmetrical shapes, which are varied and sometimes too artificial. When painting indoor walls, bright light colors such as light green, pink, and rose red are often used, and the moldings are mostly made of gold. Indoor wainscoting is sometimes made of wooden boards, sometimes made into an exquisite frame, with a circle of lace around the frame, and the middle is often lined with light-colored oriental brocade.

The Rococo style reflected the life interests of the French court nobles in the Louis XV era and was once popular in Europe. Representative works of this style are the Princess Salon of the Soubis House in Paris and the Queen's Apartment in the Palace of Versailles.

8. Romantic Architecture

Romantic architecture was popular in some European and American countries from the second half of the 18th century to the second half of the 19th century under the influence of the Romantic trend of thought in literature and art. An architectural style.

Romanticism emphasized individuality in art, advocated naturalism, and advocated using medieval artistic styles to compete with academic classical art. This trend of thought manifests itself in the pursuit of otherworldly interest and exoticism in architecture.

The period from the 1860s to the 1830s was the first stage of the development of romantic architecture, also known as pre-romanticism. Medieval castle-style mansions and even oriental architectural sketches appeared. The period from the 1930s to the 1970s was the second stage of romantic architecture, which has developed into a trend of architectural creation. Due to the pursuit of medieval Gothic architectural style, it is also called Gothic Revival architecture.

9. Classical Revival Architecture

Classical Revival architecture was popular in some European and American countries from the 1860s to the 19th century, and adopted rigorous ancient Greek and Roman forms of architecture. , also known as neoclassical architecture.

At that time, people were influenced by the ideas of the Enlightenment and admired ancient Greek and Roman culture. In terms of architecture, monumental buildings such as the Forum, the Arc de Triomphe and the Column of Ancient Rome became models to follow. Archeology at that time made many achievements, and a large number of ancient Greek and Roman architectural art treasures were unearthed, which provided good conditions for the realization of this idea.

The classical revival architectural style is mainly used in public buildings such as parliament, courts, banks, exchanges, museums, theaters and some monumental buildings. This architectural style has little impact on ordinary residences, churches, schools, etc.

At the end of the eighteenth century and the beginning of the nineteenth century, France was the center of the European bourgeois revolution and the center of classical revival architectural activities. Classical buildings such as the Pantheon were built in Paris before the French Revolution. Many monumental buildings were built in Paris during the Napoleonic era, including the Arc de Triomphe and the Madeleine Church, which are copies of ancient Roman architectural styles.

The UK mainly revives Greek architectural forms. Typical examples are the Edinburgh High School, the British Museum in London, the Brandenburg Gate in Berlin, Germany, the Berlin Palace Theater and the Altas Museum designed by Schinkel. They are all revivals of Greek architectural forms; the Brandenburg Gate is modeled on the Propylaea of ??the Acropolis in Athens.

Before the independence of the United States, architectural styles mostly adopted European styles, called "colonial style".

After independence, while getting rid of colonial rule, the American bourgeoisie also tried to get rid of the "colonial style" in architecture and relied on Greek and Roman classical architecture to express democracy, freedom, glory and independence. Therefore, classical revival architecture flourished in the United States. For a while.

The U.S. Capitol is a prime example. It is modeled after the Pantheon in Paris, striving to express majesty and emphasizing commemoration. Greek architectural forms are also popular in monumental and public buildings in the United States, such as the Lincoln Memorial in Washington.

10. Eclectic Architecture

Eclectic architecture is an architectural style popular in some European and American countries from the first half of the 19th century to the beginning of the 20th century. Eclectic architects arbitrarily imitate various architectural styles in history, or freely combine various architectural forms. They do not pay attention to fixed French styles, but only pay attention to balanced proportions and pure formal beauty.

With the development of society, a variety of buildings are needed to meet various requirements. In the 19th century, the convenience of transportation, the progress of archeology, the development of publishing industry, and the invention of photography technology all helped people understand and master the architectural heritage of various eras and regions in the past. As a result, Greek, Roman, Byzantine, medieval, Renaissance and oriental-style buildings appeared in many cities.

Eclectic architecture was the most typical in France in the mid-19th century. The Ecole Supérieure des Beaux-Arts in Paris was the center for the dissemination of eclectic art and architecture at that time. In the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, the United States was the most prominent. In general, the eclectic architectural trend is still conservative and does not create new architectural forms that are compatible with the new building materials and new building technologies that were emerging at that time.

Representative works of eclectic architecture include: Paris Opera House, which is an important monument of the Second French Empire. The facade of the theater imitates the late Italian Baroque architectural style and incorporates complicated carvings. It has a great influence on Europe. The architecture of various countries has a great influence;

11. Functionalist Architecture

Functionalist architecture is an architectural school that believes that the form of a building should obey its function. Since ancient times, many buildings have focused on function. However, in the late 19th century, some architects in Europe and the United States, in order to oppose the academic design philosophy of pursuing form without paying attention to function, explored the path of new buildings and emphasized the functional role of buildings. stand up.

With the development of the modernist architectural movement, functionalism became popular in the 1920s and 1930s. Originally, emphasizing the function of architecture was one of the important views of the modernist architectural movement, but later some people regarded it as an absolute creed and were called "functionalists". They believe that not only the architectural form must reflect the function, the architectural layout and spatial combination must be based on the function, but also all components with different functions should be expressed separately.

Another type of functionalist appeared in the 1920s and 1930s, mainly builders and engineers. They believe that economical and "affordable" buildings are functional buildings that will automatically produce beautiful forms. These extreme ideas reject the artistic laws of architecture and will only cause confusion to functionalism itself.

After the 1950s, functionalism gradually disappeared. Even Le Corbusier, who emphasized the function of architecture, parted ways with functionalists. But there is no doubt that functionalism played an important role in promoting the development of modern architecture when it first emerged.

12. Modernist Architecture

Modernist architecture refers to an architectural thought that dominated the Western architectural community in the mid-20th century. Representatives of this kind of architecture advocate that architects should get rid of the constraints of traditional architectural forms and boldly create new buildings that adapt to the conditions and requirements of industrialized society. Therefore, it has a distinctive color of rationalism and radicalism, and is also called modern architecture.

The modernist architectural trend emerged in the late 19th century, matured in the 1920s, and became popular all over the world in the 1950s and 1960s. Since the 1960s, some people have believed that modernist architecture has become outdated, while others believe that the basic principles of modernist architecture are still correct, but need to be revised and supplemented. Since the 1970s, some documents have used the words "1920s" or "orthodox" when referring to modernist architecture.

In 1919, the German architect Gropius served as the principal of the Bauhaus. Under his leadership, the Bauhaus became one of the most radical art and architectural centers in Europe in the 1920s, promoting the architectural innovation movement. The German architect Mies van der Rohe also published a series of articles in the early 1920s, expounding new ideas and using schematic diagrams to show the style of future architecture.

In the mid-1920s, Gropius, Le Corbusier, Mies van der Rohe and others designed and built some new-style buildings. Among them, those with greater influence include Gropius's Bauhaus school building, Le Corbusier's Villa Savoye, the Swiss Student Dormitory in Paris and his design plan for the League of Nations Building in Geneva, Mies? 1 Van der Rohe's German Pavilion at the Barcelona Exposition, etc. Under the influence of these three architects, in the late 1920s, some young architects in Europe, such as the Finnish architect Aalto, also designed some outstanding new buildings.

Different from academic architects, Gropius and others were very concerned about the large-scale construction of housing needed by ordinary residents, and some people even conducted scientific research on this.

In 1927, under the auspices of Mies van der Rohe, a residential exhibition was held in Stuttgart, Germany, which had a great impact on residential architectural research and the formation of new architectural styles. In 1928, 42 representatives of innovative architects from 12 countries gathered in Switzerland to establish the International Association of Modern Architecture, and the name "modernist architecture" spread everywhere.

From the remarks and actual works of Gropius, Le Corbusier, Mies van der Rohe and others, we can see the "modernist architecture" they advocated It is to emphasize that architecture should develop with the times, and modern architecture should be adapted to industrialized society; to emphasize that architects should study and solve the practical functions and economic problems of buildings; to advocate the active use of new materials and new structures, and to use new materials in architectural design , the characteristics of new structures; advocates resolutely getting rid of the shackles of outdated architectural styles and letting go to create new architectural styles; advocates developing new architectural aesthetics and creating new architectural styles.

Representatives of modernist architecture advocated new architectural aesthetic principles. These include the unity of expression techniques and construction methods; the coordination of architectural form and internal functions; the logic of architectural image; flexible and balanced asymmetric composition; concise processing techniques and pure body shape; absorbing new achievements of visual art in architectural art .

Some people call these architectural views "functionalism", some call them "rationalism", but more people call them "modernism".

In the 1920s and 1930s, architects with modernist architectural ideas designed architectural works that had some similar formal features, such as flat roofs, asymmetrical layouts, and smooth white walls. Surface, simple eaves treatment, glass windows of different sizes, little or no decorative moldings, etc. This kind of architectural image appeared in many countries for a time, so someone gave it the name "international style" architecture. Of course, this name is based on some of its superficial forms.

Modernist architectural ideas spread rapidly from Western Europe to other parts of the world in the 1930s. Because the German fascist regime was hostile to new architectural ideas, Gropius and Mies van der Rohe were forced to move to the United States; the Bauhaus school was closed down. However, the teaching content and design ideas of Bauhaus have had a profound impact on architectural education in various countries around the world.

Modernist architectural ideas were first implemented in practical building types such as factories, primary and secondary school buildings, hospital buildings, library buildings and a large number of residential buildings; in the 1950s, in monumental It has also been implemented in national buildings, such as the United Nations Headquarters and the Brazilian Congress Building. By the mid-twentieth century, modernist thought had taken a dominant position in the world's architectural trends.

13. Postmodernist architecture

Since the 1960s, a trend of thought that has emerged in the United States and Western Europe to oppose or revise modernist architecture. After the end of World War II, modernist architecture became the dominant architectural trend in many parts of the world. However, differences soon emerged within the modernist architectural camp. Some people doubted and criticized modernist architectural views and styles.

In 1966, the American architect Venturi proposed a set of architectural theories and propositions that were diametrically opposed to modernist architecture in his book "Complexity and Contradiction in Architecture". Among architects and architecture students, it caused a shock and a response. By the 1970s, the opposition and departure from modernism in the architectural community became even stronger. There have been different names for this tendency, such as "anti-modernism", "post-modernism" and "post-modernism", with the latter being more widely used.

There is no consistent understanding of what postmodernism is and what are the main features of postmodernist architecture. American architect Stern proposed that postmodern architecture has three characteristics: using decoration; being symbolic or metaphorical; and integrating with the existing environment.

Nowadays, it is generally believed that Venturi was the one who really provided a relatively complete guiding ideology for postmodernism. Although he himself did not want to be regarded as a postmodernist, his remarks inspired and promoted postmodernism. It plays an extremely important role in the socialist movement.

Venturi criticized modernist architects for being keen on innovation and forgetting that they should be "experts in maintaining tradition." Venturi's approach to maintaining tradition is to "use traditional components and appropriately introduce new components to form a unique overall" and "combine traditional components through non-traditional methods." He advocated drawing on folk architectural techniques, and particularly appreciated the spontaneously formed architectural environment on American commercial streets. Venturi summed it up: "For the artist, innovation may mean picking and choosing from the old and existing." In fact, this is the basic creative method of postmodern architects.

Western architectural magazines hyped up postmodernist architectural works in the 1970s, but in fact it was not until the mid-1980s that they were representative postmodernist buildings, both in Western Europe and the United States. There are only a few.

Typical examples include the expansion of the Allen Museum of Art at Oberlin College in the United States, the Portland Municipal Building in the United States, the Telephone and Telegraph Building in the United States, and senior housing in Philadelphia, the United States.

In 1976, the expansion of the Allen Art Museum at Oberlin College in Ohio, USA, was built and connected to the old museum. The color and pattern of the walls echoed the original building. On a corner, there is a wooden, deformed Ionic pillar placed in isolation. It is short, stubby and funny, so it is nicknamed "Mickey Mouse Ionic". This treatment embodies the approach advocated by Venturi: it is a fragment, a decoration, a symbol, and an example of "traditional parts combined in unconventional ways."

The American Telephone and Telegraph Building was completed in 1984. The architect was Johnson. The building is located on the bustling Madison Avenue in Manhattan, New York City. Johnson made the exterior of the high-rise building look like a stone building. There is a tall stone colonnade at the bottom of the building; a round arch in the middle is 33 meters high; the top of the building is made into a gable with a circular notch. Some people describe the roof as looking like an old wooden clock from a distance. Johnson explained that he intended to inherit the style of old New York skyscrapers from the late 19th and early 20th centuries.

American architect Smith is considered a leader among American postmodernist architects. The Tuscan and Laurentian houses he designed include two small houses, one in Spanish style and the other partly in classical form, with three orange classical columns asymmetrically attached to the facade.

In 1980, the Venice Biennale Architecture Exhibition was considered a world exhibition of postmodernist architecture. The exhibition is located in an arsenal left over from the 16th century in Venice, Italy. 20 architects from all over the world are invited to each design a temporary building facade, forming a 70-meter-long street in the factory. The theme of the exhibition is "Presentation of History".

The architects invited include Venturi, Samuel, Stern, Graves, and Smith from the United States, Arata Isozaki from Japan, Porto Gesi from Italy, and Bofi from Spain. You wait. These postmodern or quasi-postmodern architects express fragments of historical architectural forms in their works in unconventional ways.

People's views on postmodernism are very different, and they are often related to their views on modernist architecture. Some people believe that modernism only pays attention to function, technology and economic impact, ignores and cuts off the connection between new buildings and traditional buildings, and therefore cannot meet the general public's requirements for architecture. In particular, they accused the international architecture associated with modernism of being unable to coordinate with the original architectural culture of various ethnic groups and regions, destroying the original architectural environment.

In addition, after the energy crisis of the 1970s, many people believed that modernist architecture was not more economical than traditional architecture and that attitudes towards traditional architecture needed to be changed. Some people also believe that modernism reflects the requirements of the industrial revolution and industrialization period, and some developed countries have already passed that period, so modernism is no longer suitable for the new situation. Those who hold this view place their hopes in postmodernism.

Those who oppose postmodernism believe that modernist architecture will develop with the times and the basic principles of modernism should not be denied. They believe that it is correct for modernism to combine architectural design and architectural art creation with social material production conditions, and it is also appropriate for architects to care about social issues. On the contrary, postmodernists are mainly concerned with decoration, symbols, metaphorical traditions, and history, while ignoring many practical issues.

On the issue of form, postmodernists engage in new eclecticism and technicalism, which are superficial things. Therefore, those who oppose postmodernism believe that modernism is a comprehensive revolution in architectural thought, while postmodernism is just a popular style in architecture that cannot last long, and the social and historical significance of the two cannot be compared.

Some people think that it is reasonable for postmodernists to point out the shortcomings of modernism, but the prescriptions they prescribe are not advisable. It is believed that the actual works produced by postmodernists so far are clumsy and mediocre in terms of form and cannot be considered elegant.

Others think that postmodernists did not put forward any serious theories, but they broke the rules in architectural form and their works are inspiring