Qing history-dourgen

( 16 12- 1650)

Dourgen, surnamed Ai Xinjue Roche, was born in Zhengbaiqi, Manchuria, fourteen sons of Qing Emperor Nurhachi, and was born in Hetuala City, Jianzhou for forty years.

Dourgen was clever since he was a child, and he developed a riding and shooting skill. His appearance is similar to that of his father Nurhachi, and he was born by princess royal, who was in charge of the harem, so he was very favored by Mao. However, when he was less than fourteen years old, his father Khan Nurhachi died and his mother was forced to be buried with him. This misfortune happened when he was young and had a profound influence on his mind. However, he did not sink because of this. This painful experience into the bone marrow has become the driving force for his efforts. Later, in his military career, he became one of the most important figures in the history of the founding of the Qing Dynasty with his bravery, superior strategy, outstanding achievements and lofty aspirations.

In the third year of Tiancong, Huang Taiji set out to cut the Ming Dynasty, and Dourgen followed Huang Taiji to break the Longjing Pass and enter the Great Wall. He also captured Hanerzhuang with Mang Gurtai, rushed to Tongzhou, reached Kyoto, and defeated the Ming army from Shanhaiguan in Jizhou. After several battles, Dourgen has gained a reputation. Although he is young, he is a rare handsome talent recognized by the late Jin soldiers.

Dourgen is a commander in chief, and he also has a good performance in making suggestions. In the fifth year of Tiancong, Huang Taiji listened to the public grievances caused by judicial injustice and ordered Zhu Baylor to participate in politics. Dourgen's words are concise, and the amount of conviction is very important. The competent ministers and others must discuss it carefully and in detail, and they must not shirk their responsibilities. Huang taiji thinks that Dourgen's words are few, but they are to the point. In July of that year, at the age of 19, he was appointed in charge of the official department. In June of the seventh year of Tiancong, Huang Taiji asked Baylor ministers for advice on which of the three parties, the Ming Dynasty, Chahar and North Korea, should be conquered first. Dourgen suggested that now is a good time to rectify the military forces. When the crops are ripe, we can cut in from the light and capture several villages in the city near Beijing, which will be a long-term place and will not be broken by Kyoto. Huang taiji appreciated Dourgen's advice and adopted it, saying that all Dourgen's suggestions were consistent with mine.

Dourgen made his own unique contribution to Huang taiji's becoming emperor on such a major national event. In the ninth year of Tiancong, Huang Taiji took advantage of Chahar Khan's defeat and fled Qinghai, ordered Dourgen, Sahalian and Haug to lead more than 10,000 troops, and instructed him to use force as a deterrent and moral influence to persuade Khan's son Zhe. Dourgen and others respected Khan's orders and comforted the mother and son of Ezhe. Deeply moved, Ezhe not only sincerely surrendered to Houjin, but also handed over the imperial seal handed down from the Yuan Dynasty. Just verified an old saying, he who wins the imperial seal wins the world. Dourgen and other Baylor ministers surrendered to Mongolia and obtained a decree to show that Huang Taiji was enthroned. Therefore, Huang taiji officially proclaimed himself emperor on April 12, the tenth year of Tiancong, and changed his name to Chongde and Qing Dynasty. On April 23, a ceremony of Jin Feng was held, and Dourgen was named King Heshuo Ruiqing.

In December of the first year of Chongde, Dourgen and Wang Wei went to Korea again. Enter Changshan Pass from Kuandian, capture Changzhou, conquer Jianghua Island and defeat enemy reinforcements. The Korean princess and her two sons were captured. Li Ke, the king of Korea, saw that the tide had gone, and was greatly moved by the kindness of ministers such as Dourgen, who treated concubines with courtesy, so he led the civil and military officials to surrender to the Qing Dynasty.

In August of the third year of Chongde, Huang Taiji awarded Dourgen as the appointed general, leading the left-wing army to cut down the Ming Dynasty. He entered the Ming Dynasty from dongjiakou and joined the right-wing army led by Yue Tuo in Hexi, Tongzhou. The Qing army was besieged on all sides, and the Ming court shocked the ruling and opposition parties, urging Shaanxi Governor Lu Xiangsheng to meet the overseers. Dourgen and others fled Beijing and went straight to Zhuozhou, then divided into eight routes, plundered southern Shaanxi, defeated Baoding and defeated Lu Xiangsheng. Then I went to Linqing, crossed the canal and took Jinan. Then return to the army to disturb Tianjin, move to an, and return from Qingshankou. In this battle, more than 40 cities were destroyed and 6 cities were reduced. More than 250,000 people were captured, and there were countless possessions. Dourgen was given five horses and twenty-two thousand silver by Huang Taiji.

Dourgen was also punished. In the fifth year of Chongde, Huang Taiji led the king to besiege Jinzhou, but Dourgen withdrew three miles without authorization. Huang taiji sent Jill Harlan to ask questions for him. He said that because all the grass in the original station was eaten up by horses, he moved to other places to release his horses. Huang taiji was very angry, so he made him king of the county, fined 12 thousand silver and took away two Niu Lu.

Dourgen is a person who is familiar with the affairs of political struggle. For him, punishment is just a lesson, and he won't care too much. After two years of war, he attacked Songshan, fought fiercely in Hong Chengchou, blocked the war in Tashan, captured Wang Xixian alive, and finally forced Zu Dashou to surrender. On merit and reward, Dourgen was restored in Chongde for seven years.

In August of the eighth year of Chongde, Huang Taiji died suddenly. Because there is no crown prince and no testamentary edict, all Baylor seems to have a chance to compete for the throne. Among them, the conditions of Haug and Dourgen are obviously superior to others, so the competition is the fiercest, almost reaching a tense level. Haug is the eldest son of Huang taiji, and it is natural for his son to inherit his father's position; Dourgen, on the other hand, was full of bitterness and took the opportunity to pour out. At that time, Nurhachi died, and his mother Abahai, as big princess, was forced to be martyred by Daishan, Mangutai and Huang Taiji in order not to let him inherit Khan. Now that Huang taiji is dead, let's fight for a place with him, and we're not going to let him go again. But after many observations and careful analysis, if it is a shoo-in, it will be a big fight. In this way, it will inevitably lead to civil strife. It is better to settle for the second best, not to sit on the throne but to master the imperial power. So, he proposed that Fu Lin, the ninth son of Huang Taiji, who was only six years old, should inherit the throne, and he and Gil Haran assisted in the political affairs in North Korea. This suggestion was accepted by Wang. From then on, Dourgen took charge of the political power in the early Qing Dynasty as the Regent of Huiji, and became the Regent who took over the imperial power instead of the emperor.

After Dourgen came to power, in order to consolidate his regency status, he began to exclude dissidents and monopolize state affairs. In the first month of the first year of Shunzhi, Dourgen warned Jilalang and other ministers that it was forbidden to accept foreign gifts because of peace. Gil Harlan knew that this was a warning not to usurp power, so he took the initiative to instruct his ministers that everything should go through Dourgen first, and he ranked first. In April of the same year, who exposed Haug, the king of Su, complained that Dourgen was arbitrary and said something dissatisfied, and was relieved of his title by Dourgen. Although Hogg was reinstated six months later, he never let go of his political opponents. Four years later, Dourgen found a reason to imprison Hogg, and finally he died in prison. Soon, JiErlang was also exempted from the title of assistant government by Dourgen, and led troops to Huguang to quell the unrest of the Qing army.

Dourgen really wanted to be an emperor, and he also had the ability, but he failed in the end, which played a vital role in the political stability of the Qing Dynasty, which was just established at that time and had not yet entered the Central Plains. This is a great historical contribution of Dourgen, otherwise, the history of the Qing Dynasty will be rewritten.

In April of the first year of Shunzhi, sai-jo Fu Lin gave a seal to General Dourgen in the Dugong Temple, and gave him a royal flag, Luogai, to strengthen his prestige, and led Prince Azige of Wuying County, Wang Duo and Kong Youde of Henan County to Shanhaiguan. Knowing that Li Zicheng captured Beijing, Ming Di Chongzhen hanged himself in Jingshan Park, and Wu Sangui, commander of Xibe Shanhaiguan in Pingming, also defected to the Qing Dynasty. Taking advantage of this good opportunity, Dourgen sent his troops to enter, and the target of attack has changed from the Ming army to the Dashun peasant army.

When the Qing army went to a place only ten miles away from Shanhaiguan, Wu Sangui informed the peasants' movements, and Dourgen ordered the kings to fight back, crushing the peasant army Liu and his men with one stone. Then, after entering the customs, Wu Sangui rushed out. Dourgen also ordered Wu Sangui to be the pioneer, and fought with the peasant army of Beishan Yu in the long snake array. He personally led the Qing army to bite the tail of the long snake array, making its head and tail neglected. Under the attack of dourgen and Wu Sangui, Li Zicheng fled. Dourgen deeply expressed Wu Sangui's contribution to the battle. Before the army, he took the initiative to enter Wu Sangui as the king of the day.

After the Qing army entered the customs, the avalanche killed Kyoto. Arriving in Tongzhou in May, Li Zicheng led the remnants to flee to the west, and Dourgen ordered the kings and Wu Sangui to catch up. In May, Dourgen went to Beijing. The surrender officials of the Ming Dynasty, and the soldiers and civilians of the whole city met outside the Chaoyang Gate and held a grand welcoming ceremony. On the first day of October of the first year of Shunzhi, Fu Lin ascended the throne in Beijing, and Dourgen was named Regent's Uncle.

After Shunzhi entered Beijing, Dourgen assisted the young emperor to pacify the Central Plains and govern the world, which made him famous and respected. When he entered the court, like the emperor, all civil and military officials in the court knelt down.

In November of the seventh year of Shunzhi, Dourgen went out hunting and fell off his horse and was injured. He died in Kara on1February 9th at the age of 39. After his death, he was honored as "Emperor Maud's self-cultivation, broad career, peace of mind, honesty and respect for righteousness", and the temple name was "Chengzong". After the obituary, the title was cut off and the grave was destroyed. It was not until the thirty-eighth year of Qianlong that Emperor Li Hong issued a letter to rehabilitate him, restore the title of Prince Rui, enjoy the ancestral temple and rebuild the mausoleum. His title is hereditary and he became one of the eight iron hat kings in the early Qing Dynasty. In the seventeenth year of Chongzhen in Ming Dynasty (the first year of Shunzhi in Qing Dynasty, AD 1644), the Dashun peasant army led by Li Zicheng invaded Beijing and overthrew the Ming Dynasty.

Shortly before this, the late Jin Yingming Khan Nurhachi, who lived in the northeast, led an army to attack Ningyuan (now Xingcheng, Liaoning). Yuan Chonghuan, the garrison commander of the Ming Dynasty, stubbornly defended the city and defeated the late Jin army that besieged the city many times. Nurhachi was angry and hated. After the order was given, the nomads from the army dug a hole at the root of the city wall, ready to break through the wall and enter the city. After Yuan Chonghuan found out, he ordered shelling from the west. Nurhachi was wounded by shells and had to order the whole army to retreat. In July of the same year, Nurhachi suffered a recurrence of trauma and went to Qinghe Tangquan for recuperation. In August, the injury turned serious and returned to Shengjing by boat. On the way, he knew he was going to die, so he informed big princess Nora to meet him. In August, Geng Xu died in Roast Chicken Fort (now south of Shenyang) on the way because of the deterioration of his injury.

The next day (Xinhai Day, August 1626), Huang Taiji was named Khan on the recommendation of Baylor and his ministers. In the second year, the year number was changed to "Tiancong" and the name of the Jurchen nationality was changed to Manchu (commonly known as Manchu after the Revolution of 1911). In A.D. 1636, Huang Taiji proclaimed himself emperor in Shengjing (Shenyang in Ming Dynasty) and changed his country name to "Qing". The year number is "Chongde".

Huang taiji was diligent in politics all his life, brave and good at fighting, and had to bow his head in many military affairs. Because of long-term mental stress, it has seriously damaged health, and it has become a chronic illness. 1On the evening of August 9, 643 10, he died of a heart attack while sitting on the floor in Nankang, the bedroom of Dongnuange of Qingning Palace in Shenyang Forbidden City. After the death of Huang taiji, power fell to Dourgen.

Dourgen is the fourteenth son of Nurhachi, a pioneer of the late Jin Dynasty (predecessor of the Qing Dynasty). Nurhachi has fifteen sons. When he died, he appointed his favorite and most valued fourteenth son, Dourgen, as his successor. But Dourgen was only fifteen, too young. With his mastery of the Yellow Flag and Yellow Flag in the Eight Banners of the Later Jin Dynasty, the Eight Zi Huang Taiji made himself powerful and gained the right of inheritance.

Now that Huang Taiji is dead, Dourgen is in his prime, and his men are holding the white flag of Nurhachi's elite troops. Of course, he is willing to follow Nurhachi's last words and then become emperor. Influenced by the feudal culture of the Central Plains, Manchu civil servants and military commanders mostly advocated inheriting their father's business and wanted to establish Huang Taiji's son as emperor. Dourgen is very clever. In order to avoid internal conflicts, he gave up the idea of being an emperor, and chose a young six-year-old Fu Lin among Huang Taiji's sons to be the emperor. He became a regent himself, monopolizing power and taking charge of state affairs. After Fu Lin acceded to the throne, the title of Shunzhi was established. The Qing Dynasty used to address the emperor by title, so he was called the emperor shunzhi in history.

Dourgen is different from those simple and reckless Manchu dignitaries. He is brave and good at fighting, knowing that it is not enough to seize the mainland and deal with the Han people in the future, but also to rely on the power of looting houses, and to need Han Chinese counselors who are familiar with the customs of the Central Plains.

Less than two months after Dourgen became Regent, Prince Yu Duoduo plotted to rob the wife of Fan Wencheng, a university student of Han nationality. Duoduo is Dourgen's younger brother. Their biological mother, Princess Nora, was Nurhachi's favorite concubine before her death. She was forced to be buried as Nurhachi by Baylor, such as Huang Taiji, and strangled alive with a bowstring, so Dourgen hated Huang Taiji very much. He had many younger brothers, and his mother was only five years old when she died. She always attached to Dourgen until she grew up. So Dourgen's love is the most popular on weekdays.

Seeing that Fan Wencheng's wife is very beautiful, Duo Duo has evil thoughts and wants to catch her. She often sends people around Fan Wencheng's house to observe the movement, which makes Fan's family worry day and night and makes people panic. Dourgen was very angry. He immediately sent someone to call Duo Duo, severely reprimanded him in front of Manchu nobles and civil servants, and ordered him to hand over Lu Niu's 2,200 silver and 152,000 troops (one Lu Niu is 300) as punishment.

The minister of the Han nationality who was bullied by the powerful Manchu at ordinary times, when he saw the Regent, punished him severely, relieved his doubts and resentment from the bottom of his heart, and made every effort to make suggestions for the Qing Dynasty. Fan Wencheng immediately wrote to the imperial court, analyzed the situation inside Shanhaiguan Pass, and asked Yan to win the hearts of the people, invade the Central Plains and compete with the peasant army for the world. Dourgen felt reasonable, so he made up his mind and led the army to Shanhaiguan, the gateway of the Central Plains.

On the way, the Qing army suddenly met two men dressed in bright clothes who claimed to be sent by Wu Sangui, the company commander guarding Shanhaiguan in the Ming Dynasty.

It turned out that after Li Zicheng led the peasant army into Beijing, he took over the rights of the Ming Dynasty. He personally summoned generals and elders, sent people to all parts of the Yellow River valley to establish local political power, and even prepared for exams and inauguration ceremonies. In terms of fiscal revenue, farmers are exempted for three years. In this way, the people will certainly benefit, but to maintain the huge expenses of the army and the government, we must rely on confiscating the money of the Ming Dynasty (sound: lying in the state treasury) and chasing the bureaucrats. The general and he presided over the "Beixiang Town Fu Si", and sent all the third-class and above officials of the Ming Dynasty to various camps to recover and help the item. Those who refused were tortured. Officials below level 4 are required to donate money and help items automatically, and then they are hired. Originally, although most bureaucratic landlords were reluctant, they thought it was a general regime change. As long as they are obedient, they can keep their reputation and wealth. I didn't expect small officials to donate money and big officials to chase after them, so the bureaucratic landlord class turned against the peasant army with crazy hatred. Li Zicheng, etc. * * *, because of the victory, I almost forgot that the Qing army was waiting at the Northeast Pass. Among some peasant officers and soldiers, the idea of pursuing money and pleasure has also grown, which has seriously affected the combat effectiveness of the troops.

At that time, the change of attitude of Wu Sangui, the company commander of Ningyuan in Ming Dynasty, became more and more important. Wu Sangui was born in a bureaucratic family, and his soldier was Han Xiao, who was called the northern barrier of the Ming Dynasty. When the peasant army approached Beijing, Emperor Chongzhen flew him into the imperial guard, but he took a walk, stopped and waited to see, and supported himself. After the fall of Beijing, Wu Sangui went straight back to Shanhaiguan.

After Li Zicheng went to Beijing, he also saw the important role of Wu Sangui, so he ordered people to take Yin Shi's 42,000 yuan and his father Wu Xiang's surrender, promising to seal his father and son and persuade him to surrender. After receiving the letter, Wu Sangui decided to surrender, thinking that he could become one of the nouveau riche from now on. With military forces into Beijing to appear before Li Zicheng. Unexpectedly, on the way, the official manager of the government came to report to the border, saying that his father Wu Xiang had been asked for two hundred and two thousand pieces of silver, his beloved concubine Chen Yuanyuan had been robbed, and the peasant army had set fire to his house. Wu Sangui's lungs exploded with anger. He immediately turned around and returned to Shanhaiguan. In order to avenge himself, he sent someone to see Dourgen and asked him to unite to attack the peasant army.

Dourgen was overjoyed to hear the news. He immediately wrote to Wu Sangui, promised to send troops, and told him that the Qing Dynasty could make a king. Wu Sangui really surrendered to the Qing Dynasty.

Li Zicheng learned that Wu Sangui refused to surrender to the peasant army, so he personally led the army to Shanhaiguan to conquer Wu Sangui.

During the Shunzhi period (AD 1644), Li Zicheng and Wu Sangui met on April 22nd, and the two sides fought a decisive battle. From that day on, the peasant army angrily surrounded Wu Sangui's troops and gained the upper hand. However, the Qing army, which had been in ambush for a long time, suddenly came over. The peasant army was caught off guard, lost its foothold and was defeated. Li Zicheng didn't know that Wu Sangui had surrendered to the Qing Dynasty and wanted to lead the Qing army into the customs.

Li Zicheng returned to Beijing overnight. Knowing that the enemy's strength was unfavorable to the peasant army, he decided to withdraw from the capital and prepare for the long-term resistance to the Qing Dynasty. On April 29th, Li Zicheng ascended the throne in Wuying Hall, claiming to be Emperor Dashun. The next morning, he left Beijing with his troops and returned to Shaanxi, his birthplace. Two days later, the Qing army arrived at the gates of Beijing.

Hearing the news, the civilian general in Beijing of the Ming Dynasty hurried out of the city to meet him. They walked five miles away from the city gate, knelt on both sides of the avenue, and slammed their heads regardless of the dust raised by the hordes. Dourgen ordered Ming officials to lead the way in front and enter the palace from Chaoyangmen via Zhengyangmen. After entering the city, Dourgen ascended the throne in Wuying Hall. He glanced at the respectful minister and said, "I, the Qing army, are the teachers of benevolence and righteousness. I'm going to kill the thief this time and avenge your father." Later, he said to the princes and ministers of the Qing Dynasty around him: "Pass my order, you are not allowed to break into the city, and you are not allowed to do anything to the people. hell to pay!" A few days later, Dourgen pretended to send out an obituary to Emperor Chongzhen, saying that he would not be an enemy of the bureaucratic landlords of the Ming Dynasty.

The news spread like wildfire, and landlords and bureaucrats who hid outside the city to avoid the peasant army returned home happily, shaved their hair and tied their braids according to the custom of Manchu people welcoming the Qing army.

Dourgen realized the long-cherished wish of Nurhachi and Huang Taiji and occupied Beijing. He decided to move the capital to Beijing immediately. However, many Manchu officials were nostalgic for their homeland in Northeast China and opposed to moving the capital.

One day, they had another quarrel in court. A minister said to dourgen, "your majesty, it is better to leave the army here, and the army will still win the battle!" " Dourgen pondered for a moment and said seriously: "The late emperor (referring to Huang Taiji) said during his lifetime that if he got Beijing, he would immediately move to the capital in order to make progress. Moreover, now that people are undecided, he should not give up Beijing easily. " A few days later, he was ordered to go back to pick up the angel of the little emperor and set off with a personal letter from Dourgen.

In October this year, the emperor shunzhi came to Beijing from Shengjing. Dourgen issued a letter in the name of the little emperor, declaring Beijing as the capital. From then on, the Qing Dynasty changed from a small imperial court in the northeast to the A Qing Empire which ruled the whole country. Dourgen made great contributions to this matter and was named Uncle Regent. At that time, among some ethnic minorities, there was a custom that a brother's sister-in-law married his brother-in-law. In order to please Dourgen and consolidate his son's throne, the emperor shunzhi's mother sourdrang dowager also married Dourgen according to this custom. As a result, Dourgen was also named the regent of the emperor's father.

Dourgen became the regent of the emperor's father, with more power. He doesn't discuss state affairs with others, and sometimes he decides for himself at home. Even the emperor's decree was moved home by him.

Although Dourgen is resourceful, it is difficult to change his Manchu aristocratic habits. After he arrived in Beijing, he still seized the land and distributed it to princes and nobles and soldiers of the Eight Banners as before the Qing Dynasty entered the customs. Fiona Fang 500 Li, not far from Beijing, was completely occupied. Everywhere the enclosure officials went, people were driven away, not only farmland houses were occupied, but also pots and pans were not allowed to be taken away. Officials of the Qing Dynasty besieged Beijing three times, occupying a total area of147,000 hectares (one hectare equals 100 mu). In addition to "enclosure", there is another way called "charging", that is, forcing Han people to take refuge in Manchu dignitaries as their agents, working as cattle and horses for them and farming the land. Later, because "cast" people often fled, the Qing Dynasty promulgated the "Escape from Prison Law", which stipulated that whoever harbored fugitives, hell to pay.

"Enclosure", "charging" and "evading the law" are all very unpopular. However, whenever someone expressed a little dissatisfaction in the court, Dourgen flew into a rage and said, "Whoever dares to play the role of' enclosure',' confiscation' and' escape from the law' in the future will be hell to pay!"

After several years, the emperor shunzhi became more and more sensible, and became more and more dissatisfied with Dourgen's arbitrariness. In the seventh year of Shunzhi (A.D. 1650), Dourgen died of illness and fourteen-year-old the emperor shunzhi ascended the throne. In the second year, he ordered the confiscation of Dourgen's property, the removal of his title, and the demotion, dismissal or execution of all the princes and ministers attached to him. Subsequently, the emperor shunzhi took the white flag held by Dourgen into his own name. From then on, the yellow flag, the yellow flag and the white flag were all under the jurisdiction of the emperor himself, which was called Shangsanqi. The imperial power of the Qing dynasty was also strengthened step by step.